30 Dokokin Linux Masu Amfani ga Masu Gudanar da Tsarin

A cikin wannan labarin zamu sake nazarin wasu daga cikin umarni masu amfani ko amfani da su na Linux ko Unix don Masu Gudanar da Tsarin Linux waɗanda ake amfani dasu a rayuwar su ta yau da kullun. Wannan ba cikakke bane amma yana da ƙaramin jerin umarni don turawa lokacin da ake buƙata. Bari mu fara ɗayan ɗaya yadda zamuyi amfani da waɗancan dokokin tare da misalai.

1. Umarnin Bata lokaci

A cikin umarnin lokacin aiki na Linux yana nuna tun tsawon lokacin da tsarin ku yake gudana kuma yawan masu amfani a halin yanzu sun shiga kuma suna nuna matsakaicin matsakaici na tsawan mintuna 1,5 da 15.

# uptime

08:16:26 up 22 min,  1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.03, 0.22

Umurnin lokaci ba su da wasu zaɓuɓɓuka banda lokacin aiki da sigar. Yana ba da bayanai kawai cikin awoyi: mintuna idan ƙasa da kwana 1.

[[email  ~]$ uptime -V
procps version 3.2.8

2. W Umurnin

Zai nuna masu amfani a halin yanzu sun shiga kuma tsarin aikinsu tare da nuna matsakaicin matsakaicin nauyi. Hakanan yana nuna sunan shiga, sunan tty, mai masaukin nesa, lokacin shiga, lokacin rago, JCPU, PCPU, umarni da aiwatarwa.

# w

08:27:44 up 34 min,  1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.08
USER     TTY      FROM              [email    IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT
tecmint  pts/0    192.168.50.1     07:59    0.00s  0.29s  0.09s w

-h: ba a nuna shigarwar kai tsaye.
-s: ba tare da JCPU da PCPU ba.
-f: Cire daga filin.
-V: (babban harafi) - Yana nuna sigar.

3. Umurnin Masu amfani

Nunin umarnin masu amfani a halin yanzu sun shiga cikin masu amfani. Wannan umarnin bashi da wasu sigogi banda taimako da sigar.

# users

tecmint

4. Wanene Yayi Umarni

wanda ke ba da umarnin kawai dawo da sunan mai amfani, kwanan wata, lokaci da kuma bayanan mai masaukin baki. wane umarni yayi kama da w umarni. Ba kamar w umurnin wanda ba ya buga abin da masu amfani ke yi ba. Bari muyi kwatanci da ganin banbanci tsakanin wane da w umarni.

# who

tecmint  pts/0        2012-09-18 07:59 (192.168.50.1)

# w

08:43:58 up 50 min,  1 user,  load average: 0.64, 0.18, 0.06
USER     TTY      FROM              [email    IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT
tecmint  pts/0    192.168.50.1     07:59    0.00s  0.43s  0.10s w

-b: Nuna tsarin da ya gabata ya sake yin kwanan wata da lokaci.
-r: Yana nuna runlet na yanzu.
-a, –duk: Yana nuna dukkan bayanai a dunkule.

5. Umurnin Whoami

umarnin whoami buga sunan mai amfani na yanzu. Hakanan zaka iya amfani da umarnin “wanene ni” don nuna mai amfani na yanzu. Idan kun shiga azaman tushe ta amfani da umarnin sudo umarni “whoami” komowar komputa azaman mai amfani na yanzu. Yi amfani da umarnin "wanene ni" idan kuna son sanin ainihin mai amfani da ya shiga.

# whoami

tecmint

6. ls Umarni

ls umarnin nuni na fayiloli a cikin tsarin karatun mutum.

# ls -l

total 114
dr-xr-xr-x.   2 root root  4096 Sep 18 08:46 bin
dr-xr-xr-x.   5 root root  1024 Sep  8 15:49 boot

Tsara fayil kamar yadda akayita gyararren karshe.

# ls -ltr

total 40
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  6546 Sep 17 18:42 install.log.syslog
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 22435 Sep 17 18:45 install.log
-rw-------. 1 root root  1003 Sep 17 18:45 anaconda-ks.cfg

Don ƙarin misalai na umarnin ls, da fatan za a bincika labarinmu kan Misalan Dokokin 'ls' 15 na Asali a cikin Linux.

7. Umurnin Crontab

Jerin ayyukan jadawalin mai amfani na yanzu tare da umarnin crontab da -l zaɓi.

# crontab -l

00 10 * * * /bin/ls >/ls.txt

Shirya crontab ɗinku tare da -e zaɓi. A cikin misalin da ke ƙasa zai buɗe ayyukan jadawalin a cikin editan VI. Yi canje-canje masu buƙata kuma daina latsawa: mabuɗan wq wanda ke adana saitin ta atomatik.

# crontab -e

Don ƙarin misalai na Dokar Linux Cron, da fatan za a karanta labarinmu na baya akan Misalan Taskar Tsara Tsara 11 Cron a cikin Linux.

8. Karancin Umarni

commandarfin umarni yana ba da damar duba fayil da sauri. Kuna iya yin shafi sama da ƙasa. Latsa 'q' don tsayawa daga ƙaramar taga.

# less install.log

Installing setup-2.8.14-10.el6.noarch
warning: setup-2.8.14-10.el6.noarch: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID c105b9de: NOKEY
Installing filesystem-2.4.30-2.1.el6.i686
Installing ca-certificates-2010.63-3.el6.noarch
Installing xml-common-0.6.3-32.el6.noarch
Installing tzdata-2010l-1.el6.noarch
Installing iso-codes-3.16-2.el6.noarch

9. Karin Umarni

ƙarin umarni yana ba da damar duba fayil da sauri kuma yana nuna cikakkun bayanai cikin kashi. Kuna iya yin shafi sama da ƙasa. Latsa 'q' don barin fita daga ƙarin taga.

# more install.log

Installing setup-2.8.14-10.el6.noarch
warning: setup-2.8.14-10.el6.noarch: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID c105b9de: NOKEY
Installing filesystem-2.4.30-2.1.el6.i686
Installing ca-certificates-2010.63-3.el6.noarch
Installing xml-common-0.6.3-32.el6.noarch
Installing tzdata-2010l-1.el6.noarch
Installing iso-codes-3.16-2.el6.noarch
--More--(10%)

10. Umurnin CP

Kwafi fayil daga tushe zuwa makomar yana adana yanayin guda.

# cp -p fileA fileB

Za a sa ka kafin a sake rubuta maka fayil.

# cp -i fileA fileB

11. MV Umurnin

Sake suna fayilA zuwa fayilB. -i zabin da sauri kafin sake rubutawa. Nemi tabbaci idan ya kasance akwai.

# mv -i fileA fileB

12. Umurnin Kyanwa

umarnin cat da aka yi amfani dashi don duba fayil mai yawa a lokaci guda.

# cat fileA fileB

Kuna haɗuwa da ƙaramin umarni tare da umarnin kyanwa don duba fayil ɗin da ya ƙunsa idan hakan bai dace da allo ko shafi ɗaya ba.

# cat install.log | less

# cat install.log | more

Don ƙarin misalan umarnin kyanwa na Linux karanta labarinmu akan Misalan 13 Basic Command Command a Linux.

13. Umurnin Cd (canza kundin adireshi)

tare da umarnin cd (canza kundin adireshi) zai tafi zuwa fayilA directory.

# cd /fileA

14. umarnin pwd (bugun kundin aiki)

komar pwd ta dawo tare da kundin aiki na yanzu.

# pwd

/root

15. Kasa umarni

Jerin layin fayilolin rubutu cikin tsari mai hawa. tare da -r za optionsu will willukan zai warware a saukowa tsari.

#sort fileA.txt

#sort -r fileA.txt

16. VI Umurni

Vi shahararren editan rubutu ne wanda yake mafi yawancin tsarin OSI mai kama da UNIX. A ƙasa misalai buɗe fayil a karanta kawai tare da zaɓi -R. Latsa ': q' don barin taga vi.

# vi -R /etc/shadows

17. Umurnin SSH (Secure Shell)

Ana amfani da umarnin SSH don shiga cikin masaukin nesa. Misali umarnin da ke ƙasa ssh zai haɗu da mai masaukin nesa (192.168.50.2) ta amfani da mai amfani azaman narad.

# ssh [email

Don bincika sigar ssh amfani da zaɓi -V (babban) nuna sigar ssh.

# ssh -V

OpenSSH_5.3p1, OpenSSL 1.0.0-fips 29 Mar 2010

18. Ftp ko sftp Umurnin

Ana amfani da umarnin ftp ko sftp don haɗuwa da mai masaukin ftp na nesa. ftp shine (yarjejeniyar canja wurin fayil) kuma sftp shine (amintaccen yarjejeniyar canja wurin fayil). Misali dokokin da ke ƙasa zasu haɗu zuwa ftp host (192.168.50.2).

# ftp 192.168.50.2

# sftp 192.168.50.2

Sanya fayiloli masu yawa a cikin runduna mai nisa tare da tsinkaye kamar haka zamu iya yin mget don zazzage fayiloli da yawa daga mai masaukin nesa.

# ftp > mput *.txt

# ftp > mget *.txt

19. Umurnin Sabis

Rubutun kiran umarnin sabis da ke a /etc/init.d/ shugabanci kuma aiwatar da rubutun. Akwai hanyoyi biyu don fara kowane sabis. Misali mun fara sabis ɗin da ake kira httpd tare da umarnin sabis.

# service httpd start
OR
# /etc/init.d/httpd start

20. Umurnin kyauta

Umurnin kyauta yana nuna kyauta, duka kuma canza bayanin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin baiti.

# free
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:       1030800     735944     294856          0      51648     547696
-/+ buffers/cache:     136600     894200
Swap:      2064376          0    2064376

Zaɓuɓɓuka tare da -t zaɓuɓɓuka suna nuna jimillar ƙwaƙwalwar da aka yi amfani da shi kuma akwai don amfani a baiti.

# free -t
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:       1030800     736096     294704          0      51720     547704
-/+ buffers/cache:     136672     894128
Swap:      2064376          0    2064376
Total:     3095176     736096    2359080

21. Babban Umurnin

babban umarni yana nuna ayyukan mai sarrafa tsarin ku kuma yana nuna ayyukan da kernel ke sarrafawa a cikin lokaci na ainihi. Zai nuna mai sarrafawa kuma ana amfani da ƙwaƙwalwa. Yi amfani da umarnin sama tare da zaɓi 'u' wannan zai nuna takamaiman tsarin aikin Mai amfani kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa. Latsa 'O' (babban harafi) don tsara yadda kuke so. Latsa 'q' don barin saman allo.

# top -u tecmint

top - 11:13:11 up  3:19,  2 users,  load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
Tasks: 116 total,   1 running, 115 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
Cpu(s):  0.0%us,  0.3%sy,  0.0%ni, 99.7%id,  0.0%wa,  0.0%hi,  0.0%si,  0.0%st
Mem:   1030800k total,   736188k used,   294612k free,    51760k buffers
Swap:  2064376k total,        0k used,  2064376k free,   547704k cached

PID USER      PR  NI  VIRT  RES  SHR S %CPU %MEM    TIME+  COMMAND
1889 tecmint   20   0 11468 1648  920 S  0.0  0.2   0:00.59 sshd
1890 tecmint   20   0  5124 1668 1416 S  0.0  0.2   0:00.44 bash
6698 tecmint   20   0 11600 1668  924 S  0.0  0.2   0:01.19 sshd
6699 tecmint   20   0  5124 1596 1352 S  0.0  0.2   0:00.11 bash

Don ƙarin game da babban umarni mun riga mun tsara jerin 12 TOP Umurnin Misali a cikin Linux.

22. Umurnin Tar

Ana amfani da umarnin tar don damfara fayiloli da manyan fayiloli a cikin Linux. Misali umarnin da ke kasa zai kirkiri wani abu don kundin adireshi/gida tare da sunan fayil a matsayin archive-name.tar.

# tar -cvf archive-name.tar /home

Don cire fayil ɗin tarihin tar amfani da zaɓi kamar haka.

# tar -xvf archive-name.tar

Don fahimtar ƙarin bayani game da umarnin kwalta mun ƙirƙiri cikakken yadda-jagora akan umarnin kwal a 18 Misalan Umurnin Tar a cikin Linux.

23. Grep Command

bincika mai ga kirtani da aka bashi a cikin fayil. Mai amfani tecmint ne kawai yake nunawa daga/sauransu/passwd fayil. za mu iya amfani da -i zaɓi don yin watsi da ƙararraki.

# grep tecmint /etc/passwd

tecmint:x:500:500::/home/tecmint:/bin/bash

24. Nemo Umarni

Nemo umarnin da aka yi amfani dashi don bincika fayiloli, kirtani da kundin adireshi. Misalin da ke ƙasa na neman kalmar umarni na tecmint a cikin '/' bangare kuma dawo da fitarwa.

# find / -name tecmint

/var/spool/mail/tecmint
/home/tecmint
/root/home/tecmint

Don cikakkiyar jagora akan Linux samo misalan umarni masu mahimmanci a 35 Misalan Ayyuka na Linux Find Command.

25. lsof Umarni

lsof yana nufin Jerin duk fayilolin buɗe. A ƙasa lsof jerin umarnin duk fayilolin da aka buɗe ta mai amfani tecmint.

# lsof -u tecmint

COMMAND  PID    USER   FD   TYPE     DEVICE SIZE/OFF   NODE NAME
sshd    1889 tecmint  cwd    DIR      253,0     4096      2 /
sshd    1889 tecmint  txt    REG      253,0   532336 298069 /usr/sbin/sshd
sshd    1889 tecmint  DEL    REG      253,0          412940 /lib/libcom_err.so.2.1
sshd    1889 tecmint  DEL    REG      253,0          393156 /lib/ld-2.12.so
sshd    1889 tecmint  DEL    REG      253,0          298643 /usr/lib/libcrypto.so.1.0.0
sshd    1889 tecmint  DEL    REG      253,0          393173 /lib/libnsl-2.12.so
sshd    1889 tecmint  DEL    REG      253,0          412937 /lib/libkrb5support.so.0.1
sshd    1889 tecmint  DEL    REG      253,0          412961 /lib/libplc4.so

Don ƙarin misalan umarnin umarni ziyarci 10 lsof Misalan Dokoki a cikin Linux.

26. umarni na karshe

Tare da umarnin ƙarshe zamu iya kallon ayyukan mai amfani a cikin tsarin. Wannan umarnin na iya aiwatar da mai amfani na yau da kullun. Zai nuna cikakken bayanin mai amfani kamar m, lokaci, kwanan wata, sake yin tsarin ko taya da sigar kernel. Amfani mai amfani don warware matsala.

# last

tecmint  pts/1        192.168.50.1     Tue Sep 18 08:50   still logged in
tecmint  pts/0        192.168.50.1     Tue Sep 18 07:59   still logged in
reboot   system boot  2.6.32-279.el6.i Tue Sep 18 07:54 - 11:38  (03:43)
root     pts/1        192.168.50.1     Sun Sep 16 10:40 - down   (03:53)
root     pts/0        :0.0             Sun Sep 16 10:36 - 13:09  (02:32)
root     tty1         :0               Sun Sep 16 10:07 - down   (04:26)
reboot   system boot  2.6.32-279.el6.i Sun Sep 16 09:57 - 14:33  (04:35)
narad    pts/2        192.168.50.1     Thu Sep 13 08:07 - down   (01:15)

Kuna iya amfani da ƙarshe tare da sunan mai amfani don sanin takamaiman aikin mai amfani kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa.

# last tecmint

tecmint  pts/1        192.168.50.1     Tue Sep 18 08:50   still logged in
tecmint  pts/0        192.168.50.1     Tue Sep 18 07:59   still logged in
tecmint  pts/1        192.168.50.1     Thu Sep 13 08:07 - down   (01:15)
tecmint  pts/4        192.168.50.1     Wed Sep 12 10:12 - 12:29  (02:17)

27. ps umarni

ps umarnin nuni game da tafiyar matakai a cikin tsarin. A ƙasa misali nuna init tsari kawai.

# ps -ef | grep init

root         1     0  0 07:53 ?        00:00:04 /sbin/init
root      7508  6825  0 11:48 pts/1    00:00:00 grep init

28. kashe umarni

Yi amfani da umarnin kashewa don ƙare aikin. Da farko gano id tsari tare da umarnin ps kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa kuma kashe tsari tare da kisan -9 umarni.

# ps -ef | grep init
root         1     0  0 07:53 ?        00:00:04 /sbin/init
root      7508  6825  0 11:48 pts/1    00:00:00 grep init

# kill- 9 7508

29. rm umarni

rm umurnin da aka yi amfani da shi don cirewa ko share fayil ba tare da faɗakarwa don tabbatarwa ba.

# rm filename

Amfani da -i zaɓi don samun tabbaci kafin cire shi. Amfani da zaɓuɓɓuka '-r' da '-f' za su cire fayil ɗin da ƙarfi ba tare da tabbatarwa ba.

# rm -i test.txt

rm: remove regular file `test.txt'?

30. mkdir misalin umarni.

ana amfani da umarnin mkdir don ƙirƙirar kundayen adireshi a ƙarƙashin Linux.

# mkdir directoryname

Wannan umarni ne na yau da kullun masu amfani a cikin tsarin aiki na Linux/Unix-like. Da kyau raba ta akwatin mu na sharhi idan muka rasa.