Dokokin Amfani 15 masu Amfani tare da Misalai a cikin Linux
Dukanmu muna sane da sanannen umarnin da ake kira 'useradd' ko 'adduser' a cikin Linux. Akwai lokutan da aka nemi Mai Gudanar da Tsarin Linux don ƙirƙirar asusun mai amfani akan Linux tare da takamaiman kaddarorin, iyakoki, ko sharhi.
[Za ku iya kuma so: Yadda ake Ƙirƙirar Jagorar Raba ga Duk Masu amfani a cikin Linux]
A cikin Linux, umarnin 'useradd' ƙaramin kayan aiki ne wanda ake amfani dashi don ƙara/ƙirƙirar asusun mai amfani a cikin Linux da sauran tsarin aiki kamar Unix. 'adduser' yayi kama da umarnin useradd saboda kawai hanyar haɗi ce ta alama.
A cikin wasu rarrabawar Linux, umarnin useradd na iya zuwa tare da sigar daban. Ina ba da shawarar ku karanta takaddun ku, kafin amfani da umarninmu don ƙirƙirar sabbin asusun mai amfani a cikin Linux.
Lokacin da muka gudanar da umarnin 'useradd' a cikin tashar Linux, yana yin manyan abubuwa masu zuwa:
- Yana gyara /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, /etc/group da /etc/gshadow files don sabbin asusun mai amfani da aka ƙirƙira.
- Yana ƙirƙira kuma yana cika kundin adireshi na gida don sabon mai amfani.
- Yana saita izini da ikon mallaka zuwa kundin adireshin gida.
Tushen tsarin umarnin useradd shine:
# useradd [options] username
A cikin wannan labarin, za mu nuna muku mafi amfani 15 useradd umarni tare da m misalai a Linux. Mun raba sashin zuwa kashi biyu daga Basic zuwa Advance amfani da umarnin.
- Sashe na I: Babban Umarnin Useradd tare da misalai 10
- Sashe na II: Advance Userad Commands tare da misalai 5
1. Yadda ake Ƙara Sabon Mai amfani a Linux
Don ƙara/ƙirƙirar sabon mai amfani, dole ne ku bi umarnin 'useradd'ko'adduser'tare da' sunan mai amfani'. 'username' sunan mai amfani ne, wanda mai amfani ke amfani dashi don shiga cikin tsarin.
Za a iya ƙara mai amfani ɗaya kawai kuma dole ne sunan mai amfani ya zama na musamman (bambanta da sauran sunayen mai amfani da ya riga ya wanzu akan tsarin).
Misali, don ƙara sabon mai amfani da ake kira 'tecmint', yi amfani da umarni mai zuwa.
useradd tecmint
Lokacin da muka ƙara sabon mai amfani a cikin Linux tare da umarnin 'useradd' ana ƙirƙira shi a cikin kulle-kulle kuma don buɗe wannan asusun mai amfani, muna buƙatar saita kalmar sirri don wannan asusun tare da umarnin 'passwd'.
passwd tecmint Changing password for user tecmint. New UNIX password: Retype new UNIX password: passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
Da zarar an ƙirƙiri sabon mai amfani, ana ƙara shigarsa ta atomatik zuwa fayil ɗin '/etc/passwd'. Ana amfani da fayil ɗin don adana bayanan mai amfani kuma shigarwar ya kamata.
tecmint:x:1000:1000:tecmint:/home/tecmint:/bin/bash
Shigar da ke sama ya ƙunshi saitin filayen guda bakwai masu raba hanji, kowane filin yana da ma'anarsa. Bari mu ga menene waɗannan filayen:
- Username: Sunan shiga mai amfani da ake amfani da shi don shiga cikin tsarin. Ya kamata ya kasance tsakanin haruffa 1 zuwa 32 tsayi.
- Password: kalmar sirrin mai amfani (ko harafi x) da aka adana a /etc/shadow file a rufaffen tsari.
- ID na mai amfani (UID): Kowane mai amfani dole ne ya sami lambar shaidar mai amfani (UID). Ta hanyar tsoho, an tanada UID 0 don tushen mai amfani kuma UID na jere daga 1-99 an tanada su don wasu asusun da aka riga aka ƙayyade. Ƙarin UID na jere daga 100-999 an tanada su don asusun tsarin da ƙungiyoyi.
- Group ID (GID): Lambar Shaida ta Ƙungiya ta farko (GID) da aka adana a cikin fayil ɗin /etc/group.
- Bayanin mai amfani: Wannan filin zaɓi ne kuma yana ba ku damar ayyana ƙarin bayani game da mai amfani. Misali, cikakken sunan mai amfani. Wannan filin yana cike da umarnin 'yatsa'.
- Tsarin Gida: Madaidaicin wurin kundin adireshin gida na mai amfani.
- Shell: Cikakken wurin harsashin mai amfani wato /bin/bash.
2. Ƙirƙiri Mai Amfani da Littafin Jagoran Gida Daban-daban
Ta hanyar tsoho umurnin 'useradd' yana haifar da kundin adireshin gida na mai amfani a ƙarƙashin/directory na gida tare da sunan mai amfani. Don haka, alal misali, mun gani a sama da tsoffin kundin adireshin gida na mai amfani 'tecmint' shine '/ gida/tecmint'.
Koyaya, ana iya canza wannan aikin ta amfani da zaɓin '-d' tare da wurin sabon kundin adireshin gida (watau /data/projects). Misali, umarni mai zuwa zai ƙirƙiri mai amfani 'anusha'tare da kundin adireshin gida'/data/projects'.
useradd -d /data/projects anusha passwd anusha
Kuna iya ganin kundin adireshin gida na mai amfani da sauran bayanan da suka danganci mai amfani kamar id mai amfani, id na rukuni, harsashi, da sharhi.
cat /etc/passwd | grep anusha anusha:x:1001:1001::/data/projects:/bin/bash
3. Ƙirƙiri mai amfani tare da takamaiman ID na mai amfani
A cikin Linux, kowane mai amfani yana da nasa UID (Lambar Shaida ta Musamman). Ta hanyar tsoho, duk lokacin da muka ƙirƙiri sabon asusun mai amfani a cikin Linux, yana sanya mai amfani 500, 501, 502, da sauransu…
Amma, za mu iya ƙirƙirar masu amfani tare da mai amfani na al'ada tare da zaɓi '-u'. Misali, umarni mai zuwa zai haifar da mai amfani 'navin' tare da mai amfani na al'ada'1002'.
useradd -u 1002 navin
Yanzu, bari mu tabbatar da cewa mai amfani ya ƙirƙira tare da ma'anar mai amfani (1002) ta amfani da umarni mai zuwa.
cat /etc/passwd | grep navin navin:x:1002:1002::/home/navin:/bin/bash
NOTE: Tabbatar cewa ƙimar ID ɗin mai amfani dole ne ta zama na musamman daga duk wasu masu amfani da aka riga aka ƙirƙira akan tsarin.
4. Ƙirƙiri mai amfani tare da takamaiman ID na Ƙungiya
Hakazalika, kowane mai amfani yana da nasu GID (Group Identifier). Za mu iya ƙirƙira masu amfani tare da takamaiman ID na rukuni tare da zaɓi -g.
Anan a cikin wannan misalin, za mu ƙara mai amfani 'tarunika' tare da takamaiman UID da GID a lokaci guda tare da taimakon '-u' da '-g' zaɓuɓɓuka.
useradd -u 1005 -g tecmint tarunika
Yanzu, duba id ɗin mai amfani da aka sanya da rukunin id a cikin fayil '/etc/passwd'.
cat /etc/passwd | grep tarunika tarunika:x:1005:1000::/home/tarunika:/bin/bash
Don tabbatar da GID na mai amfani, yi amfani da umarnin id:
id -gn tarunika
5. Ƙara mai amfani zuwa Ƙungiyoyi masu yawa
Ana amfani da zaɓin '-G' don ƙara mai amfani zuwa ƙarin ƙungiyoyi. Kowane sunan rukuni ya rabu da waƙafi, ba tare da shiga tsakani ba.
Anan a cikin wannan misalin, muna ƙara mai amfani 'tecmint' cikin ƙungiyoyi da yawa kamar admins, webadmin, da masu haɓakawa.
groupadd admins groupadd webadmin groupadd developers usermod -a -G admins,webadmin,developers tecmint useradd -G admins,webadmin,developers paddy
Na gaba, tabbatar da cewa an sanya ƙungiyoyi masu yawa ga mai amfani tare da umarnin id.
id tecmint uid=1000(tecmint) gid=1000(tecmint) groups=1000(tecmint),1007(admins),1008(webadmin),1009(developers) context=root:system_r:unconfined_t:SystemLow-SystemHigh
[Za ku iya kuma son: Yadda ake Ƙara ko Cire Mai amfani daga Ƙungiya a Linux]
6. Ƙara mai amfani ba tare da Littafin Gida ba
A wasu yanayi, inda ba ma son sanya kundin adireshi na gida ga mai amfani, saboda wasu dalilai na tsaro. A irin wannan yanayi, lokacin da mai amfani ya shiga cikin tsarin da ya sake farawa, kundin adireshin gidan sa zai zama tushen. Lokacin da irin wannan mai amfani ya yi amfani da umarnin su, kundin shigansa zai zama kundin adireshin gidan mai amfani da ya gabata.
Don ƙirƙirar masu amfani ba tare da kundayen adireshi na gida ba, ana amfani da ''-M'. Misali, umarni mai zuwa zai ƙirƙiri mai amfani 'shilpi' ba tare da kundin adireshin gida ba.
useradd -M shilpi
Yanzu, bari mu tabbatar da cewa an ƙirƙiri mai amfani ba tare da jagorar gida ba, ta amfani da umarnin ls.
ls -l /home/shilpi ls: cannot access /home/shilpi: No such file or directory
7. Ƙirƙiri mai amfani tare da Ƙarshen Asusu
Ta hanyar tsoho, lokacin da muka ƙara mai amfani tare da asusun mai amfani na 'useradd' ba zai ƙare ba watau an saita ranar ƙarewar su zuwa 0 (yana nufin bai ƙare ba).
Koyaya, zamu iya saita ranar ƙarewa ta amfani da zaɓin '-e', wanda ke saita kwanan wata a cikin tsarin YYYY-MM-DD. Wannan yana taimakawa don ƙirƙirar asusun wucin gadi na takamaiman lokaci.
[Za ku iya kuma son: Yadda ake Sarrafa Ƙarshen Kalmar wucewa da tsufa a Linux]
Anan a cikin wannan misalin, mun ƙirƙiri mai amfani 'aparna' tare da ranar ƙarewar asusu watau 27 ga Agusta 2021 a cikin tsarin YYYY-MM-DD.
useradd -e 2021-08-27 aparna
Na gaba, tabbatar da shekarun asusun da kalmar wucewa tare da umarnin 'chage' don mai amfani'aparna'bayan saita ranar ƙarewar asusun.
chage -l aparna Last password change : Jun 25, 2021 Password expires : never Password inactive : never Account expires : Aug 27, 2021 Minimum number of days between password change : 0 Maximum number of days between password change : 99999 Number of days of warning before password expires : 7
8. Ƙirƙiri mai amfani tare da Ƙarshen Kalmar wucewa
Ana amfani da hujjar '-f' don ayyana adadin kwanakin bayan kalmar wucewa ta ƙare. Ƙimar 0 ba ta aiki da asusun mai amfani da zaran kalmar wucewa ta ƙare. Ta tsohuwa, ƙimar ƙarewar kalmar sirri da aka saita zuwa -1 yana nufin ba zata ƙare ba.
Anan a cikin wannan misalin, za mu saita ranar ƙarewar kalmar sirri ta asusu watau kwanaki 45 akan mai amfani 'mansi' ta amfani da zaɓuɓɓukan '-e' da '-f'.
useradd -e 2014-04-27 -f 45 mansi
9. Ƙara mai amfani tare da Sharhi na Musamman
Zaɓin '-c' yana ba ku damar ƙara maganganun al'ada, kamar cikakken sunan mai amfani, lambar waya, da sauransu zuwa /etc/passwd fayil. Ana iya ƙara sharhin azaman layi ɗaya ba tare da wani sarari ba.
Misali, umarni mai zuwa zai ƙara mai amfani 'mansi'kuma zai saka cikakken sunan mai amfani, Manis Khurana, cikin filin sharhi.
useradd -c "Manis Khurana" mansi
Kuna iya ganin maganganun ku a cikin fayil '/etc/passwd' a cikin sashin sharhi.
tail -1 /etc/passwd mansi:x:1010:1013:Manis Khurana:/home/mansi:/bin/sh
10. Ƙirƙiri Shell Login User a Linux
Wani lokaci, muna ƙara masu amfani waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da harsashin shiga ko wani lokacin muna buƙatar sanya harsashi daban-daban ga masu amfani da mu. Za mu iya sanya ɓangarori daban-daban na shiga ga kowane mai amfani tare da zaɓi '-s'.
Anan a cikin wannan misalin, zai ƙara mai amfani 'tecmint' ba tare da harsashi ba watau '/sbin/nologin' harsashi.
useradd -s /sbin/nologin tecmint
Kuna iya duba harsashi da aka sanya wa mai amfani a cikin fayil '/etc/passwd'.
tail -1 /etc/passwd tecmint:x:1011:1014::/home/tecmint:/sbin/nologin
11. Ƙara Mai amfani tare da Takamaiman Jagorar Gida, Default Shell, da Sharhi na Musamman
Umurnin da ke gaba zai haifar da mai amfani 'ravi' tare da kundin gida '/ var/www/tecmint', tsoho harsashi/bin/bash kuma yana ƙara ƙarin bayani game da mai amfani.
useradd -m -d /var/www/ravi -s /bin/bash -c "TecMint Owner" -U ravi
A cikin umarnin da ke sama '-m -d' zaɓi yana haifar da mai amfani tare da ƙayyadadden kundin adireshin gida kuma zaɓi '-s' yana saita tsohuwar harsashi mai amfani watau /bin/bash. Zaɓin '-c' yana ƙara ƙarin bayani game da mai amfani da kuma '-U' hujja yana ƙirƙira/ƙara ƙungiya mai suna iri ɗaya da mai amfani.
12. Ƙara Mai amfani tare da Littafin Gida, Shell Custom, Sharhi na Musamman, da UID/GID
Umurnin yana kama da na sama, amma a nan muna ma'anar harsashi kamar '/ bin/zsh' da UID na al'ada da GID ga mai amfani' tarunika'. Inda '-u' ke bayyana UID na sabon mai amfani (watau 100) kuma yayin da ''-g' ke bayyana GID (watau 1000).
useradd -m -d /var/www/tarunika -s /bin/zsh -c "TecMint Technical Writer" -u 1000 -g 100 tarunika
13. Ƙara Mai amfani tare da Littafin Gida, Babu Shell, Sharhi na Musamman, da ID na mai amfani
Umurnin da ke biyowa yayi kama da umarni guda biyu na sama, kawai bambanci shine a nan, cewa muna kashe harsashin shiga ga mai amfani da ake kira 'avishek'tare da ID na mai amfani na al'ada (watau 1019).
Anan zaɓi '-s' yana ƙara tsohuwar harsashi/bin/bash, amma a wannan yanayin mun saita shiga zuwa'/usr/sbin/nologin'. Wannan yana nufin mai amfani 'avishek' ba zai iya shiga cikin tsarin ba.
useradd -m -d /var/www/avishek -s /usr/sbin/nologin -c "TecMint Sr. Technical Writer" -u 1019 avishek
14. Ƙara Mai amfani tare da Littafin Gida, Shell, Skell/Comment, da ID na mai amfani
Canjin kawai a cikin wannan umarni shine, mun yi amfani da zaɓin '-k' don saita tsarin kwarangwal na al'ada watau /etc/custom.skell, ba tsoho ba /etc/skel. Mun kuma yi amfani da zaɓin '-s' don ayyana harsashi daban-daban watau /bin/tcsh zuwa mai amfani'navin'.
useradd -m -d /var/www/navin -k /etc/custom.skell -s /bin/tcsh -c "No Active Member of TecMint" -u 1027 navin
15. Ƙara Mai amfani ba tare da Littafin Gida ba, Babu Shell, Babu Ƙungiya, da Sharhi na Musamman
Umurni mai zuwa ya sha bamban da sauran dokokin da aka bayyana a sama. Anan mun yi amfani da zaɓin '-M' don ƙirƙirar mai amfani ba tare da kundin adireshin gida na mai amfani ba kuma ana amfani da hujjar '-N' wanda ke gaya tsarin don ƙirƙirar sunan mai amfani kawai (ba tare da rukuni ba). Hujjar '-r' shine don ƙirƙirar mai amfani da tsarin.
useradd -M -N -r -s /bin/false -c "Disabled TecMint Member" clayton
Don ƙarin bayani da zaɓuɓɓuka game da useradd, gudanar da umarnin 'useradd'a kan tashar don ganin zaɓuɓɓukan da ake da su.
# useradd
[Za ku iya kuma so: 15 Misalan Umurnin Umurnin Mai Amfani a cikin Linux]