Tambayoyin Tambayoyin Tambayoyi 30 Da Akafi Yiwa Linux

Idan kun riga kun sami takaddun shaida na Linux kuma kuna fatan samun aikin Linux, yana da matukar amfani don shirya don hira da ke gwada ilimin ku na abubuwan ciki da waje na Linux.

A cikin wannan jagorar, mun gabatar muku da wasu tambayoyi da aka fi yawan yi a cikin tambayoyin Linux da amsoshi.

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1. Menene Linux?

Linux tsarin aiki ne na kyauta kuma buɗaɗɗen tushe bisa UNIX. An fara fitar da shi a cikin 1991 ta Linux Torvalds. Manufar haɓaka Linux shine samar da madadin kyauta kuma mai rahusa ga tsarin mallakar mallaka kamar Windows da macOS.

2. Menene Linux Kernel?

An rubuta shi cikin yaren shirye-shirye na C, Linux kernel shine ainihin sashin tsarin Linux. Ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta matakin software wanda zai iya hulɗa da kayan masarufi. Yana musanya OS da kayan aikin da ke ƙasa kuma yana ba da damar sadarwa tsakanin su biyun.

Kwayar tana yin manyan ayyuka masu zuwa:

Yana sarrafa na'urorin kayan masarufi.
Yana ƙaddamar da sarrafa aikace-aikace.
Yana sarrafa albarkatun OS gami da RAM, CPU, da amfani da diski.

3. Menene GRUB?

GRUB (Grand Unified Bootloader) bootloader ne daga aikin GNU. Shiri ne da ke da alhakin sarrafa tsarin taya. Ainihin, yana ɗauka daga BIOS a farawa tsarin kuma yana loda kernel cikin babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Sa'an nan kernel yana loda tsarin aiki da kayan aikin sa.

Fuskar allo na GRUB shine yawanci abin da zaku gani akan allon ku da zarar tsarin ya fara. Yana nuna menu mai sauƙi wanda ke ba da zaɓuɓɓukan taya biyu.

4. Menene Mahimman Abubuwan Mahimmanci na Linux?

Tsarin Linux ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu mahimmanci masu zuwa:

Kernel - Wannan shine ainihin ɓangaren tsarin Linx wanda ke sarrafa abubuwan da ke cikin kayan masarufi da aikace-aikace a matakin OS.
Shell - Wannan fassarar ce da ke ba da hanyar haɗin yanar gizo wanda ke karɓar umarni da aka bayar ta hanyar madannai kuma ya tura su zuwa OS don aiwatarwa.
GUI - Wannan gajarta ce don Interface mai amfani da zane. Ya ƙunshi sassa na hoto waɗanda masu amfani ke ba da damar yin hulɗa tare da tsarin. Waɗannan sun haɗa da tebur, windows, gumaka, maɓallai, sandunan ɗawainiya, da fafutuka.

5. Menene Shells Amfani da Linux?

Harsashi da aka saba amfani da su A cikin Linux sun haɗa da:

bash [Bourne Again Shell] - Wannan shine tsohuwar harsashi akan yawancin tsarin Linux.
zsh [Z Shell] - Wannan shine tsohuwar harsashi a cikin Kali Linux da macOS. An gina shi a saman bash da fakiti tare da ƙarin fasalulluka kamar gyaran rubutu, tallafin plugin, mafi kyawun keɓancewa, da sauransu.
ksh [Korn Shell] - Wannan babban harsashin harshe ne na shirye-shirye.
csh [C Shell] - Mahimmancinsa yana aro da yawa daga yaren shirye-shiryen C. Mai matukar amfani ga duk wanda yake da ilimin programming C.

6. Menene Swap Space a Linux?

Swap sarari yana nufin sarari akan rumbun kwamfutarka wanda shine tsawo na RAM ko ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar jiki. Ana amfani da tsarin lokacin da ƙarfin RAM ya kusan ƙarewa kuma ba zai iya tallafawa aikace-aikacen da ke gudana ba. Swap sarari yana adana ƙarin shirye-shirye waɗanda RAM ba zai iya sarrafa su ba.

7. Yadda ake Duba Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Linux?

Wadannan su ne wasu umarni na Linux da aka fi amfani da su da za ku iya amfani da su don duba amfanin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar tsarin ku.

kyauta - Nuna adadin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kyauta da amfani a cikin tsarin.
saman - Nuna tafiyar matakai da amfani da Linux.
htop - Mai duba tsarin tsarin mu'amala, mai duba tsari, da mai sarrafa tsari.
vmstat - Nuna ƙididdiga na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.

Don bincika aikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar tsarin Linux ɗinku da amfani, gudanar:

$ free  -m
$ top
$ htop
$ vmstat

8. Yadda Ake Duba Amfani da Sararin Samaniya na Linux?

Ana iya bincika amfanin sararin diski ta amfani da umarnin df da du.

Ana amfani da umarnin df (gajeren don faifai kyauta) don nuna jimlar da sararin sararin faifai don tsarin fayil akan tsarin ku. Ana amfani da shi sau da yawa tare da zaɓuɓɓukan -Th don nuna kayan aiki a tsarin da mutum zai iya karantawa.

$ df -Th

Umurnin du (gajeren don amfani da faifai) yana nuna amfanin sararin fayil a cikin kundin adireshi. Yana bin sararin samaniya da fayiloli da kundayen adireshi ke mamaye. Kamar umarnin df, du ana amfani da shi tare da zaɓin -h don nuna fitarwa a cikin tsarin da mutum zai iya karantawa.

$ du -h

9. Menene Inode da PID?

Inode tsarin fayil ne wanda ke adana metadata don fayiloli a cikin Linux. Membobin metadata sun haɗa da girman fayil, izini da ake buƙata don isa ga fayil ɗin, mai amfani da ID na rukuni, tambarin ƙirƙira, da hanyar zuwa fayil ɗin.

Lambar inode lamba ce ta musamman ko lamba da aka ba kowane fayil akan tsarin Linux.

$ ls -li ravi.txt 

1594567 -rwxrwxr-x 1 tecmint tecmint 0 Oct 28 10:58 ravi.txt

1594567 ita ce lambar inode kuma alamar -i tana nuna inode fayil ɗin ravi.txt.

PID (ID na tsari) ID ne na musamman da aka ba kowane tsari mai gudana akan tsarin Linux. Za mu iya amfani da umurnin pidof don nemo ID ɗin tsari na kowane shirin da ke gudana.

$ pidof firefox

40982

10. Menene Daemons?

Daemons matakai ne na sabis waɗanda ke gudana a bango ba tare da wani hulɗar mai amfani ba. Suna ba da ayyuka ga wasu matakai kuma suna ɗaukar buƙatun lokaci-lokaci kuma suna tura su zuwa aikace-aikacen da suka dace don aiwatarwa.

11. Menene Jihohin Tsari a Linux?

A cikin Linux, tsari misali ne na shirin ko sabis. Akwai jihohi guda hudu. A kowane lokaci, tsari zai kasance a cikin ɗayan waɗannan jihohi:

Shirye: An riga an ƙirƙiri tsarin kuma yana shirye don aiki.
Ana Gudu: Tsarin yana raye ko ana aiwatarwa.
An Dakatar: Tsarin ya ƙare kuma tsarin aiki ya ƙare.
Jira: Tsarin yana jiran wasu shigarwar mai amfani.
Zombie: An daina aiwatar da aikin, amma har yanzu bayanin yana nan a cikin teburin tsari.

Don bincika yanayin tsarin Linux yi amfani da umarnin ps kamar yadda aka nuna.

$ ps a

Shagon STAT yana nuna yanayin tafiyar da aikin.

12. Menene GUI?

GUI gajarta ce ta Interface mai amfani da zane. Waɗannan su ne abubuwan zane na tsarin aiki na Linux waɗanda suka haɗa da windows, gumaka, menus, maɓalli, sandunan ɗawainiya, da ƙari mai yawa.

GUI yana sauƙaƙa yin hulɗa tare da tsarin kuma galibi an fi son masu farawa ko novice waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewa wajen yin aiki akan CLI.

13. Menene CLI?

CLI gajarta ce don Interface Layin Umurni. Wannan hanyar sadarwa ce wacce ke ba masu amfani damar buga umarni akan harsashi da tashar ta bayar. Ana amfani da CLI galibi ta ƙwararrun masu amfani da Linux ko masu gudanar da tsarin da injiniyoyi.

CLI shine yanayin da aka fi so na gudanar da tsarin tun da yake yana cin albarkatun tsarin kaɗan, sabanin GUI wanda ke da babban kayan aiki.

14. Menene Tushen Account?

Wannan shine asusu mafi gata akan tsarin Linux. Yana ba ku damar cikakken sarrafa tsarin Linux. Kuna iya yin kusan duk abin da kuke so ciki har da haɓaka tsarin, sakawa da cire fakitin software, ƙirƙira da cire masu amfani, daidaita ayyuka, da ƙari mai yawa.

A yawancin rabawa na Linux, za a buƙaci ka ƙirƙiri tushen asusun yayin shigarwa.

15. Menene Open Source Software?

Siffar software ta zama buɗaɗɗen tushe tana nuna cewa ka duba lambar tushe, gyara ta kuma sake rarraba ta ga sauran masu amfani ba tare da ƙuntatawa ta lasisi ba. Sauran masu amfani za su kasance cikin matsayi don yin ƙarin canje-canje gami da gyara kurakurai da gyara kurakurai a cikin lambar tushe.

A zahiri, buɗaɗɗen software yana zama ana amfani da shi sosai don haka yana amfanar kowa da kowa.

16. Menene Dokokin Lissafin Linux?

Wadannan su ne manyan umarnin Linux:

pwd – Umurnin yana nuna kundin adireshi na yanzu ko hanyar adireshi na yanzu.
ls - Wannan umarnin yana lissafin abubuwan da ke cikin kundin adireshi.
cd - Wannan yana ba ku damar canzawa daga wannan directory zuwa wancan.
mkdir – Umurnin ya haifar da sabon kundin adireshi mara komai.
rmdir – Umurnin yana gogewa ko yana cire kundin adireshi mara komai.
rm - Yana kawar da fayiloli ɗaya ko da yawa. An yi amfani da zaɓin -R don cire kundin adireshi mara komai.

17. Menene Mai Gudanar da Juyawa?

Juyawa shine tsarin aika fitarwa na umarni na farko zuwa wani fayil. Bugu da ƙari, ana kuma amfani da shi don jagorantar fitarwa azaman shigarwa zuwa wani tsari.

A cikin Linux, ana samun turawa ta amfani da ko dai \>\ (fiye da alama) ko kuma ma'aikacin \|\ (bututu) wanda ke aika daidaitaccen fitarwa. na wannan umarni zuwa wani umarni azaman daidaitaccen shigarwa.

18. Menene Daban Daban Vim?

Editan vim yana ba da manyan hanyoyi masu zuwa:

Yanayin Saka - Wannan yanayin yana ba ku damar buga rubutu.
Yanayin gani - Wannan yanayin yana ba ku damar zaɓar rubutu don ku iya yin wasu ayyuka da shi kamar ɗan sanda, yanke ko manna.

19. Menene Laƙabi?

Kamar yadda sunan ke nunawa, laƙabi kamar gajerun hanyoyi na al'ada da ake amfani da su don wakiltar umarni (ko saitin umarni) wanda aka aiwatar tare da ko ba tare da zaɓuɓɓukan al'ada ba.

$ alias

20. Ta yaya za a lissafta duk hanyoyin da ke gudana akan Linux?

Don lissafta duk tafiyar matakai akan tsarin Linux, gudanar da umarni:

# ps aux

Umurnin yana jera duk hanyoyin da ake gudanarwa a halin yanzu, gami da lambobin PID (ID ɗin Tsari).

21. Mene ne Soft Link?

Hanya mai laushi, wanda kuma aka sani da hanyar haɗin kai, yayi kama da gajeriyar hanyar fayil akan tsarin aiki na Windows. Ya ƙunshi hanyar fayil ɗin ba abinda ke ciki ba.

Ana iya haɗa hanyar haɗi mai laushi zuwa ko dai fayil ko kundin adireshi. Idan an cire ainihin fayil ɗin, mahaɗin mai laushi ya karye kuma ana kiransa hanyar haɗin rataye. Duk da haka, kawar da taushi da kanta ba ya shafar wani abu.

Bugu da ƙari, hanyoyin haɗi masu laushi na iya haɗawa cikin tsarin fayil.

22. Menene Hard Link?

Babban hanyar haɗi shine gajeriyar hanyar fayil wacce ke haɗa ainihin abubuwan da ke cikin fayil, ba kamar hanyar haɗi mai laushi ba wacce ta ƙunshi hanyar fayil kawai. Yana da girman girman fayil ɗin asali kuma yana raba lambar inode iri ɗaya da ainihin fayil ɗin.

Lokacin da aka sabunta fayil ɗin asalin, abubuwan da ke cikin babban hanyar haɗin yanar gizon kuma ana sabunta su. Bugu da ƙari, hanyar haɗin yanar gizo ta kasance ba ta da tasiri ko da an cire ainihin fayil ɗin.

Matsalolin hanyar haɗi mai wuya shine cewa ba za a iya ƙirƙira shi a cikin tsarin fayil daban-daban ba.

23. Menene Hidden Files a Linux?

Fayilolin da aka ɓoye fayiloli ne waɗanda ke gaba da digo ko lokaci. Mafi yawa sun ƙunshi fayilolin sanyi waɗanda ke riƙe mahimman bayanai ko saituna. Don duba ɓoyayyun fayiloli, yi amfani da umarnin ls tare da zaɓin -la.

$ ls -la

24. Menene Izinin Izinoni Daban-daban a cikin Linux?

Akwai izini na fayil guda 3 daban-daban a cikin Linux:

Karanta (r) - Yana ba masu amfani damar karanta fayiloli ko jera kundin adireshi.
Rubuta (w) - Yana ba mai amfani damar gyara ko gyara fayiloli.
Execute (x) - Yana ba masu amfani damar gudanar da fayil ɗin.

25. Ta yaya ake Canja Izinin Fayil ko Littattafai?

Umurnin chmod shine umarnin da ke canza izinin fayil ko kundin adireshi.

Yana biye da tsarin da aka nuna.

# chmod [OPTIONS] [permissions] file

Misali. Don sanya izinin octal 755 (duk izini ga mai shi da karantawa da rubuta izini kawai ga membobin rukuni da kowa) zuwa fayil mai suna file1.txt, gudanar da umarnin.

# chmod 755 file1.txt

26. Menene Dokar Grep?

Grep kayan aikin layin umarni ne don nema da daidaita fayilolin rubutu ko layi a cikin fayil ɗin rubutu. Yana ɗaukar zaɓuɓɓuka da sigogi waɗanda ake amfani da su don sarrafa ko haɓaka fitowar bincike.

Yana ɗaukar ma'auni mai zuwa:

$ grep [options] pattern [files]

Umurni mai zuwa yana ƙidaya adadin abubuwan da suka faru na kirtani 'Unix' a cikin file1.txt.

$ grep -c "Unix" file1.txt

27. Yadda za a Kashe Tsarin Gudu a Linux?

Don ƙare ko kashe tsari, yi amfani da umarnin kashe wanda PID ɗin tsari ke bi.

Umurnin ps zai taimaka maka gano PID na tsari.

$ kill PID

Don ƙare tsari mara amsa, wuce -9 zaɓin da aka nuna

$ kill -9 PID

Don kashe tsari da suna, yi amfani da umurnin killall wanda sunan tsari ke biyo baya. Misali, don ƙare aikin Firefox, gudanar da umarni:

$ killall firefox

28. Yadda Ake Gudun Dokoki da yawa a cikin Umurni Guda?

Don gudanar da umarni da yawa ɗaya bayan ɗaya a cikin umarni ɗaya, kuna iya amfani da ko dai ɗan ƙaramin yanki ;, sau biyu ampersand &&, ko || > alamomi.

X Y - Wannan yana gudanar da umarni X da Y ba tare da la'akari da nasarar X.
X && Y - Wannan yana gudanar da Y idan kuma kawai idan X yayi nasara.
X || Y – Wannan yana gudanar da Y idan kuma idan X ya gaza.

29. Duba Yaya Tsawon Lokacin da Linux ɗin ke Gudu?

Don tabbatar da lokacin aiki ko tsawon lokacin da tsarin ke gudana, kawai gudanar da umarnin lokacin kamar yadda aka nuna.

$ uptime

12:09:11 up  2:49,  2 users,  load average: 0.62, 0.97, 0.88

30. Yadda ake Duba Bayanan Tsarin Linux?

Don bincika ainihin bayanan tsarin kamar sunan kernel da sigar, sunan mai masauki, da tsarin aiki, gudanar da umarnin rashin suna ta amfani da zaɓi -a kamar yadda aka nuna.

$ uname -a

Linux tecmint 5.15.0-53-generic #59~20.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Thu Oct 20 15:10:22 UTC 2022 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

Gaskiya, wannan ba ma'ana ba cikakken jerin duk tambayoyin tambayoyin da za ku iya fuskanta a cikin dakin hira. Koyaya, kuna iya fuskantar waɗannan tambayoyin tambayoyin don gwada ainihin fahimtar ku akan tsarin Linux. Duk mafi kyau yayin da kuke shirin yin hira.

Shin mun rasa wasu muhimman tambayoyin tambayoyin Linux? Menene ra'ayinku game da waɗannan tambayoyin? Idan kuna da wasu tambayoyin hira ku raba su a cikin sharhin da ke ƙasa.