20 Manyan Umarni na Linux Masana
Godiya ga dukkan abubuwan so, kalmomi masu kyau da goyan baya da kuka bamu a farkon kashi biyu na wannan labarin. A cikin labarin farko mun tattauna umarni ga waɗanda masu amfani waɗanda suka canza sheka zuwa Linux kuma suna buƙatar ilimin da ya dace don farawa da.
- Dokoki masu amfani guda 20 don Sabbin Linux
A cikin labarin na biyu mun tattauna umarnin wanda mai amfani da matakin matsakaici ke buƙatar sarrafa tsarin sa.
- Dokoki masu tasowa guda 20 don Masu Amfani da Linux na Matsakaici
Menene Gaba? A cikin wannan labarin zan yi bayanin waɗancan dokokin da ake buƙata don gudanar da Linux Server.
41. Umarni: ifconfig
ana amfani da ifconfig don daidaita musanyar hanyoyin sadarwar kwayar-mazauni. Ana amfani dashi a lokacin taya don saita musaya kamar yadda ya cancanta. Bayan haka, yawanci ana buƙata ne kawai lokacin yin kuskure ko lokacin da ake buƙatar kunna tsarin.
[[email ~]$ ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 40:2C:F4:EA:CF:0E inet addr:192.168.1.3 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::422c:f4ff:feea:cf0e/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:163843 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:124990 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:154389832 (147.2 MiB) TX bytes:65085817 (62.0 MiB) Interrupt:20 Memory:f7100000-f7120000 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB) TX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB)
Nuna cikakkun bayanai game da Duk abubuwan musaya wadanda suka hada da musaya musaya ta amfani da hujjar “-a”.
[[email ~]$ ifconfig -a eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 40:2C:F4:EA:CF:0E inet addr:192.168.1.3 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::422c:f4ff:feea:cf0e/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:163843 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:124990 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:154389832 (147.2 MiB) TX bytes:65085817 (62.0 MiB) Interrupt:20 Memory:f7100000-f7120000 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB) TX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB) virbr0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 0e:30:a3:3a:bf:03 inet addr:192.168.122.1 Bcast:192.168.122.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)
[[email ~]$ ifconfig eth0 down
[[email ~]$ ifconfig eth0 up
Sanya "192.168.1.12" azaman adireshin IP don ƙirar eth0.
[[email ~]$ ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.12
[[email ~]$ ifconfig eth0 netmask 255.255.255.
[[email ~]$ ifconfig eth0 broadcast 192.168.1.255
[[email ~]$ ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.12 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255
Lura: Idan kuna amfani da hanyar sadarwa mara waya akwai buƙatar amfani da umarnin “iwconfig”. Don ƙarin misalan umarni “ifconfig” da amfani, karanta Dokoki 15 masu Amfani\"ifconfig".
42. Umurnin: netstat
Dokar netstat tana nuna bayanai masu alaƙa da hanyoyin sadarwa kamar su haɗin yanar gizo, teburin kwatance, ƙididdigar ƙira, haɗin masquerade, membobin multicast da dai sauransu ..,
[[email ~]$ netstat -a Active UNIX domain sockets (servers and established) Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 741379 /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/gpg unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 8965 /var/run/acpid.socket unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 18584 /tmp/.X11-unix/X0 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 741385 /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/ssh unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 741387 /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/pkcs11 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 20242 @/tmp/dbus-ghtTjuPN46 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 13332 /var/run/samba/winbindd_privileged/pipe unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 13331 /tmp/.winbindd/pipe unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 11030 /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 19308 /tmp/ssh-qnZadSgJAbqd/agent.3221 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 436781 /tmp/HotShots unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 46110 /run/user/ravisaive/pulse/native unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 19310 /tmp/gpg-zfE9YT/S.gpg-agent ....
[[email ~]$ netstat -at Active Internet connections (servers and established) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 localhost:mysql *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:5901 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:5902 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:x11-1 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:x11-2 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:5938 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost:5940 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPl:domain *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPl:domain *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost:ipp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48270 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48272 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http TIME_WAIT tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48421 bom03s01-in-f22.1:https ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48269 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:39084 channel-ecmp-06-f:https ESTABLISHED ...
[[email ~]$ netstat -s Ip: 4994239 total packets received 0 forwarded 0 incoming packets discarded 4165741 incoming packets delivered 3248924 requests sent out 8 outgoing packets dropped Icmp: 29460 ICMP messages received 566 input ICMP message failed. ICMP input histogram: destination unreachable: 98 redirects: 29362 2918 ICMP messages sent 0 ICMP messages failed ICMP output histogram: destination unreachable: 2918 IcmpMsg: InType3: 98 InType5: 29362 OutType3: 2918 Tcp: 94533 active connections openings 23 passive connection openings 5870 failed connection attempts 7194 connection resets received ....
KO! Don wasu dalilai idan kuna son kar ku warware bakuncin, tashar jiragen ruwa da sunan mai amfani azaman fitowar yanar gizo.
[[email ~]$ netstat -an
Lafiya, kuna iya buƙatar samun kayan yanar gizo gaba ɗaya har sai an katse koyarwar (ctrl+c).
[[email ~]$ netstat -c
Don ƙarin misalan umarni na "netstat" da amfani, duba labarin 20 Misalan Umurnin Netstat.
43. Umarni: nslookup
Tsarin amfani da hanyar sadarwar da ake amfani dashi don samun bayanai game da sabobin Intanet. Kamar yadda sunan ta ya nuna, mai amfani yana samun bayanin sabar sunan don yankuna ta hanyar neman DNS.
[[email ~]$ nslookup linux-console.net Server: 192.168.1.1 Address: 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: Name: linux-console.net Address: 50.16.67.239
[[email ~]$ nslookup -query=mx linux-console.net Server: 192.168.1.1 Address: 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: linux-console.net mail exchanger = 0 smtp.secureserver.net. linux-console.net mail exchanger = 10 mailstore1.secureserver.net. Authoritative answers can be found from:
[[email ~]$ nslookup -type=ns linux-console.net Server: 192.168.1.1 Address: 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: linux-console.net nameserver = ns3404.com. linux-console.net nameserver = ns3403.com. Authoritative answers can be found from:
[[email ~]$ nslookup -type=any linux-console.net Server: 192.168.1.1 Address: 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: linux-console.net mail exchanger = 10 mailstore1.secureserver.net. linux-console.net mail exchanger = 0 smtp.secureserver.net. linux-console.net nameserver = ns06.domaincontrol.com. linux-console.net nameserver = ns3404.com. linux-console.net nameserver = ns3403.com. linux-console.net nameserver = ns05.domaincontrol.com. Authoritative answers can be found from:
[[email ~]$ nslookup -type=soa linux-console.net Server: 192.168.1.1 Address: 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: linux-console.net origin = ns3403.hostgator.com mail addr = dnsadmin.gator1702.hostgator.com serial = 2012081102 refresh = 86400 retry = 7200 expire = 3600000 minimum = 86400 Authoritative answers can be found from:
Canja lambar tashar jiragen ruwa ta amfani da abin da kake son haɗawa
[[email ~]$ nslookup -port 56 linux-console.net Server: linux-console.net Address: 50.16.76.239#53 Name: 56 Address: 14.13.253.12
44. Umarni: tono
tono kayan aiki ne don neman sunayen masu ba da izini na DNS don bayani game da adiresoshin mai masauki, musayar wasiƙu, sunayen masu ba da izini, da bayanan da suka shafi su. Ana iya amfani da wannan kayan aikin daga kowane Linux (Unix) ko Macintosh OS X tsarin aiki. Mafi kyawun amfani da tonawa shine don bincika mai gida ɗaya.
[[email ~]$ dig linux-console.net ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<
[[email ~]$ dig linux-console.net +nocomments ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +nocomments ;; global options: +cmd ;linux-console.net. IN A linux-console.net. 14400 IN A 40.216.66.239 ;; Query time: 418 msec ;; SERVER: 192.168.1.1#53(192.168.1.1) ;; WHEN: Sat Jun 29 13:53:22 2013 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 45
[[email ~]$ dig linux-console.net +noauthority ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +noauthority ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<
[[email ~]$ dig linux-console.net +noadditional ; <<>> DiG 9.9.2-P1 <<>> linux-console.net +noadditional ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<
[[email ~]$ dig linux-console.net +nostats ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +nostats ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<
[av[email ~]$ dig linux-console.net +noanswer ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +noanswer ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<
[[email ~]$ dig linux-console.net +noall ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +noall ;; global options: +cmd
45. Umarni: lokacin aiki
Yanzu kun haɗu da Linux Server Machine ɗinku kuma kun sami wani abu mara kyau ko ƙeta, me zaku yi? Tsammani…. A'a, tabbas ba zaku iya yin aiki ba don tabbatar da abin da ya faru a zahiri lokacin da sabar ba ta kulawa.
[[email ~]$ uptime 14:37:10 up 4:21, 2 users, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.04
46. Umurni: bango
ɗayan mahimman umarni ga mai gudanarwa, bango yana aika saƙo ga duk wanda ya shiga tare da izinin mesg ɗin sa zuwa “eh”. Ana iya ba da saƙon azaman mahawara ga bango, ko ana iya aika shi zuwa shigarwar daidaitaccen bango.
[[email ~]$ wall "we will be going down for maintenance for one hour sharply at 03:30 pm" Broadcast message from [email (pts/0) (Sat Jun 29 14:44:02 2013): we will be going down for maintenance for one hour sharply at 03:30 pm
47. umarni: mesg
Zai baka damar sarrafawa idan mutane za su iya amfani da umarnin\"rubuta", don aika maka da rubutu a kan allo.
mesg [n|y] n - prevents the message from others popping up on the screen. y – Allows messages to appear on your screen.
48. Umarni: rubuta
Bari ka aika rubutu kai tsaye zuwa allon wata na’urar Linux idan ‘mesg’ ‘y’ ne.
[[email ~]$ write ravisaive
49. Umarni: magana
Abun haɓakawa don rubuta umarnin, umarnin magana yana baka damar magana da masu amfani da ke ciki.
[[email ~]$ talk ravisaive
Lura: Idan ba a shigar da umarnin magana ba, koyaushe zaka iya dacewa ko yum abubuwan da ake buƙata.
[[email ~]$ yum install talk OR [[email ~]$ apt-get install talk
50. Umarni: w
wane umarni ne ‘w’ ya zama abin dariya? Amma a zahiri ba haka bane. t umarni ne, koda kuwa harafi ɗaya ne kaɗai! Umurnin “w” haɗuwa ne na lokacin aiki kuma wanda ke yin umarni a bayar ɗaya kai tsaye bayan ɗayan, a cikin tsari.
[[email ~]$ w 15:05:42 up 4:49, 3 users, load average: 0.02, 0.01, 0.00 USER TTY FROM [email IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT server tty7 :0 14:06 4:43m 1:42 0.08s pam: gdm-passwo server pts/0 :0.0 14:18 0.00s 0.23s 1.65s gnome-terminal server pts/1 :0.0 14:47 4:43 0.01s 0.01s bash
51. Umarni: sake suna
Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, wannan umarnin ya sake suna fayiloli. sake suna zai sake suna fayilolin da aka ƙayyade ta maye gurbin abin da ya fara faruwa daga sunan fayil.
Give the file names a1, a2, a3, a4.....1213
Kawai rubuta umarnin.
rename a1 a0 a? rename a1 a0 a??
52. Umarni: saman
Nuna ayyukan CPU. Wannan umarnin yana wartsakewa ta atomatik, ta tsohuwa kuma yana ci gaba da nuna matakan CPU sai dai idan an bada umarnin katsewa.
[[email ~]$ top top - 14:06:45 up 10 days, 20:57, 2 users, load average: 0.10, 0.16, 0.21 Tasks: 240 total, 1 running, 235 sleeping, 0 stopped, 4 zombie %Cpu(s): 2.0 us, 0.5 sy, 0.0 ni, 97.5 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st KiB Mem: 2028240 total, 1777848 used, 250392 free, 81804 buffers KiB Swap: 3905532 total, 156748 used, 3748784 free, 381456 cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 23768 ravisaiv 20 0 1428m 571m 41m S 2.3 28.9 14:27.52 firefox 24182 ravisaiv 20 0 511m 132m 25m S 1.7 6.7 2:45.94 plugin-containe 26929 ravisaiv 20 0 5344 1432 972 R 0.7 0.1 0:00.07 top 24875 ravisaiv 20 0 263m 14m 10m S 0.3 0.7 0:02.76 lxterminal 1 root 20 0 3896 1928 1228 S 0.0 0.1 0:01.62 init 2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.06 kthreadd 3 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:17.28 ksoftirqd/0 5 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker/0:0H 7 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker/u:0H 8 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.12 migration/0 9 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 rcu_bh 10 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:26.94 rcu_sched 11 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:01.95 watchdog/0 12 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:02.00 watchdog/1 13 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:17.80 ksoftirqd/1 14 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.12 migration/1 16 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker/1:0H 17 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 cpuset 18 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 khelper 19 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kdevtmpfs 20 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 netns 21 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.04 bdi-default 22 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kintegrityd 23 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kblockd 24 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 ata_sff
Karanta Har ila yau: Misalan Dokokin TOP 12
53. Umarni: mkfs.ext4
Wannan umarnin ya kirkiro sabon tsarin fayil na ext4 akan na'urar da aka kayyade, idan aka bi hanyar da ba daidai ba bayan wannan umarnin, za a goge dukkan katanga kuma a tsara ta, saboda haka aka ba da shawarar kar a gudanar da wannan umarnin sai dai kuma har sai kun fahimci abin da kuke yi.
Mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1 (sda1 block will be formatted) mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 (sdb1 block will be formatted)
Kara karantawa: Menene Ext4 da Yadda ake Kirkirowa da Canzawa
54. Umarni: vi/emacs/nano
vi (na gani), emacs, Nano sune wasu editocin da akafi amfani dasu a cikin Linux. Ana amfani dasu koyaushe don shirya rubutu, sanyi,… fayiloli. Jagora mai sauri don aiki kusa da vi da Nano shine, emacs shine.
[[email ~]$ touch a.txt (creates a text file a.txt) [[email ~]$ vi a.txt (open a.txt with vi editor)
[latsa 'i' don shigar da yanayin sakawa, ko ba za ku iya buga-cikin komai ba]
echo "Hello" (your text here for the file)
- alt + x (yanayin saka fitarwa, ku tuna don adana ɗan sarari tsakanin harafin ƙarshe.
- umarnin ctrl+x ko kuma kalmar ka ta ƙarshe za a share ta).
- : wq! (yana adana fayil ɗin, tare da rubutun yanzu, tuna '!' shine a shawo kansa).
[[email ~]$ nano a.txt (open a.txt file to be edited with nano)
edit, with the content, required
ctrl+x (don rufe edita). Zai nuna fitarwa kamar:
Save modified buffer (ANSWERING "No" WILL DESTROY CHANGES) ? Y Yes N No ^C Cancel
Danna 'y' don eh kuma shigar da sunan fayil, kuma kun gama.
55. Umarni: rsync
Rsync kwafe fayiloli kuma yana da sauya -P don sandar ci gaba. Don haka idan kun shigar da rsync, kuna iya amfani da laƙabi mai sauƙi.
alias cp='rsync -aP'
Yanzu gwada kwafin babban fayil a tashar kuma ga fitarwa tare da sauran abubuwan da suka rage, kwatankwacin sandar ci gaba.
Haka kuma, Adanawa da Kulawa da ɗawainiyar ɗayan ɗayan mahimman ayyuka ne masu banƙyama da mai gudanar da tsarin yake buƙata. Rsync kayan aiki ne mai kyau (akwai wasu, wasu da yawa) don ƙirƙira da kiyaye madadin, a cikin m.
[[email ~]$ rsync -zvr IMG_5267\ copy\=33\ copy\=ok.jpg ~/Desktop/ sending incremental file list IMG_5267 copy=33 copy=ok.jpg sent 2883830 bytes received 31 bytes 5767722.00 bytes/sec total size is 2882771 speedup is 1.00
Lura: -z don matsewa, -v don magana da -r don sake dawowa.
56. Umarni: kyauta
Kula da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da albarkatu yana da mahimmanci, kamar kowane aiki da mai gudanarwa ke gudanarwa, kuma ‘umarni‘ kyauta yana zuwa don ceto a nan.
[[email ~]$ free total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 2028240 1788272 239968 0 69468 363716 -/+ buffers/cache: 1355088 673152 Swap: 3905532 157076 3748456
[[email ~]$ free -b total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 2076917760 1838272512 238645248 0 71348224 372670464 -/+ buffers/cache: 1394253824 682663936 Swap: 3999264768 160845824 3838418944
[[email ~]$ free -k total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 2028240 1801484 226756 0 69948 363704 -/+ buffers/cache: 1367832 660408 Swap: 3905532 157076 3748456
[[email ~]$ free -m total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 1980 1762 218 0 68 355 -/+ buffers/cache: 1338 641 Swap: 3813 153 3660
[[email ~]$ free -g total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 1 1 0 0 0 0 -/+ buffers/cache: 1 0 Swap: 3 0 3
[[email ~]$ free -h total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 1.9G 1.7G 208M 0B 68M 355M -/+ buffers/cache: 1.3G 632M Swap: 3.7G 153M 3.6G
[[email ~]$ free -s 3 total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 2028240 1824096 204144 0 70708 364180 -/+ buffers/cache: 1389208 639032 Swap: 3905532 157076 3748456 total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 2028240 1824192 204048 0 70716 364212 -/+ buffers/cache: 1389264 638976 Swap: 3905532 157076 3748456
57. Umurnin: mysqldump
Ok har yanzu da zaka fahimci menene wannan umarnin yake a zahiri, daga sunan wannan umarnin. Mysqldump ya bada umarnin dumps (backups) duka ko wani takamaiman bayanan bayanai a cikin fayil da aka ba Misali,
[[email ~]$ mysqldump -u root -p --all-databases > /home/server/Desktop/backupfile.sql
Lura: mysqldump yana buƙatar mysql don gudana da daidaitaccen kalmar sirri don izini. Mun rufe wasu umarni "mysqldump" masu amfani a Bayanin Bayanai tare da Umarnin mysqldump
58. Umarni: mkpasswd
Yi wuyar-tsammani, bazuwar kalmar sirri na tsawon kamar yadda aka ƙayyade.
[[email ~]$ mkpasswd -l 10 zI4+Ybqfx9
[[email ~]$ mkpasswd -l 20 w0Pr7aqKk&hmbmqdrlmk
Lura: -l 10 yana haifar da bazuwar kalmar sirri ta haruffa 10 yayin -l 20 yana haifar da kalmar sirri na hali 20, ana iya saita shi zuwa komai don samun sakamakon da ake so. Wannan umarnin yana da matukar amfani kuma ana aiwatar dashi a cikin harshen rubutun sau da yawa don samar da kalmomin shiga bazuwar. Kuna iya buƙatar yum ko dace da kunshin 'tsammanin' don amfani da wannan umarnin.
yum install expect OR apt-get install expect
59. Umarni: manna
Haɗa fayilolin rubutu biyu ko fiye a kan layi ta amfani. Misali. Idan abun cikin fayil1 ya kasance:
1 2 3 and file2 was: a b c d the resulting file3 would be: 1 a 2 b 3 c d
60.Command: lsof
lsof yana tsaye ne ga\"jera buɗaɗɗun fayiloli" kuma yana nuna duk fayilolin da tsarinku ya buɗe a halin yanzu. Yana da matukar amfani a gano waɗanne matakai ne ke amfani da wani fayil, ko kuma a nuna duk fayilolin don aiwatarwa guda ɗaya. misalai, wataƙila kuna sha'awar karatu.
[[email ~]$ lsof COMMAND PID TID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME init 1 root cwd DIR 8,1 4096 2 / init 1 root rtd DIR 8,1 4096 2 / init 1 root txt REG 8,1 227432 395571 /sbin/init init 1 root mem REG 8,1 47080 263023 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnss_files-2.17.so init 1 root mem REG 8,1 42672 270178 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnss_nis-2.17.so init 1 root mem REG 8,1 87940 270187 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnsl-2.17.so init 1 root mem REG 8,1 30560 263021 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnss_compat-2.17.so init 1 root mem REG 8,1 124637 270176 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libpthread-2.17.so init 1 root mem REG 8,1 1770984 266166 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc-2.17.so init 1 root mem REG 8,1 30696 262824 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/librt-2.17.so init 1 root mem REG 8,1 34392 262867 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libjson.so.0.1.0 init 1 root mem REG 8,1 296792 262889 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libdbus-1.so.3.7.2 init 1 root mem REG 8,1 34168 262840 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnih-dbus.so.1.0.0 init 1 root mem REG 8,1 95616 262848 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnih.so.1.0.0 init 1 root mem REG 8,1 134376 270186 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/ld-2.17.so init 1 root 0u CHR 1,3 0t0 1035 /dev/null init 1 root 1u CHR 1,3 0t0 1035 /dev/null init 1 root 2u CHR 1,3 0t0 1035 /dev/null init 1 root 3r FIFO 0,8 0t0 1714 pipe init 1 root 4w FIFO 0,8 0t0 1714 pipe init 1 root 5r 0000 0,9 0 6245 anon_inode init 1 root 6r 0000 0,9 0 6245 anon_inode init 1 root 7u unix 0xf5e91f80 0t0 8192 @/com/ubuntu/upstart init 1 root 8w REG 8,1 3916 394 /var/log/upstart/teamviewerd.log.1 (deleted)
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