Jagora Na Asali ga Matakai Daban Daban na Tsarin Gudanar da Linux


Duk lokacin da kuka yi iko a kan Linux PC ɗinku, zai bi ta cikin jerin matakai kafin daga bisani a nuna allon shigarwa wanda ke tsokanar sunan mai amfani ko kalmar wucewa. Akwai matakai daban-daban guda 4 waɗanda kowane rarraba Linux ke ratsawa ta cikin tsari na yau da kullun.

A cikin wannan jagorar, zamu haskaka matakai daban-daban da Linux OS suka ɗauka daga lokacin da aka kunna ta zuwa lokacin da kuka shiga. ta hanyar mafi yawan rarraba Linux na zamani.

Tsarin farawa yana ɗaukar matakan 4 masu zuwa waɗanda zamu tattauna dalla-dalla:

  • BIOS Duba daidaito (POST)
  • Lodi na Boot loader (GRUB2)
  • farawa kwaya
  • An fara tsarin, mahaifin dukkan matakai

1. Bincike na Gaskiya na BIOS (POST)

Yawancin lokaci ana fara aikin taya yayin da mai amfani ya latsa maɓallin kunnawa - idan an riga an rufe PC ɗin - ko sake kunna tsarin ta amfani da GUI ko akan layin umarni.

Lokacin da tsarin Linux yayi karfi, sai BIOS (Basic Input Output System) ya shiga kuma yayi Power On Self Test (POST). Wannan binciken mutunci ne wanda ke aiwatar da adadin binciken bincike.

POST yana binciken iyawar kayan aiki kamar HDD ko SSD, Keyboard, RAM, tashar USB, da kowane irin kayan aiki. Idan ba a gano wata na'urar kayan aiki ba, ko kuma idan akwai matsala a kowane ɗayan na'urorin kamar lalata HDD ko SSD, ana watsa saƙon kuskure akan allon da ke haifar da sa hannun ku.

A wasu lokuta, sauti mai kara zai tafi musamman idan abin da ya ɓace na rukunin RAM. Koyaya, idan kayan aikin da ake tsammani ya kasance kuma yana aiki kamar yadda ake tsammani, tsarin ƙaddamarwa ya ci gaba zuwa mataki na gaba.

2. Bootloader (GRUB2)

Da zarar POST ya kammala kuma gabar ta fito fili, sai BIOS ta binciki MBR (Master Boot Record) don shigar da bootloader da kuma bayanan raba bayanan.

MBR lambar 51-byte ce wacce take kan sashen farko na rumbun kwamfutar wanda yawanci /dev/sda ko /dev/hda ya dogara da rumbun kwamfutarka gine. Lura, duk da haka, cewa wani lokacin ana iya samun MBR a kan Live USB ko DVD ɗinka na Linux.

Akwai manyan nau'ikan bootloaders guda 3 a cikin Linux: LILO, GRUB, da GRUB2. GRUB2 bootloader shine sabon babban bootloader a cikin rarrabuwa na zamani na Linux kuma yana sanar da shawararmu ta barin sauran biyun wadanda suka zama tarihi da shigewar lokaci.

GRUB2 na nufin GRand Unified Bootloader version 2. Da zarar BIOS ta gano grub2 bootloader, sai ta aiwatar sannan ta loda shi akan babban mahimmin (RAM).

Tsarin menu na grub2 yana baka damar yin abubuwa biyu. Yana ba ka damar zaɓar sigar ƙirar Linux wacce kake son amfani da ita. Idan kun kasance kuna haɓaka tsarinku sau biyu, kuna iya ganin nau'ikan nau'in kwaya daban daban. Ari, yana ba ku ikon shirya wasu sigogin kwaya ta danna maɓallan mabuɗin mabuɗin.

Hakanan, a cikin saitin boot-boot inda kuke da shigarwa da yawa na OS, menu na grub yana baku damar zaɓar wacce OS zata shiga. Fayil ɗin sanyi na grub2 shine /boot/grub2/grub2.cfg fayil. Babban makasudin GRUB shine a loda kernel na Linux akan babbar ƙwaƙwalwar.

3. Kaddamar da Kernel

Kernel shine jigon kowane tsarin Linux. Yana yin amfani da kayan aikin PC tare da matakan da ke gudana. Kernel yana sarrafa dukkan matakai akan tsarin Linux ɗin ku. Da zarar an ɗora kwatancen Linux ɗin da aka zaɓa ta hanyar bootloader, dole ne ya cire kansa daga sigar da ya matse shi kafin aiwatar da kowane aiki. Bayan cirewar kai, kernel da aka zaɓa ya hau kan tsarin fayil ɗin tushen kuma ya fara shirin/sbin/init wanda yawanci ake kira init.

Init shine shirin farko wanda za'a fara aiwatar dashi kuma an sanya ID ɗin aiwatarwa ko PID na 1. Hanyar init ce wacce take haifar da ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗumbi & hawa duk sassan da aka ƙayyade a cikin fayil/etc/fstab.

Kernel sai ya hau kan faifan RAM na farko (initrd) wanda shine tsarin fayiloli na ɗan lokaci na ɗan lokaci har sai an ɗora ainihin tushen tsarin fayil ɗin. Duk kernel suna cikin kundin adireshi /boot tare da hoton faifan RAM na farko.

4.Farkon Systemd

Kernel a ƙarshe ya ɗora Systemd, wanda shine maye gurbin tsohuwar SysV init. Systemd ita ce uwar dukkanin ayyukan Linux kuma tana sarrafawa tare da wasu abubuwan haɓaka tsarin fayil, farawa da dakatar da sabis don ambaton justan kaɗan.

Systemd yana amfani da /etc/systemd/system/default.target fayil don ƙayyade jihar ko manufa da tsarin Linux ɗin zai shiga.

  • Don aikin tebur (tare da GUI) ƙimar manufa ta farko ita ce 5 wacce tayi daidai da matakin gudu 5 don tsohon tsarin SystemV.
  • Don sabar, makasudin tsoho shine multi-user.target wanda yayi daidai da gudu matakin 3 a cikin SysV init.

Ga raunin tsarin da aka sa gaba:

  • poweroff.target (runlevel 0): Poweroff ko Kashe tsarin.
  • ceto. manufa (runlevel 1): ya ƙaddamar da zaman harsashi na ceto.
  • multi -user.target (runlevel 2,3,4): Yana daidaita tsarin zuwa tsarin mai amfani da hoto (console) mai amfani da yawa.
  • graft.target (runlevel 5): Saita tsarin don amfani da zane mai amfani da yawa tare da sabis na cibiyar sadarwa.
  • reboot.target (runlevel 6): sake kunna tsarin.

Don bincika makasudin yanzu akan tsarin ku, gudanar da umarnin:

$ systemctl get-default

Kuna iya canzawa daga manufa ɗaya zuwa wani ta hanyar aiwatar da umarni mai zuwa akan tashar:

$ init runlevel-value

Misali, init 3 yana daidaita tsarin zuwa yanayin da ba zane ba.

Umurnin init 6 ya sake dawo da tsarin ku kuma ya kunna 0 iko da tsarin. Tabbatar da kiran kiran sudo lokacin da kake son canzawa zuwa waɗannan maƙasudin biyu.

Tsarin farawa yana ƙare da zarar tsarin ya loda dukkan ɗimbin yawa kuma ya saita manufa ko ƙimar matakin gudu. A wannan lokacin ne aka sa ku don sunan mai amfani da kalmar wucewa akan wanda kuka sami damar shiga tsarin Linux ɗinku.