Sauyawa Daga Windows zuwa Nix ko Newbie zuwa Linux - Dokoki masu amfani guda 20 don Sabbin Linux
Don haka kuna shirin canzawa daga Windows zuwa Linux, ko kun canza zuwa Linux? Kash !!! abin da nake tambaya! Da wanne dalili kuma za ku kasance a nan. Daga abin da na sani a baya lokacin da na kasance sabo ga Nux, umarni da tashoshi sun tsorata ni, na damu da umarnin, gwargwadon abin da zan tuna da haddace su don samun cikakken aiki tare da Linux. Babu shakka takaddun kan layi, littattafai, shafukan mutane da kuma masu amfani da yanar gizo sun taimaka min sosai amma na yi imanin cewa ya kamata a sami labarin tare da cikakkun bayanai game da umarni cikin sauƙin koyo da fahimtar yare.Wadannan ne suka iza ni zuwa Jagora Linux da kuma sauƙaƙa su- to-amfani. My wannan labarin shine mataki zuwa gare shi.
1. Umarni: ls
Umurnin "ls" yana nufin (Jerin abubuwan da ke kunshe cikin kundin adireshi), Jera abubuwan da ke cikin jakar, walau fayil ko babban fayil, daga inda yake gudana.
[email :~# ls Android-Games Music Pictures Public Desktop linux-console.net Documents TecMint-Sync Downloads Templates
Umurnin "ls -l" ya lissafa abubuwan cikin babban fayil, a cikin tsarin tsari mai tsawo.
[email :~# ls -l total 40588 drwxrwxr-x 2 ravisaive ravisaive 4096 May 8 01:06 Android Games drwxr-xr-x 2 ravisaive ravisaive 4096 May 15 10:50 Desktop drwxr-xr-x 2 ravisaive ravisaive 4096 May 16 16:45 Documents drwxr-xr-x 6 ravisaive ravisaive 4096 May 16 14:34 Downloads drwxr-xr-x 2 ravisaive ravisaive 4096 Apr 30 20:50 Music drwxr-xr-x 2 ravisaive ravisaive 4096 May 9 17:54 Pictures drwxrwxr-x 5 ravisaive ravisaive 4096 May 3 18:44 linux-console.net drwxr-xr-x 2 ravisaive ravisaive 4096 Apr 30 20:50 Templates
Umurnin "ls -a", jera abubuwan cikin babban fayil, gami da ɓoyayyun fayilolin farawa da '.'.
[email :~# ls -a . .gnupg .dbus .goutputstream-PI5VVW .mission-control .adobe deja-dup .grsync .mozilla .themes .gstreamer-0.10 .mtpaint .thumbnails .gtk-bookmarks .thunderbird .HotShots .mysql_history .htaccess .apport-ignore.xml .ICEauthority .profile .bash_history .icons .bash_logout .fbmessenger .jedit .pulse .bashrc .liferea_1.8 .pulse-cookie .Xauthority .gconf .local .Xauthority.HGHVWW .cache .gftp .macromedia .remmina .cinnamon .gimp-2.8 .ssh .xsession-errors .compiz .gnome teamviewer_linux.deb .xsession-errors.old .config .gnome2 .zoncolor
Lura: A cikin sunan fayil na Linux wanda ya fara da ‘.‘ Ya ɓoye. A cikin Linux kowane fayil/babban fayil/na'urar/umarni fayil ne. Sakamakon ls -l shine:
- d (yana tsaye ga kundin adireshi).
- rwxr-xr-x shine izinin fayil ɗin fayil/babban fayil ga mai shi, rukuni da duniya.
- Rabawa ta 1 a cikin misalin da ke sama yana nufin cewa fayil ɗin mallakin mai amfani ne.
- Rabawa ta 2 a cikin misalin da ke sama yana nufin fayil ɗin mallakar ƙungiyar masu amfani ne.
- 4096 yana nufin girman fayil shine 4096 Bytes.
- Mayu 8 01:06 shine ranar da lokacin da aka gyara na ƙarshe.
- Kuma a ƙarshen sunan sunan Fayil/Jaka.
Don ƙarin misalan umarnin “ls” karanta Misalan Umurnin 15 ‘ls’ a cikin Linux.
2. Umarni: lsblk
"Lsblk" yana nufin (Jerin Na'urorin Block), buga na'urori masu toshewa da sunan da aka sanya su (amma ba RAM ba) akan daidaitaccen fitarwa a cikin tsari irin na itace.
[email :~# lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 232.9G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 46.6G 0 part / ├─sda2 8:2 0 1K 0 part ├─sda5 8:5 0 190M 0 part /boot ├─sda6 8:6 0 3.7G 0 part [SWAP] ├─sda7 8:7 0 93.1G 0 part /data └─sda8 8:8 0 89.2G 0 part /personal sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
Abubuwan umarni na "lsblk -l" suna toshe kayan aiki a cikin 'jerin' tsari (ba itace kamar salon ba).
[email :~# lsblk -l NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 232.9G 0 disk sda1 8:1 0 46.6G 0 part / sda2 8:2 0 1K 0 part sda5 8:5 0 190M 0 part /boot sda6 8:6 0 3.7G 0 part [SWAP] sda7 8:7 0 93.1G 0 part /data sda8 8:8 0 89.2G 0 part /personal sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
Lura: lsblk yana da matukar amfani kuma hanya mafi sauki wajan sanin sunan Sabuwar Na'urar USB da kuka shigar da ita kawai, musamman lokacin da akayita aiki da disk/blocks a tashar.
3. Umarni: md5sum
"Md5sum" na nufin (Lissafi da Bincika MD5 Message Digest), ana amfani da md5 checksum (wanda aka fi sani da hash) don daidaitawa ko tabbatar da amincin fayilolin da ƙila sun canza sakamakon sauya fayil ɗin da aka yi kuskure, kuskuren diski ko ba- tsangwama mara kyau.
[email :~# md5sum teamviewer_linux.deb 47790ed345a7b7970fc1f2ac50c97002 teamviewer_linux.deb
Lura: Mai amfani zai iya dacewa da md5sum da aka samar tare da wanda aka bayar a hukumance. Md5sum ana ɗauke da amintaccen tsaro kamar sha1sum, wanda zamu tattauna anan gaba.
4. Umarni: dd
Umurnin “dd” yana nufin (Maida da Kwafin fayil), Ana iya amfani dashi don canzawa da kwafe fayil kuma mafi yawan lokuta ana amfani da shi don kwafe fayil iso (ko kowane fayil) zuwa na'urar kebul (ko kowane wuri ), don haka ana iya amfani dashi don yin 'Bootlable' Usb Stick.
[email :~# dd if=/home/user/Downloads/debian.iso of=/dev/sdb1 bs=512M; sync
Lura: A cikin misalin da ya gabata na'urar USB zata kasance sdb1 (Ya kamata ku Tabbatar dashi ta hanyar amfani da lsblk, in ba haka ba zaku sake rubuta disk din ku da OS), kuyi amfani da sunan diski sosai da kyau !!!.
umarnin dd yana ɗaukar ɗan lokaci yana farawa daga secondsan daƙiƙoƙi zuwa mintuna da yawa a cikin aiwatarwa, gwargwadon girma da nau'in fayil ɗin kuma saurin karantawa da rubutu na sandar USB.
5. Umarni: uname
Umurnin “uname” na tsaye ne (Sunan Unix), buga cikakken bayani game da sunan injin, Operating System da Kernel.
[email :~# uname -a Linux tecmint 3.8.0-19-generic #30-Ubuntu SMP Wed May 1 16:36:13 UTC 2013 i686 i686 i686 GNU/Linux
Lura: suna bai nuna nau'in kwaya ba. uname -a fitarwa dalla-dalla bayanai. Bayyana samfuran sama na uname -a.
- "Linux": Sunan kernel na injin.
- “tecmint“: Sunan kumburin injin.
- "3.8.0-19-generic": Sakin kwaya.
- "# 30-Ubuntu SMP": Sigar kwaya.
- "i686": Tsarin gine-ginen mai sarrafawa.
- "GNU/Linux": Sunan tsarin aiki.
6. Umarni: tarihi
Umurnin “tarihi” yana tsaye ne don Rikodin Tarihi (Taron), yana buga tarihin dogon jerin umarnin da aka zartar a cikin m.
[email :~# history 1 sudo add-apt-repository ppa:tualatrix/ppa 2 sudo apt-get update 3 sudo apt-get install ubuntu-tweak 4 sudo add-apt-repository ppa:diesch/testing 5 sudo apt-get update 6 sudo apt-get install indicator-privacy 7 sudo add-apt-repository ppa:atareao/atareao 8 sudo apt-get update 9 sudo apt-get install my-weather-indicator 10 pwd 11 cd && sudo cp -r unity/6 /usr/share/unity/ 12 cd /usr/share/unity/icons/ 13 cd /usr/share/unity
Lura: Danna "Ctrl + R" sannan sai a binciki umarnin da aka riga aka zartar wanda zai baka umarnin kammala tare da fasalin ƙarshe na atomatik.
(reverse-i-search)`if': ifconfig
7. Umarni: sudo
Umurnin “sudo” (babban mai amfani yi) yana bawa mai amfani izini damar aiwatar da umarni azaman superuser ko wani mai amfani, kamar yadda tsarin tsaro ya bayyana a cikin jerin sudoers.
[email :~# sudo add-apt-repository ppa:tualatrix/ppa
Lura: sudo yana bawa mai amfani damar aro aro superuser gata, yayin da irin wannan umarnin 'su' yana bawa mai amfani damar shiga a zahiri kamar superuser. Sudo ya fi aminci fiye da su.
Ba a ba da shawarar yin amfani da sudo ko su don amfani na yau da kullun ba, saboda yana iya haifar da babban kuskure idan ba da gangan ba ka yi wani abu ba daidai ba, shi ya sa sanannen magana a cikin al'ummar Linux ita ce:
“To err is human, but to really foul up everything, you need root password.”
8. Umarni: mkdir
Umurnin “mkdir” (Yi shugabanci) ƙirƙirar sabon kundin adireshi tare da hanyar suna. Duk da haka akwai kundin adireshi tuni, zai dawo da saƙon kuskure\"ba zai iya ƙirƙirar babban fayil ba, babban fayil ya riga ya wanzu".
[email :~# mkdir tecmint
Lura: Za'a iya ƙirƙirar Directory ne kawai a cikin babban fayil ɗin, wanda mai amfani dashi yake da izinin rubuta izini. mkdir: ba zai iya ƙirƙirar kundin adireshi \\ "tecmint‘: Fayil ya wanzu
(Kada ku dame ku da fayil a cikin fitowar da ke sama, kuna iya tuna abin da na faɗi a farkon - A cikin Linux kowane fayil, babban fayil, tuki, umarni, rubutun ana ɗaukar su azaman fayil).
9. Umarni: tabawa
Umurnin “tabawa” yana tsaye ne (Sabunta lokacin isowa da sauye-sauye na kowane FIL zuwa lokaci na yanzu). umarnin taɓawa yana ƙirƙirar fayil ɗin, kawai idan babu shi. Idan fayil ɗin ya riga ya wanzu zai sabunta timestamp ne ba abubuwan da ke cikin fayil ɗin ba.
[email :~# touch tecmintfile
Lura: ana iya amfani da taɓa don ƙirƙirar fayil a ƙarƙashin kundin adireshi, wanda mai amfani ke da izinin rubuta izini a kansa, kawai idan fayil ɗin bai wanzu ba.
10. Umarni: chmod
Umurnin “chmod” na Linux yana tsaye ne (canza rarar yanayin yanayin fayil). chmod yana canza yanayin fayil (izini) na kowane fayil, fayil, rubutun, da dai sauransu .. gwargwadon yanayin da aka nema.
Akwai izini iri 3 a kan fayil (babban fayil ko wani abu amma don sauƙaƙa abubuwa za mu yi amfani da fayil).
Read (r)=4 Write(w)=2 Execute(x)=1
Don haka idan kuna son bayar da izinin karantawa kawai a kan fayil za a sanya darajar '4', don izinin izini kawai, darajar '2' kuma don zartar da izini kawai, za a ba da darajar '1' . Don karantawa da rubuta izini 4 + 2 = '6' za a bayar, ans da sauransu.
Yanzu izini yana buƙatar saitawa don nau'ikan 3 mai amfani da rukunin mai amfani. Na farko shine mai shi, sannan rukunin masu amfani kuma daga karshe duniya.
rwxr-x--x abc.sh
Anan izini daga tushen shine rwx (karanta, rubuta ka aiwatar).
rukunin masu amfani wanda ya mallaka, shine r-x (karanta kawai da aiwatarwa, babu izinin rubutawa) da
don duniya is -x (kawai aiwatarwa).
Don canza izini da samar da karatu, rubutu da aiwatar da izini ga mai shi, rukuni da duniya.
[email :~# chmod 777 abc.sh
kawai karanta da rubuta izini ga duka ukun.
[email :~# chmod 666 abc.sh
karanta, rubuta da aiwatarwa ga mai shi kuma kawai aiwatarwa ga rukuni da duniya.
[email :~# chmod 711 abc.sh
Lura: ɗayan mahimman umarni mai amfani ga sysadmin da mai amfani duka. A kan mahallin mai amfani da yawa ko a kan sabar, wannan umarnin yana zuwa ne don ceto, sanya izini mara kyau zai iya sa fayil ɗin ba zai yiwu ba ko samar da damar izini ba tare da izini ga wani ba.
11. Umarni: yankakke
Linux "chown" umarnin yana tsaye ne (canza mai fayil da rukuni). Kowane fayil na ƙungiyar mai amfani ne da mai shi. Ana amfani da Do 'ls -l' a cikin kundin adireshin ku kuma zaku ga wani abu kamar haka.
[email :~# ls -l drwxr-xr-x 3 server root 4096 May 10 11:14 Binary drwxr-xr-x 2 server server 4096 May 13 09:42 Desktop
Anan kundin adireshin Binary mallakin “uwar garke” ne kuma nasa ne na rukunin masu amfani “tushen” inda azaman “Desktop” mallakar “sabar” mai amfani ne kuma na “uwar garken mai amfani ne”.
Ana amfani da wannan umarnin "chown" don canza ikon mallakar fayil kuma don haka yana da amfani wajen sarrafawa da samar da fayil ga mai amfani da izini da rukunin masu amfani kawai.
[email :~# chown server:server Binary drwxr-xr-x 3 server server 4096 May 10 11:14 Binary drwxr-xr-x 2 server server 4096 May 13 09:42 Desktop
Fadakarwa: “chown” yana canza mai amfani da mallakar kungiyar kowane FILE zuwa SABON MAI GIDA ko kuma ga mai amfani da kuma rukuni na fayil din da yake.
12. Umarni: dace
Umurnin “apt” na Debian yana tsaye ne (Advanced Package Tool). Apt babban manajan kunshin ci gaba ne don tsarin tushen Debian (Ubuntu, Kubuntu, da dai sauransu), wanda ke bincika ta atomatik da hankali, girkawa, sabuntawa da warware dogaro da fakitoci akan tsarin Gnu/Linux daga layin umarni.
[email :~# apt-get install mplayer Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following package was automatically installed and is no longer required: java-wrappers Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove it. The following extra packages will be installed: esound-common libaudiofile1 libesd0 libopenal-data libopenal1 libsvga1 libvdpau1 libxvidcore4 Suggested packages: pulseaudio-esound-compat libroar-compat2 nvidia-vdpau-driver vdpau-driver mplayer-doc netselect fping The following NEW packages will be installed: esound-common libaudiofile1 libesd0 libopenal-data libopenal1 libsvga1 libvdpau1 libxvidcore4 mplayer 0 upgraded, 9 newly installed, 0 to remove and 8 not upgraded. Need to get 3,567 kB of archives. After this operation, 7,772 kB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y
[email :~# apt-get update Hit http://ppa.launchpad.net raring Release.gpg Hit http://ppa.launchpad.net raring Release.gpg Hit http://ppa.launchpad.net raring Release.gpg Hit http://ppa.launchpad.net raring Release.gpg Get:1 http://security.ubuntu.com raring-security Release.gpg [933 B] Hit http://in.archive.ubuntu.com raring Release.gpg Hit http://ppa.launchpad.net raring Release.gpg Get:2 http://security.ubuntu.com raring-security Release [40.8 kB] Ign http://ppa.launchpad.net raring Release.gpg Get:3 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com raring-updates Release.gpg [933 B] Hit http://ppa.launchpad.net raring Release.gpg Hit http://in.archive.ubuntu.com raring-backports Release.gpg
Lura: Umurnin da ke sama yana haifar da canje-canje a cikin tsarin kuma saboda haka yana buƙatar tushen kalmar sirri (Duba '#' kuma ba '$' azaman mai sauri). Ana ɗaukar Apt mafi haɓaka kuma mai hankali idan aka kwatanta da umarnin yum.
Kamar yadda sunan yake bayarwa, apt-cache bincika kunshin da ke kunshe da mai kunshe da manyan abubuwa. apt-samun shigarwa, sabunta dukkan fakitin, waɗanda aka riga aka girka, zuwa sabo.
Kara karantawa game da apt-get da apt-cache umarni a 25 APT-GET da APT-CACHE Commanders
13. Umarni: tar
Umurnin “tar” Taskar Amsoshi yana da amfani wajen ƙirƙirar kayan tarihi, a cikin tsarin fayil da kuma cire su.
[email :~# tar -zxvf abc.tar.gz (Remember 'z' for .tar.gz)
[email :~# tar -jxvf abc.tar.bz2 (Remember 'j' for .tar.bz2)
[email :~# tar -cvf archieve.tar.gz(.bz2) /path/to/folder/abc
Lura: A 'tar.gz' na nufin gzipped. 'Tar.bz2' an matsa shi da bzip wanda ke amfani da mafi kyau amma a hankali hanyar matsawa.
Kara karantawa game da misalan “umarnin umarar” a Misalan 18 Tar Command
14. Umarni: cal
“Cal” (Kalanda), ana amfani dashi don nuna kalandar wannan watan na yanzu ko wani watan na kowace shekara wanda yake cigaba ko wucewa.
[email :~# cal
May 2013
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31Nuna kalandar shekara ta 1835 don watan Fabrairu, wannan ya riga ya wuce.
[email :~# cal 02 1835 February 1835 Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Ya nuna kalandar shekara ta 2145 don watan Yuli, wannan zai ci gaba
[email :~# cal 07 2145
July 2145
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31Lura: Ba kwa buƙatar juya kalandar shekaru 50 baya, haka kuma kuna buƙatar yin lissafin lissafi mai rikitarwa don sanin ranar da aka sa ku ko ranar haihuwar ku ta zo a wace rana.
15. Umarni: kwanan wata
Umurnin “kwanan wata” (Kwanan wata) ya buga kwanan wata da lokaci na yanzu a kan daidaitaccen fitarwa, kuma za a iya ci gaba da saitawa.
[email :~# date Fri May 17 14:13:29 IST 2013
[email :~# date --set='14 may 2013 13:57' Mon May 13 13:57:00 IST 2013
Lura: Wannan Umurnin zaiyi amfani sosai-wajen yin rubutun, lokaci da kwanan wata don yin cikakken rubutu. Bugu da ƙari canza ranar da lokaci da amfani da m zai sa ku ji GEEK !!!. (A bayyane yake kuna buƙatar zama tushen don yin wannan aikin, saboda yana da canjin tsari sosai).
16. Umarni: cat
"Kyanwa" tana nufin (Concatenation). Concatenate (shiga) fayil guda biyu ko sama da/da/ko buga abinda ke cikin fayil akan daidaitaccen fitarwa.
[email :~# cat a.txt b.txt c.txt d.txt >> abcd.txt
[email :~# cat abcd.txt .... contents of file abcd ...
Lura:\">>" da\">" ana kiransu alamar append. Ana amfani dasu don haɗawa da fitarwa zuwa fayil ba kan daidaitaccen fitarwa ba.\">” Alama za ta share fayil da ta kasance kuma ta ƙirƙiri sabon fayil don haka saboda dalilai na tsaro ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da\">>" wanda zai rubuta fitarwa ba tare da sake rubutawa ko share fayil ɗin ba.
Kafin Ci gaba, Dole ne in sanar da ku game da katunan daji (kuna sane da shigar da kati, a yawancin shirye-shiryen Talabijin) Wildcards alama ce ta harsashi wanda ke sa layin umarni ya fi ƙarfi fiye da kowane manajan fayil na GUI. Kuna gani, idan kuna son zaɓar babban rukuni na fayiloli a cikin mai sarrafa fayil mai zane, yawanci dole ku zaɓi su da linzamin kwamfuta. Wannan na iya zama kamar mai sauƙi ne, amma a wasu lokuta yana iya zama takaici sosai.
Misali, a ce kana da kundin adireshi wanda yake dauke da nau'ikan fayiloli da yawa, kuma ka yanke shawarar matsar da dukkan fayilolin HTML, wadanda suke da kalmar "Linux" a wani wuri a tsakiyar sunayensu, daga wannan babban kundin adireshin zuwa wani kundin adireshi. Mene ne hanya mai sauƙi don yin wannan? Idan kundin adireshi ya kunshi adadi mai yawa na fayilolin HTML mai suna, aikinku shine komai amma sauki!
A cikin Linux CLI wannan aikin yana da sauƙin aiwatarwa kamar motsi fayil ɗaya kawai na HTML, kuma yana da sauƙi saboda kwasfan daji na harsashi. Waɗannan haruffa ne na musamman waɗanda ke ba ka damar zaɓar sunayen fayil waɗanda suka dace da wasu alamu na haruffa. Wannan yana taimaka muku don zaɓar ko da babban rukuni na fayiloli tare da buga kawai 'yan haruffa, kuma a mafi yawan lokuta yana da sauƙi fiye da zaɓar fayiloli tare da linzamin kwamfuta.
Ga jerin katunan katunan da aka fi amfani da su:
Wildcard Matches
* zero or more characters
? exactly one character
[abcde] exactly one character listed
[a-e] exactly one character in the given range
[!abcde] any character that is not listed
[!a-e] any character that is not in the given range
{debian,linux} exactly one entire word in the options given! ana kiranta ba alama ba, kuma maɓallin kebul da aka haɗe tare da '!' gaskiya ne.
Karanta karin misalai na Linux “umarnin cat” a 13 Misalan Umurnin Cat a cikin Linux
17. Umarni: cp
“Kwafin” na nufin (Kwafa), yana kwafin fayil daga wuri ɗaya zuwa wani wuri.
[email :~# cp /home/user/Downloads abc.tar.gz /home/user/Desktop (Return 0 when sucess)
Lura: cp yana ɗaya daga cikin umarnin da akafi amfani dashi a rubutun harsashi kuma ana iya amfani dashi tare da haruffan haruffa (Bayyana a cikin toshe ɗin da ke sama), don keɓaɓɓen kwafin fayil da ake so.
18. Umarni: mv
Umurnin “mv” yana motsa fayil daga wuri ɗaya zuwa wani wuri.
[email :~# mv /home/user/Downloads abc.tar.gz /home/user/Desktop (Return 0 when sucess)
Lura: ana iya amfani da umarnin mv tare da haruffan haruffa. mv ya kamata ayi amfani da taka tsantsan, saboda motsi na system/file mara izini na iya haifar da tsaro da kuma rugujewar tsarin.
19. Umarni: pwd
Umurnin “pwd” (buga kundin adireshi na aiki), yana buga kundin adireshin aiki na yanzu tare da cikakken sunan hanyar daga m.
[email :~# pwd /home/user/Desktop
Lura: Wannan umarnin bazaiyi amfani dashi da yawa a cikin rubutun ba amma yana da cikakkiyar ceton rai ga sabon shiga wanda ya ɓace a cikin asalin farkon haɗin su tare da nux. (Linux ana kiranta da suna nux ko nix).
20. Umarni: cd
Aƙarshe, umarnin “cd” da ake amfani dashi akai akai yana (canza kundin adireshi), yana canza kundin aiki don aiwatarwa, kwafa, motsa rubutu, karanta, da sauransu daga tashar kanta.
[email :~# cd /home/user/Desktop
[email :~$ pwd /home/user/Desktop
Lura: cd yana zuwa ceto lokacin canzawa tsakanin kundin adireshi daga tashar mota.\"Cd ~" zai canza kundin aiki zuwa kundin adireshin gidan mai amfani, kuma yana da matukar amfani idan mai amfani ya sami kansa a cikin tashar.\"Cd .." zai canza kundin aiki zuwa kundin adireshi na iyaye (na kundin aiki na yanzu).
Waɗannan dokokin tabbas zasu ba ku kwanciyar hankali tare da Linux. Amma ba ƙarshen bane. Ba da daɗewa ba zan zo tare da wasu umarni waɗanda za su zama masu amfani ga 'Matsayin Mataki na Tsakiya' watau, Kai! A'a kar a ce, idan kun saba-da wadannan dokokin, Za ku lura da gabatarwa a matakin mai amfani daga sabuwar shiga zuwa mai amfani da matsakaici. A rubutu na gaba, zanzo da umarni kamar su 'Kashe', 'Ps', 'grep',… .Ka jira labarin kuma bana son na bata maka sha'awa.