Abubuwa 10 da za a yi Bayan Sabuntawar FreeBSD

Wannan koyawa za ta rufe wasu saitunan farko da kuke buƙatar aiwatarwa akan sabon tsarin aiki na FreeBSD da aka shigar da wasu abubuwan yau da kullun kan yadda ake sarrafa FreeBSD daga layin umarni.

  1. FreeBSD 11.1 Jagorar Shigarwa

1. Sabunta tsarin FreeBSD

Abu na farko da ya kamata kowane mai kula da tsarin ya yi bayan sabon shigar da tsarin aiki shine tabbatar da cewa tsarin ya yi zamani tare da sabbin facin tsaro da sabbin nau'ikan kernel, manajan fakiti da fakitin software.

Domin sabunta FreeBSD, buɗe na'urar bidiyo a cikin tsarin tare da tushen gata kuma ba da umarni masu zuwa.

# freebsd-update fetch
# freebsd-update install

Don sabunta manajan fakitin Ports da shigar software gudanar da umarnin da ke ƙasa.

# pkg update
# pkg upgrade

2. Sanya Editoci da Bash

Don sauƙaƙe aikin sarrafa tsarin daga layin umarni ya kamata ku shigar da fakiti masu zuwa:

  • Editan rubutu na Nano – ee shine tsohon editan rubutu a cikin FreeBSD.
  • Bourne Again Shell - idan kuna son yin sauyi daga Linux zuwa FreeBSD mafi santsi.
  • Kammala Bash - ana buƙata don cika umarni ta atomatik da aka buga a cikin na'ura wasan bidiyo ta amfani da maɓallin [tab].

Ana iya shigar da duk abubuwan amfani da aka gabatar ta hanyar ba da umarnin da ke ƙasa.

# pkg install nano bash bash-completion

3. Amintaccen SSH akan FreeBSD

Ta hanyar tsoho, sabis na SSH na FreeBSD ba zai ƙyale tushen asusun yin shiga mai nisa ta atomatik ba. Kodayake, ba da izinin shigar da tushen nesa ta hanyar ma'aunin SSH an tsara shi ne don tabbatar da sabis da tsarin ku, akwai lokuta inda wani lokacin kuna buƙatar tantancewa ta hanyar SSH tare da tushen.

Don canza wannan hali, buɗe babban fayil ɗin SSH kuma sabunta layin PermitRootLogin daga no zuwa e kamar yadda aka kwatanta a hoton da ke ƙasa.

# nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config

Babban fayil:

PermitRootLogin yes

Bayan haka, sake kunna SSH daemon don aiwatar da canje-canje.

# service sshd restart

Don gwada daidaitawar za ku iya shiga daga Putty Terminal ko daga mashigin Linux mai nisa ta amfani da wannan haɗin gwiwa.

# [email    [FreeBSD Server IP]

4. FreeBSD SSH Passwordless Login

Don samar da sabon batun maɓallin SSH umarni mai zuwa. Kuna iya kwafin jama'a zuwa wani misalin uwar garken kuma ku shiga cikin amintaccen sabar ba tare da kalmar sirri ba.

# ssh-keygen –t RSA
# ssh-copy-id -i /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub [email 
# ssh [email 

5. Shigar da Sanya Sudo akan FreeBSD

Sudo software ce wacce aka ƙera don ba da damar mai amfani gama gari don aiwatar da umarni tare da gatan tsaro na asusun mai amfani. Ba a shigar da Utility Sudo ta tsohuwa a cikin FreeBSD.

Don shigar da sudo a cikin FreeBSD gudanar da umarni mai zuwa.

# pkg install sudo

Domin ba da damar asusun tsarin na yau da kullun don gudanar da umarni tare da tushen gata, buɗe fayil ɗin sanyi na sudoers, wanda ke cikin /usr/local/etc/ directory, don gyara ta aiwatar da umarnin visudo.

Kewaya cikin abun cikin fayil ɗin kuma ƙara layi mai zuwa, yawanci bayan layin tushen:

your_user	ALL=(ALL) ALL

Yi amfani da umarnin visudo koyaushe don shirya fayil ɗin sudoers. Visudo mai amfani yana ƙunshe da damar ginawa don gano kowane kuskure yayin gyara wannan fayil ɗin.

Bayan haka, ajiye fayil ɗin ta latsa :wq! akan madannai naku, shiga tare da mai amfani wanda kuka ba tushen gata kuma aiwatar da umarni na sabani ta hanyar saka sudo a gaban umarnin.

# su - yoursuer
$ sudo pkg update

Wata hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita don ba da izinin asusu na yau da kullun tare da tushen ikon, shine ƙara mai amfani na yau da kullun zuwa rukunin tsarin da ake kira wheel da uncomment the wheel group from sudoers file ta hanyar cire alamar # a. farkon layin.

# pw groupmod wheel -M your_user
# visudo

Ƙara layin da ke gaba zuwa /usr/local/etc/sudoers fayil.

%wheel	ALL=(ALL=ALL)	ALL

6. Gudanar da Masu amfani akan FreeBSD

Tsarin ƙara sabon mai amfani yana da sauƙin kai tsaye. Kawai gudanar da umarnin adduser kuma bi saurin hulɗar don kammala aikin.

Domin canza keɓaɓɓen bayanin asusun mai amfani, gudanar da umarnin chpass akan sunan mai amfani kuma sabunta fayil ɗin. Ajiye fayil ɗin da aka buɗe tare da editan vi ta latsa maɓallan :wq!.

# chpass your_user

Don sabunta kalmar sirrin mai amfani, gudanar da umurnin passwd.

# passwd your_user

Don canza tsohuwar harsashi, da farko jera duk harsashi a cikin tsarin ku sannan aiwatar da umarnin chsh kamar yadda aka kwatanta a ƙasa.

# cat /etc/shells
# chsh -s /bin/csh your_user
# env  #List user environment variables

7. Sanya FreeBSD Static IP

Za a iya sarrafa saitunan cibiyar sadarwar FreeBSD na dindindin ta hanyar gyara fayil /etc/rc.conf. Domin saita hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa tare da adreshin IP na tsaye akan FreeBSD.

Da farko fara ifconfig - umarni don nuna jerin duk NICs kuma gano sunan mahaɗin da kuke son gyarawa.

Sannan, gyara fayil ɗin /etc/rc.conf da hannu, sharhi layin DHCP kuma ƙara saitunan IP na NIC kamar yadda aka kwatanta a ƙasa.

#ifconfig_em0="DHCP"
ifconfig_em0="inet 192.168.1.100 netmask 255.255.255.0"
#Default Gateway
defaultrouter="192.168.1.1"

Don amfani da sabbin saitunan cibiyar sadarwa suna ba da umarni masu zuwa.

# service netif restart
# service routing restart

8. Sanya FreeBSD DNS Network

Ana iya sarrafa masu warware sunan uwar garken DNS ta hanyar gyara /etc/resolv.conf fayil kamar yadda aka gabatar a cikin misali na ƙasa.

nameserver your_first_DNS_server_IP
nameserver your_second_DNS_server_IP
search your_local_domain

Don canza sunan injin ku sabunta sunan mai masaukin baki daga fayil /etc/rc.conf.

hostname=”freebsdhost”

Don ƙara adireshin IP da yawa don mahallin cibiyar sadarwa akan FreeBSD ƙara layin da ke ƙasa a /etc/rc.conf fayil.

ifconfig_em0_alias0="192.168.1.5 netmask 255.255.255.255"

Bayan haka, sake kunna sabis na cibiyar sadarwa don nuna canje-canje.

# service netif restart

9. Sarrafa Ayyukan FreeBSD

Ana iya sarrafa ayyuka a cikin FreeBSD ta hanyar umarnin sabis. Don jera duk ayyukan da aka kunna a faɗin tsarin suna ba da umarni mai zuwa.

# service -e

Don jera duk rubutun sabis da ke cikin /etc/rc.d/ hanyar tsarin gudanar da umarnin da ke ƙasa.

# service -l

Don kunna ko kashe daemon na FreeBSD yayin aiwatar da farawa, yi amfani da umarnin sysrc. Da ɗaukan cewa kuna son kunna sabis na SSH, buɗe fayil /etc/rc.conf kuma saka layin mai zuwa.

sshd_enable=”YES”

Ko amfani da umarnin sysrc wanda ke yin abu iri ɗaya.

# sysrc sshd_enable=”YES”

Don kashe tsarin sabis a faɗin, saka alamar NO don daemon naƙasasshe kamar yadda aka gabatar a ƙasa. Tutocin daemons ba su da hankali.

# sysrc apache24_enable=no

Ya kamata a faɗi cewa wasu ayyuka akan FreeBSD suna buƙatar kulawa ta musamman. Misali, idan kuna son kashe soket ɗin cibiyar sadarwar Syslog daemon kawai, ba da umarni mai zuwa.

# sysrc syslogd_flags="-ss"

Sake kunna sabis na Syslog don aiwatar da canje-canje.

# service syslogd restart

Don musaki gaba ɗaya sabis na Sendmail a farawa tsarin, aiwatar da umarni masu zuwa ko ƙara su zuwa fayil /etc/rc.conf:

sysrc sendmail_enable="NO"
sysrc sendmail_submint_enable="NO"
sysrc sendmail_outbound_enable="NO"
sysrc sendmail_msp_queue_enable="NO"

10. Jerin Sockets Network

Domin nuna jerin buɗaɗɗen tashoshin jiragen ruwa a cikin FreeBSD yi amfani da umarnin sockstat.

Lissafin duk soket ɗin cibiyar sadarwar IPv4 akan FreeBSD.

# sockstat -4

Nuna duk soket ɗin cibiyar sadarwar IPv6 akan FreeBSD.

# sockstat -6

Kuna iya haɗa tutocin biyu don nuna duk kwas ɗin cibiyar sadarwa kamar yadda aka kwatanta a hoton da ke ƙasa.

# sockstat -4 -6

Lissafa duk kwas ɗin da aka haɗa akan FreeBSD.

# sockstat -c

Nuna duk soket ɗin cibiyar sadarwa a cikin jihar saurare da soket ɗin yankin Unix.

# sockstat -l

Ban da sockstat utility, za ka iya gudanar da lsof umurnin don nuna tsarin da kuma cibiyar sadarwa soket.

Ba a shigar da lsof mai amfani a cikin FreeBSD ta tsohuwa. Don shigar da shi daga wuraren ajiyar tashoshin jiragen ruwa na FreeBSD suna ba da umarni mai zuwa.

# pkg install lsof

Don nuna duk soket ɗin cibiyar sadarwar IPv4 da IPv6 tare da umarnin lsof, ƙara tutoci masu zuwa.

# lsof -i4 -i6

Domin nuna duk soket ɗin hanyar sadarwa a cikin yanayin sauraro akan FreeBSD tare da mai amfani na netstat, ba da umarni mai zuwa.

# netstat -an |egrep 'Proto|LISTEN'

Ko gudanar da umarni ba tare da alamar -n ba don nuna sunan buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen cikin yanayin sauraro.

# netstat -a |egrep 'Proto|LISTEN'

Waɗannan ƴan abubuwan amfani ne kawai da umarni da kuke buƙatar sani don sarrafa tsarin FreeBSD a kullun.