25 Umarnin Basic masu amfani na APT-GET da APT-CACHE don Gudanar da Kunshin
Wannan labarin yana bayanin yadda sauri zaka iya koya girkawa, cirewa, sabuntawa da kuma bincika fakitin software ta amfani da apt-get da apt-cache umarnin daga layin umarni. Wannan labarin yana ba da wasu umarni masu amfani waɗanda zasu taimaka muku don sarrafa sarrafawar kunshin a cikin tsarin tsarin Debian/Ubuntu.
Apt-get utility yana da ƙarfi kuma kyauta tsarin layin sarrafa layin sarrafawa, wanda ake amfani dashi don aiki tare da ɗakin karatu na Ubuntu na APT (Advanced Marufi Kayan aiki) don aiwatar da sabbin kunshin software, cire kunshin kayan aikin software, haɓaka abubuwan fakitin software da har yanzu amfani dashi don haɓaka ɗaukacin tsarin aiki.
Ana amfani da kayan aikin layin umarni mai sauki don binciken akwatin kunshin kayan aikin software. A cikin kalmomi masu sauƙi, ana amfani da wannan kayan aikin don bincika fakitin software, tattara bayanai na fakiti sannan kuma ana amfani dasu don bincika abin da ke akwai fakiti waɗanda suke shirye don shigarwa akan tsarin Debian ko Ubuntu.
1. Yaya Zan Lissafa Dukkan Kunshin da Ke Akwai?
Don lissafin duk fakitin da ake dasu, rubuta umarni mai zuwa.
$ apt-cache pkgnames
esseract-ocr-epo pipenightdreams mumudvb tbb-examples libsvm-java libmrpt-hmtslam0.9 libboost-timer1.50-dev kcm-touchpad g++-4.5-multilib ...
2. Yaya Zan Gano Sunan Kunshin da Bayanin Software?
Don gano sunan kunshin kuma tare da shi kwatancen kafin girkawa, yi amfani da tutar 'bincika'. Amfani da “bincika” tare da ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyiyar ajiya zai nuna jerin abubuwan da aka haɗa tare da gajeren bayanin. Bari mu ce kuna son gano bayanin kunshin 'vsftpd', to umarni zai kasance.
$ apt-cache search vsftpd
vsftpd - lightweight, efficient FTP server written for security ccze - A robust, modular log coloriser ftpd - File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server yasat - simple stupid audit tool
Don nemo da jera duk fakitin da suka fara da 'vsftpd', kuna iya amfani da wannan umarnin.
$ apt-cache pkgnames vsftpd
vsttpd
3. Yaya Zan Duba Bayanin Kunshin?
Misali, idan kuna son bincika bayanan kunshin tare da shi ɗan gajeren bayanin faɗi (lambar sigar, adadin kuɗi, girma, girman shigarwa, rukuni da sauransu). Yi amfani da 'show' sub command kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa.
$ apt-cache show netcat
Package: netcat Priority: optional Section: universe/net Installed-Size: 30 Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <[email > Original-Maintainer: Ruben Molina <[email > Architecture: all Version: 1.10-40 Depends: netcat-traditional (>= 1.10-39) Filename: pool/universe/n/netcat/netcat_1.10-40_all.deb Size: 3340 MD5sum: 37c303f02b260481fa4fc9fb8b2c1004 SHA1: 0371a3950d6967480985aa014fbb6fb898bcea3a SHA256: eeecb4c93f03f455d2c3f57b0a1e83b54dbeced0918ae563784e86a37bcc16c9 Description-en: TCP/IP swiss army knife -- transitional package This is a "dummy" package that depends on lenny's default version of netcat, to ease upgrades. It may be safely removed. Description-md5: 1353f8c1d079348417c2180319bdde09 Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug Origin: Ubuntu
4. Yaya Zan Duba Dogaro da Takamaiman fakiti?
Yi amfani da 'showpkg' ƙaramin umarni don bincika masu dogaro da wasu fakitin software. ko an sanya waɗannan fakitin dogaro ko a'a. Misali, yi amfani da 'showpkg' umarni tare da sunan kunshin.
$ apt-cache showpkg vsftpd
Package: vsftpd
Versions:
2.3.5-3ubuntu1 (/var/lib/apt/lists/in.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_quantal_main_binary-i386_Packages)
Description Language:
File: /var/lib/apt/lists/in.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_quantal_main_binary-i386_Packages
MD5: 81386f72ac91a5ea48f8db0b023f3f9b
Description Language: en
File: /var/lib/apt/lists/in.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_quantal_main_i18n_Translation-en
MD5: 81386f72ac91a5ea48f8db0b023f3f9b
Reverse Depends:
ubumirror,vsftpd
harden-servers,vsftpd
Dependencies:
2.3.5-3ubuntu1 - debconf (18 0.5) debconf-2.0 (0 (null)) upstart-job (0 (null)) libc6 (2 2.15) libcap2 (2 2.10) libpam0g (2 0.99.7.1) libssl1.0.0 (2 1.0.0) libwrap0 (2 7.6-4~) adduser (0 (null)) libpam-modules (0 (null)) netbase (0 (null)) logrotate (0 (null)) ftp-server (0 (null)) ftp-server (0 (null))
Provides:
2.3.5-3ubuntu1 - ftp-server
Reverse Provides:5. Taya Zan Duba alkaluman Kache
A 'stats' sub umurnin zai nuna overall statistics game da cache. Misali, umarni mai zuwa zai nuna Sunayen kunshin duka sune adadin fakitin da aka samo a cikin ma'ajin.
$ apt-cache stats
Total package names: 51868 (1,037 k) Total package structures: 51868 (2,490 k) Normal packages: 39505 Pure virtual packages: 602 Single virtual packages: 3819 Mixed virtual packages: 1052 Missing: 6890 Total distinct versions: 43015 (2,753 k) Total distinct descriptions: 81048 (1,945 k) Total dependencies: 252299 (7,064 k) Total ver/file relations: 45567 (729 k) Total Desc/File relations: 81048 (1,297 k) Total Provides mappings: 8228 (165 k) Total globbed strings: 286 (3,518 ) Total dependency version space: 1,145 k Total slack space: 62.6 k Total space accounted for: 13.3 M
6. Yadda Ake Sabunta Na'urorin Aiki
Ana amfani da umarnin 'sabuntawa' don sake daidaita fayilolin fihirisin kunshin daga asalin su da aka ayyana a cikin /etc/apt/sources.list fayil. Umurnin sabuntawa ya debo kunshin daga wuraren su kuma ya sabunta fakitin zuwa sabuwar siga.
$ sudo apt-get update
[sudo] password for tecmint: Ign http://security.ubuntu.com quantal-security InRelease Get:1 http://security.ubuntu.com quantal-security Release.gpg [933 B] Get:2 http://security.ubuntu.com quantal-security Release [49.6 kB] Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com quantal InRelease Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com quantal-updates InRelease Get:3 http://repo.varnish-cache.org precise InRelease [13.7 kB] Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com quantal-backports InRelease Hit http://in.archive.ubuntu.com quantal Release.gpg Get:4 http://security.ubuntu.com quantal-security/main Sources [34.8 kB] Get:5 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com quantal-updates Release.gpg [933 B] ...
7. Yadda ake Haɓaka Kayan Kunshin Software
Ana amfani da umarnin 'haɓaka' haɓaka don haɓaka duk fakitin software da aka girka yanzu akan tsarin. A ƙarƙashin kowane yanayi a halin yanzu ba a cire kunshin da aka sanya ba ko kuma abubuwan da ba'a riga an girka ba waɗanda ba a karbo su ba kuma ba a saka su ba don wadatar abubuwan dogaro.
$ sudo apt-get upgrade
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following packages have been kept back: linux-headers-generic linux-image-generic wine1.5 wine1.5-i386 The following packages will be upgraded: activity-log-manager-common activity-log-manager-control-center adium-theme-ubuntu alacarte alsa-base app-install-data-partner appmenu-gtk appmenu-gtk3 apport apport-gtk apt apt-transport-https apt-utils aptdaemon aptdaemon-data at-spi2-core bamfdaemon base-files bind9-host ...
Koyaya, idan kuna son haɓakawa, ba tare da damuwa ba ko za a ƙara ko cire kayan software don cika masu dogaro, yi amfani da umarnin 'dist-upgrade'.
$ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
8. Taya Zan Sanya ko Ingantaccen Fakiti?
Ana bin 'shigar' sub umarni ta ɗayan fakiti ɗaya ko sama da fata don shigarwa ko haɓakawa.
$ sudo apt-get install netcat
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following extra packages will be installed: netcat-traditional The following NEW packages will be installed: netcat netcat-traditional 0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded. Need to get 67.1 kB of archives. After this operation, 186 kB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/universe netcat-traditional i386 1.10-40 [63.8 kB] Get:2 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/universe netcat all 1.10-40 [3,340 B] Fetched 67.1 kB in 1s (37.5 kB/s) Selecting previously unselected package netcat-traditional. (Reading database ... 216118 files and directories currently installed.) Unpacking netcat-traditional (from .../netcat-traditional_1.10-40_i386.deb) ... Selecting previously unselected package netcat. Unpacking netcat (from .../netcat_1.10-40_all.deb) ... Processing triggers for man-db ... Setting up netcat-traditional (1.10-40) ... Setting up netcat (1.10-40) ...
9. Yaya Zan Iya Shigar Da fakitoci da yawa?
Kuna iya ƙara sunan kunshin fiye da ɗaya tare da umarnin don shigar da fakiti da yawa a lokaci guda. Misali, umarni mai zuwa zai girka fakiti 'goaccess'.
$ sudo apt-get install nethogs goaccess
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done goaccess is already the newest version. nethogs is already the newest version. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded.
10. Yadda ake Shigar Da fakitoci da yawa ta amfani da Wildcard
Tare da taimakon magana ta yau da kullun zaka iya ƙara fakitoci da yawa tare da kirtani ɗaya. Misali, muna amfani da * katako don girka fakiti da yawa wadanda suka kunshi kirtani '* suna *', suna zai zama 'kunshin-suna'.
$ sudo apt-get install '*name*'
11. Yadda ake girka Kunshe-kunshe ba tare da Ingantawa ba
Amfani da sub '–n-haɓaka haɓaka' umarni zai hana abubuwan da aka riga aka girka daga haɓakawa.
$ sudo apt-get install packageName --no-upgrade
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Skipping vsftpd, it is already installed and upgrade is not set. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded.
12. Yadda ake Haɓaka fakitoci na Musamman
Umurnin ‘-n-sabuntawa kawai baya sanya sabbin fakiti sai dai kawai ya inganta abubuwan da aka rigaya ya gama su kuma ya hana sabbin shigarwar kunshin.
$ sudo apt-get install packageName --only-upgrade
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done vsftpd is already the newest version. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded.
13. Ta Yaya Zan Sanya Takamaiman Shafin Fakiti?
Bari mu ce kuna son shigar da takamaiman sigar kunshin, kawai amfani da '=' tare da sunan kunshin kuma ƙara sigar da ake so.
$ sudo apt-get install vsftpd=2.3.5-3ubuntu1
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done vsftpd is already the newest version. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded.
14. Taya Zan Cire fakiti ba tare da tsari ba
Don sake shigar da fakitin software ba tare da cire fayilolin sanyi ba (don daga baya sake amfani da daidaito iri ɗaya). Yi amfani da umarnin 'cire' kamar yadda aka nuna.
$ sudo apt-get remove vsftpd
[sudo] password for tecmint: Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following packages will be REMOVED: vsftpd 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 328 not upgraded. After this operation, 364 kB disk space will be freed. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y (Reading database ... 216156 files and directories currently installed.) Removing vsftpd ... vsftpd stop/waiting Processing triggers for ureadahead ... Processing triggers for man-db ...
15. Ta yaya zan Kammala Cushe fakitoci gaba daya
Don cire fakitin software ciki har da fayilolin sanyi, yi amfani da 'purge' sub command kamar yadda aka nuna a kasa.
$ sudo apt-get purge vsftpd
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following packages will be REMOVED: vsftpd* 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 328 not upgraded. After this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y (Reading database ... 216107 files and directories currently installed.) Removing vsftpd ... Purging configuration files for vsftpd ... Processing triggers for ureadahead ...
A madadin, zaku iya haɗa duka umarnin tare kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa.
$ sudo apt-get remove --purge vsftpd
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following packages will be REMOVED: vsftpd* 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 328 not upgraded. After this operation, 364 kB disk space will be freed. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y (Reading database ... 216156 files and directories currently installed.) Removing vsftpd ... vsftpd stop/waiting Purging configuration files for vsftpd ... Processing triggers for ureadahead ... Processing triggers for man-db ...
16. Yanda Zan Iya Tsabtace Sararin Disk
Ana amfani da 'umarni' mai tsabta don yantar da sararin diski ta hanyar tsabtace fayilolin da aka dawo da su (zazzagewa) .deb (fakiti) daga ma'ajiyar gida.
$ sudo apt-get clean
17. Ta Yaya Zan Sauke Lambar Kunshin Abinda kawai
Don zazzage lambar tushe kawai ta takamaiman kunshin, yi amfani da zaɓi '-dadden-kawai tushen' tare da 'sunan kunshin' kamar yadda aka nuna.
$ sudo apt-get --download-only source vsftpd
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Need to get 220 kB of source archives. Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main vsftpd 2.3.5-3ubuntu1 (dsc) [1,883 B] Get:2 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main vsftpd 2.3.5-3ubuntu1 (tar) [188 kB] Get:3 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main vsftpd 2.3.5-3ubuntu1 (diff) [30.5 kB] Fetched 220 kB in 4s (49.1 kB/s) Download complete and in download only mode
18. Taya Zan Iya Saukewa Da Buda Kunshin
Don zazzagewa da kuma kwance lambar tushe na kunshin zuwa takamaiman kundin adireshi, rubuta umarni mai zuwa.
$ sudo apt-get source vsftpd
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Need to get 220 kB of source archives. Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main vsftpd 2.3.5-3ubuntu1 (dsc) [1,883 B] Get:2 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main vsftpd 2.3.5-3ubuntu1 (tar) [188 kB] Get:3 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main vsftpd 2.3.5-3ubuntu1 (diff) [30.5 kB] Fetched 220 kB in 1s (112 kB/s) gpgv: Signature made Thursday 24 May 2012 02:35:09 AM IST using RSA key ID 2C48EE4E gpgv: Can't check signature: public key not found dpkg-source: warning: failed to verify signature on ./vsftpd_2.3.5-3ubuntu1.dsc dpkg-source: info: extracting vsftpd in vsftpd-2.3.5 dpkg-source: info: unpacking vsftpd_2.3.5.orig.tar.gz dpkg-source: info: unpacking vsftpd_2.3.5-3ubuntu1.debian.tar.gz dpkg-source: info: applying 01-builddefs.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 02-config.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 03-db-doc.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 04-link-local.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 05-whitespaces.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 06-greedy.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 07-utf8.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 08-manpage.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 09-s390.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 10-remote-dos.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 11-alpha.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 09-disable-anonymous.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 12-ubuntu-use-snakeoil-ssl.patch
19. Taya Zan Iya Saukewa, Cire Kayan Kaya da Hada su
Hakanan zaka iya zazzagewa, cire kayan aiki tare da tattara lambar tushe a lokaci guda, ta amfani da zabin ‘–kirkiri’ kamar yadda aka nuna a kasa.
$ sudo apt-get --compile source goaccess
[sudo] password for tecmint: Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Need to get 130 kB of source archives. Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/universe goaccess 1:0.5-1 (dsc) [1,120 B] Get:2 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/universe goaccess 1:0.5-1 (tar) [127 kB] Get:3 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/universe goaccess 1:0.5-1 (diff) [2,075 B] Fetched 130 kB in 1s (68.0 kB/s) gpgv: Signature made Tuesday 26 June 2012 09:38:24 AM IST using DSA key ID A9FD4821 gpgv: Can't check signature: public key not found dpkg-source: warning: failed to verify signature on ./goaccess_0.5-1.dsc dpkg-source: info: extracting goaccess in goaccess-0.5 dpkg-source: info: unpacking goaccess_0.5.orig.tar.gz dpkg-source: info: unpacking goaccess_0.5-1.debian.tar.gz dpkg-buildpackage: source package goaccess dpkg-buildpackage: source version 1:0.5-1 dpkg-buildpackage: source changed by Chris Taylor <[email > dpkg-buildpackage: host architecture i386 dpkg-source --before-build goaccess-0.5 dpkg-checkbuilddeps: Unmet build dependencies: debhelper (>= 9) autotools-dev libncurses5-dev libglib2.0-dev libgeoip-dev autoconf dpkg-buildpackage: warning: build dependencies/conflicts unsatisfied; aborting dpkg-buildpackage: warning: (Use -d flag to override.) ...
20. Taya Zan Sauke Kunshin Ba tare da Kayi girkawa ba
Ta amfani da 'zazzage' zaɓi, zaku iya zazzage kowane kunshin da aka bayar ba tare da sanya shi ba. Misali, umarni mai zuwa zai zazzage kunshin 'nethogs' kawai zuwa cikin kundin adireshin aiki na yanzu.
$ sudo apt-get download nethogs
Get:1 Downloading nethogs 0.8.0-1 [27.1 kB] Fetched 27.1 kB in 3s (7,506 B/s)
21. Yaya Zan Duba Canjin Lissafin Kunshin?
Tutar 'canjin' ta zazzage kundin canji-log kuma ya nuna sigar kunshin da aka girka.
$ sudo apt-get changelog vsftpd
vsftpd (2.3.5-3ubuntu1) quantal; urgency=low
* Merge from Debian testing (LP: #1003644). Remaining changes:
+ debian/vsftpd.upstart: migrate vsftpd to upstart.
+ Add apport hook (LP: #513978):
- debian/vsftpd.apport: Added.
- debian/control: Build-depends on dh-apport.
- debian/rules: Add --with apport.
+ Add debian/watch file.
+ debian/patches/09-disable-anonymous.patch: Disable anonymous login
by default. (LP: #528860)
* debian/patches/12-ubuntu-us-snakeoil-ssl.patch: Use snakeoil SSL
certificates and key.
-- Andres Rodriguez <[email > Wed, 23 May 2012 16:59:36 -0400
...22. Ta Yaya Zan Duba Abubuwan Dogaro?
Umurnin ‘check’ kayan aikin bincike ne. Ya kasance yana sabunta ma'ajiyar fakiti da rajista don karyayyar dogaro.
$ sudo apt-get check
[sudo] password for tecmint: Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done
23. Ta Yaya Zan Binciko kuma Gina Dogaro?
Wannan umarnin 'gina-dep' yana bincika wuraren adana cikin gida a cikin tsarin kuma girka abubuwan dogaro don kunshin. Idan kunshin baya kasancewa a cikin wurin ajiyar gida zai dawo da lambar kuskure.
$ sudo apt-get build-dep netcat
The following NEW packages will be installed: debhelper dh-apparmor html2text po-debconf quilt 0 upgraded, 5 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded. Need to get 1,219 kB of archives. After this operation, 2,592 kB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main html2text i386 1.3.2a-15build1 [91.4 kB] Get:2 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main po-debconf all 1.0.16+nmu2ubuntu1 [210 kB] Get:3 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main dh-apparmor all 2.8.0-0ubuntu5 [9,846 B] Get:4 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main debhelper all 9.20120608ubuntu1 [623 kB] Get:5 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main quilt all 0.60-2 [285 kB] Fetched 1,219 kB in 4s (285 kB/s) ...
24. Tayaya Zan Iya Tsabtace Apt-Get Kache?
Umurnin 'autoclean' yana share duk fayilolin .deb daga/var/cache/apt/archives don 'yantar da ƙimar girma na sararin faifai.
$ sudo apt-get autoclean
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done
25. Ta Yaya Zan Iya Cire Kunshin Autoaura?
Ana amfani da 'suboremove' sub command don cire abubuwan kunshin na atomatik waɗanda aka girka tabbas don gamsar da dogaro ga wasu fakitin kuma amma yanzu ba a buƙata su. Misali, umarni mai zuwa zai cire kayan da aka sanya tare da masu dogaro da shi.
$ sudo apt-get autoremove vsftpd
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Package 'vsftpd' is not installed, so not removed 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded.
Na rufe yawancin zaɓuɓɓukan da ake da su tare da umarnin apt-get da apt-cache, amma har yanzu akwai sauran zaɓuɓɓuka, zaku iya bincika su ta amfani da 'man apt-get' ko 'man apt-cache' daga tashar. Ina fatan kun ji daɗin karanta wannan labarin, Idan na rasa komai kuma kuna so in ƙara cikin jerin. Da fatan za a ji daɗin ambata a cikin sharhin da ke ƙasa.
Karanta Har ila yau: Dokokin Linux YUM masu amfani na 20 don Gudanar da Kunshin