LFCS: Yadda ake Ajiye/Damfara Fayiloli & kundayen adireshi, Saita Halayen Fayil da Neman Fayiloli a cikin Linux - Sashe na 3

Kwanan nan, Gidauniyar Linux ta fara ba da takardar shedar LFCS (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin), sabon shiri wanda manufarsa ita ce ba wa mutane daga kowane lungu na duniya damar yin jarrabawa, wanda idan an amince da shi, yana tabbatar da cewa mutumin yana da masaniya wajen yin aiki. asali zuwa matsakaicin ayyukan gudanar da tsarin akan tsarin Linux. Wannan ya haɗa da goyan bayan tsarin da ayyuka masu gudana, tare da warware matsalar matakin farko da bincike, tare da ikon yanke shawara lokacin da za a haɓaka al'amura zuwa ƙungiyoyin injiniyanci.

Da fatan za a kalli bidiyon da ke ƙasa wanda ke ba da ra'ayi game da Shirin Takaddar Gidauniyar Linux.

Wannan matsayi shine Sashe na 3 na jerin koyarwa 10, anan a cikin wannan ɓangaren, zamu rufe yadda ake adanawa/matsa fayiloli da kundayen adireshi, saita halayen fayil, da nemo fayiloli akan tsarin fayil, waɗanda ake buƙata don gwajin takaddun shaida na LFCS.

Kayan Ajiye da Matsi

Kayan aiki na taskance fayil yana ƙunƙuna saitin fayiloli zuwa fayil guda ɗaya wanda za mu iya warewa zuwa nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai da yawa, canja wuri a cikin hanyar sadarwa, ko aika ta imel. Mafi yawan amfani da kayan aikin adana kayan tarihi a Linux shine tar. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da kayan aiki tare da kayan aiki na matsawa, yana ba da damar rage girman faifan da ake buƙata don adana fayiloli da bayanai iri ɗaya.

tar yana haɗa rukunin fayiloli tare cikin rumbun ajiya guda ɗaya (wanda akafi kira fayil ɗin tar ko ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa). Sunan asalin yana tsaye ne don ma'ajiyar kaset, amma dole ne mu lura cewa za mu iya amfani da wannan kayan aiki don adana bayanai zuwa kowane irin kafofin watsa labarai da ake iya rubutawa (ba ga kaset kaɗai ba). Ana amfani da tar ta al'ada tare da kayan aikin matsawa kamar gzip, bzip2, ko xz don samar da matsi na kwal.

# tar [options] [pathname ...]

Inda … ke wakiltar furcin da aka yi amfani da shi don tantance waɗanne fayiloli ya kamata a yi aiki da su.

Gzip shine kayan aikin matsawa mafi tsufa kuma yana ba da mafi ƙarancin matsawa, yayin da bzip2 ke ba da ingantacciyar matsawa. Bugu da kari, xz shine sabon abu amma (yawanci) yana samar da mafi kyawun matsawa. Wannan fa'idodin mafi kyawun matsawa suna zuwa akan farashi: lokacin da ake ɗauka don kammala aikin, da albarkatun tsarin da ake amfani da su yayin aiwatarwa.

A al'ada, fayilolin tar da aka matsa tare da waɗannan kayan aikin suna da .gz, .bz2, ko .xz, bi da bi. A cikin misalan masu zuwa za mu yi amfani da waɗannan fayilolin: file1, file2, file3, file4, da file5.

Ƙirƙiri duk fayilolin da ke cikin kundin tsarin aiki na yanzu kuma a danne sakamakon da aka samu tare da gzip, bzip2, da xz (da fatan za a lura da amfani da na yau da kullun. magana don tantance waɗanne fayiloli ya kamata a haɗa su a cikin dam - wannan shine don hana kayan aikin adana kayan aiki don tara kwal ɗin da aka ƙirƙira a matakan baya).

# tar czf myfiles.tar.gz file[0-9]
# tar cjf myfiles.tar.bz2 file[0-9]
# tar cJf myfile.tar.xz file[0-9]

Jera abubuwan da ke cikin kwal ɗin kwalta kuma nuna bayanin iri ɗaya da jerin jerin adireshi. Lura cewa ba za a iya amfani da ayyukan sabuntawa ko append zuwa ga matattun fayiloli kai tsaye ba (idan kuna buƙatar ɗaukaka ko sanya fayil a cikin kwal ɗin da aka matsa, kuna buƙatar buɗe fayil ɗin tar sabunta/haɗa shi, sannan sake damfara).

# tar tvf [tarball]

Gudun kowane umarni masu zuwa:

# gzip -d myfiles.tar.gz	[#1] 
# bzip2 -d myfiles.tar.bz2	[#2] 
# xz -d myfiles.tar.xz 		[#3]

Sannan

# tar --delete --file myfiles.tar file4 (deletes the file inside the tarball)
# tar --update --file myfiles.tar file4 (adds the updated file)

kuma

# gzip myfiles.tar		[ if you choose #1 above ]
# bzip2 myfiles.tar		[ if you choose #2 above ]
# xz myfiles.tar 		[ if you choose #3 above ]

Daga karshe,

# tar tvf [tarball] #again

kuma kwatanta kwanan wata da lokacin gyara na file4 tare da wannan bayanin kamar yadda aka nuna a baya.

A ce kana son yin ajiyar kundayen adireshi na gida na mai amfani. Kyakkyawan aikin sysadmin zai kasance (kuma ana iya bayyana shi ta manufofin kamfani) don keɓance duk fayilolin bidiyo da mai jiwuwa daga madadin.

Wataƙila hanyarku ta farko ita ce cire duk fayiloli daga wariyar ajiya tare da tsawo .mp3 ko .mp4 (ko wasu kari). Menene idan kana da mai amfani mai wayo wanda zai iya canza tsawo zuwa .txt ko .bkp, tsarinka ba zai yi maka kyau sosai ba. Domin gano fayil mai jiwuwa ko bidiyo, kuna buƙatar bincika nau'in fayil ɗinsa tare da fayil. Rubutun harsashi mai zuwa zai yi aikin.

#!/bin/bash
# Pass the directory to backup as first argument.
DIR=$1
# Create the tarball and compress it. Exclude files with the MPEG string in its file type.
# -If the file type contains the string mpeg, $? (the exit status of the most recently executed command) expands to 0, and the filename is redirected to the exclude option. Otherwise, it expands to 1.
# -If $? equals 0, add the file to the list of files to be backed up.
tar X <(for i in $DIR/*; do file $i | grep -i mpeg; if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then echo $i; fi;done) -cjf backupfile.tar.bz2 $DIR/*

Sannan zaku iya dawo da wariyar ajiya zuwa ainihin adireshin gida na mai amfani (user_restore a cikin wannan misalin), adana izini, tare da umarni mai zuwa.

# tar xjf backupfile.tar.bz2 --directory user_restore --same-permissions

Karanta kuma:

  1. 18 kwamandan Misalai na tar a cikin Linux
  2. Dtrx – Kayan Aikin Taskar Hankali don Linux

Amfani da Nemo Umurni don Neman Fayiloli

Ana amfani da umarnin nemo don bincika akai-akai ta hanyar bishiyar adireshi don fayiloli ko kundayen adireshi waɗanda suka dace da wasu halaye, sannan kuma ana iya buga fayilolin da suka dace ko kundayen adireshi ko yin wasu ayyuka akan matches.

A al'ada, za mu bincika ta suna, mai shi, rukuni, nau'in, izini, kwanan wata, da girma.

# nemo [directory_don_bincike] [bayani]

Nemo duk fayiloli (-f) a cikin kundin adireshi na yanzu (.) da 2 subdirectories a ƙasa (-maxdepth 3 ya haɗa da kundin tsarin aiki na yanzu da matakan 2 ƙasa) wanda girmansa (-size) ya fi 2 MB.

# find . -maxdepth 3 -type f -size +2M

Fayilolin da ke da izini 777 ana ɗaukarsu wani lokaci a matsayin buɗaɗɗen kofa ga maharan waje. Ko ta yaya, ba shi da aminci a bar kowa ya yi wani abu da fayiloli. Za mu ɗauki hanya mai tsauri da share su! ('{}' + ana amfani dashi don tattara sakamakon binciken).

# find /home/user -perm 777 -exec rm '{}' +

Nemo fayilolin daidaitawa a cikin /da sauransu waɗanda aka sami dama (-atime) ko an gyara (-mtime) ƙari (+180<)) ko ƙasa da (-180) fiye da 6 watanni da suka wuce ko daidai 6 watannin da suka gabata (180) .

Gyara umarni mai zuwa kamar misalin misalin da ke ƙasa:

# find /etc -iname "*.conf" -mtime -180 -print

Karanta Hakanan: 35 Misalai Masu Aiki na Dokar 'nemo' Linux

Izinin Fayil da Halaye na asali

Haruffa 10 na farko a cikin fitarwa na ls -l sune halayen fayil. Ana amfani da farkon waɗannan haruffa don nuna nau'in fayil:

  1. – : fayil na yau da kullun
  2. -d : directory
  3. -l : alamar mahaɗi
  4. -c : na'urar hali (wanda ke ɗaukar bayanai azaman rafi na bytes, watau tasha)
  5. -b : na'urar toshewa (wanda ke sarrafa bayanai a cikin tubalan, watau na'urorin ajiya)

Haruffa tara na gaba na halayen fayil ana kiran su yanayin fayil kuma suna wakiltar karanta (r), rubuta (w), da aiwatar da (x) izini na mai fayil, mai rukunin fayil ɗin, da sauran masu amfani (wanda aka fi sani da duniya).

Ganin cewa izinin karantawa akan fayil yana ba da damar buɗewa da karantawa iri ɗaya, izini iri ɗaya akan kundin adireshi yana ba da damar lissafin abubuwan da ke ciki idan an saita izinin aiwatarwa kuma. Bugu da ƙari, izinin aiwatarwa a cikin fayil yana ba da damar sarrafa shi azaman shiri kuma a gudanar da shi, yayin da a cikin kundin adireshi yana ba da damar cd'ed iri ɗaya a ciki.

Ana canza izinin fayil tare da umarnin chmod, wanda ainihin ma'anarsa shine kamar haka:

# chmod [new_mode] file

Inda new_mode shine ko dai lambar octal ko magana da ke fayyace sabbin izini.

Ana iya canza lambar octal daga daidai da binary, wanda aka ƙididdige shi daga izinin fayil ɗin da ake so ga mai shi, ƙungiyar, da duniya, kamar haka:

Kasancewar takamaiman izini yana daidai da ƙarfin 2 (r=22, w=21, x=20 >>), yayin da rashinsa yayi daidai da 0. Misali:

Don saita izinin fayil ɗin kamar yadda yake sama a sigar octal, rubuta:

# chmod 744 myfile

Hakanan zaka iya saita yanayin fayil ta amfani da furcin da ke nuna haƙƙin mai shi tare da harafin u, haƙƙin mai ƙungiyar tare da harafin g, sauran kuma tare da ku. Duk waɗannan \mutane ana iya wakilta su a lokaci guda tare da harafin a. Ana ba da izini (ko soke) tare da + ko – alamomi, bi da bi.

Kamar yadda muka yi bayani a baya, za mu iya soke wani izini da ke shirya shi tare da alamar cirewa kuma yana nuna ko yana buƙatar soke shi ga mai shi, mai ƙungiyar, ko duk masu amfani. Za a iya fassara layi ɗaya na ƙasa kamar haka: Canja yanayin ga duk masu amfani (a), soke (–) aiwatar da izini (x) .

# chmod a-x backup.sh

Bayar da karatu, rubuta, da aiwatar da izini don fayil ga mai shi da mai rukuni, da karanta izini ga duniya.

Lokacin da muka yi amfani da lamba octal mai lamba 3 don saita izini don fayil, lambar farko tana nuna izini ga mai shi, lambobi na biyu na mai ƙungiyar da lamba ta uku ga kowa:

  1. Mai mallaka: (r=22 + w=21 + x=20 = 7)
  2. Mai mallakar rukuni: (r=22 + w=21 + x=20 = 7)
  3. Duniya: (r=22 + w=0 + x=0 = 4),

# chmod 774 myfile

A cikin lokaci, kuma tare da aiki, za ku iya yanke shawarar wace hanya don canza yanayin fayil ya fi dacewa da ku a kowane hali. Dogayen jeri na kundin adireshi kuma yana nuna mai fayil ɗin da mai ƙungiyarsa (wanda ke aiki azaman ingantaccen ikon sarrafa damar shiga fayiloli a cikin tsarin):

Ana canza ikon mallakar fayil tare da umarnin chown. Ana iya canza mai shi da mai rukunin a lokaci guda ko dabam. Asalin tsarinsa shine kamar haka:

# chown user:group file

Inda aƙalla mai amfani ko ƙungiyar ke buƙatar kasancewa.

Canza mai fayil zuwa wani mai amfani.

# chown gacanepa sent

Canza mai shi da rukunin fayil zuwa takamaiman mai amfani: rukuni biyu.

# chown gacanepa:gacanepa TestFile

Canza kawai mai rukunin fayil zuwa wata ƙungiya. Kula da hanin kafin sunan ƙungiyar.

# chown :gacanepa email_body.txt

Kammalawa

A matsayin sysadmin, kuna buƙatar sanin yadda ake ƙirƙira da mayar da madogarawa, yadda ake nemo fayiloli a cikin tsarin ku kuma canza halayen su, tare da ƴan dabaru waɗanda zasu iya sauƙaƙe rayuwar ku kuma zasu hana ku shiga cikin al'amura na gaba.

Ina fatan cewa shawarwarin da aka bayar a cikin wannan labarin za su taimake ka ka cim ma burin. Jin kyauta don ƙara nasiha da ra'ayoyin ku a cikin sashin sharhi don amfanin al'umma. Godiya a gaba!

  1. Game da LFCS
  2. Me yasa ake samun Takaddun Shaida ta Gidauniyar Linux?
  3. Yi rijista don jarrabawar LFCS