13 Gudanar da hanyar sadarwar Linux da Dokokin Shirya matsala
Ana haɗa kwamfutoci a cikin hanyar sadarwa don musayar bayanai ko albarkatun juna. Biyu ko fiye da kwamfuta da aka haɗa ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai na cibiyar sadarwa da ake kira cibiyar sadarwar kwamfuta. Akwai adadin na'urori na cibiyar sadarwa ko kafofin watsa labaru da ke da hannu don samar da cibiyar sadarwar komputa. Kwamfuta da aka loda da Linux Operating System kuma na iya zama wani ɓangare na cibiyar sadarwar ko ƙarama ce ko babba ta hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar yawan aiki da yawancin yanayin. Kula da tsarin da hanyar sadarwa da gudana aiki ne na aikin System/Network Administrator's aiki. A cikin wannan labarin zamu sake nazarin saitunan yanar gizo da ake amfani dasu akai-akai da kuma magance matsaloli a cikin Linux.
1. ifconfig
ifconfig (interface configurator) ana amfani da umarnin don fara aiwatarwa, sanya Adireshin IP don yin amfani da shi tare da kunna ko kashe aikin dubawa akan buƙata. Tare da wannan umarnin zaka iya duba Adireshin IP da Kayan aiki/Kayan adireshin MAC da aka ba su ga keɓaɓɓu da kuma girman MTU (Matsakaicin sashin watsawa) girman.
# ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:28:FD:4C
inet addr:192.168.50.2 Bcast:192.168.50.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe28:fd4c/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:6093 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:4824 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:6125302 (5.8 MiB) TX bytes:536966 (524.3 KiB)
Interrupt:18 Base address:0x2000
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:480 (480.0 b) TX bytes:480 (480.0 b)ifconfig tare da keɓaɓɓen umarni (eth0) umarni kawai yana nuna takamaiman ƙirar keɓaɓɓu kamar IP Adireshin, Adireshin MAC da dai sauransu tare da -a zaɓuɓɓuka zasu nuna duk wadatattun bayanan keɓaɓɓen idan ya zama musaki ma.
# ifconfig eth0
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:28:FD:4C
inet addr:192.168.50.2 Bcast:192.168.50.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe28:fd4c/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:6119 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:4841 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:6127464 (5.8 MiB) TX bytes:539648 (527.0 KiB)
Interrupt:18 Base address:0x2000Ignaddamar da Adireshin IP da wayofar don daidaitawa a kan tashi. Za'a cire saitin idan tsarin sake yi.
# ifconfig eth0 192.168.50.5 netmask 255.255.255.0
Don kunna ko musaki takamaiman Interface, muna amfani da misali umarni kamar haka.
# ifup eth0
# ifdown eth0
Ta hanyar tsoho girman MTU ya kai 1500. Za mu iya saita girman MTU da ake buƙata tare da umarnin da ke ƙasa. Sauya XXXX da girma.
# ifconfig eth0 mtu XXXX
Keɓaɓɓen hanyar sadarwar da aka karɓi fakiti kawai na wancan NIC ne. Idan kun sanya yanayin shiga cikin fasikanci to zai karbi dukkan fakitin. Wannan yana da amfani sosai don kama fakiti da yin nazari daga baya. Don wannan kuna iya buƙatar samun damar superuser.
# ifconfig eth0 - promisc
2. PING Umurni
PING (Packet INternet Groper) umarni shine hanya mafi kyau don gwada haɗuwa tsakanin nodes biyu. Shin ya zama Local Network Network (LAN) ko Wide Area Network (WAN). Ping yana amfani da ICMP (Yarjejeniyar Saƙon Sadarwar Intanet) don sadarwa zuwa wasu na'urori. Kuna iya ping sunan mai masaukin adireshi na ip ta amfani da umarnin da ke ƙasa.
# ping 4.2.2.2 PING 4.2.2.2 (4.2.2.2) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 4.2.2.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=44 time=203 ms 64 bytes from 4.2.2.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=44 time=201 ms 64 bytes from 4.2.2.2: icmp_seq=3 ttl=44 time=201 ms OR # ping linux-console.net PING linux-console.net (50.116.66.136) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 50.116.66.136: icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=284 ms 64 bytes from 50.116.66.136: icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=287 ms 64 bytes from 50.116.66.136: icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=285 ms
A cikin umarnin ping na Linux ci gaba da aiwatarwa har sai ka katse. Ping tare da -c zaɓi na fita bayan N lambar buƙata (nasara ko amsa kuskure).
# ping -c 5 linux-console.net PING linux-console.net (50.116.66.136) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 50.116.66.136: icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=285 ms 64 bytes from 50.116.66.136: icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=285 ms 64 bytes from 50.116.66.136: icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=285 ms 64 bytes from 50.116.66.136: icmp_seq=4 ttl=47 time=285 ms 64 bytes from 50.116.66.136: icmp_seq=5 ttl=47 time=285 ms --- linux-console.net ping statistics --- 5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4295ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 285.062/285.324/285.406/0.599 ms
3. Umarni na GASKIYA
traceroute kayan amfani ne na magance matsala na cibiyar sadarwa wanda ke nuna yawan hops da aka ɗauka don isa ga makoma kuma yana ƙayyade fakitin tafiya. A ƙasa muna bin hanyar zuwa Adireshin IP ɗin uwar garke na duniya na IP kuma iya isa makoma yana nuna hanyar wannan fakiti yana tafiya.
# traceroute 4.2.2.2 traceroute to 4.2.2.2 (4.2.2.2), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets 1 192.168.50.1 (192.168.50.1) 0.217 ms 0.624 ms 0.133 ms 2 227.18.106.27.mysipl.com (27.106.18.227) 2.343 ms 1.910 ms 1.799 ms 3 221-231-119-111.mysipl.com (111.119.231.221) 4.334 ms 4.001 ms 5.619 ms 4 10.0.0.5 (10.0.0.5) 5.386 ms 6.490 ms 6.224 ms 5 gi0-0-0.dgw1.bom2.pacific.net.in (203.123.129.25) 7.798 ms 7.614 ms 7.378 ms 6 115.113.165.49.static-mumbai.vsnl.net.in (115.113.165.49) 10.852 ms 5.389 ms 4.322 ms 7 ix-0-100.tcore1.MLV-Mumbai.as6453.net (180.87.38.5) 5.836 ms 5.590 ms 5.503 ms 8 if-9-5.tcore1.WYN-Marseille.as6453.net (80.231.217.17) 216.909 ms 198.864 ms 201.737 ms 9 if-2-2.tcore2.WYN-Marseille.as6453.net (80.231.217.2) 203.305 ms 203.141 ms 202.888 ms 10 if-5-2.tcore1.WV6-Madrid.as6453.net (80.231.200.6) 200.552 ms 202.463 ms 202.222 ms 11 if-8-2.tcore2.SV8-Highbridge.as6453.net (80.231.91.26) 205.446 ms 215.885 ms 202.867 ms 12 if-2-2.tcore1.SV8-Highbridge.as6453.net (80.231.139.2) 202.675 ms 201.540 ms 203.972 ms 13 if-6-2.tcore1.NJY-Newark.as6453.net (80.231.138.18) 203.732 ms 203.496 ms 202.951 ms 14 if-2-2.tcore2.NJY-Newark.as6453.net (66.198.70.2) 203.858 ms 203.373 ms 203.208 ms 15 66.198.111.26 (66.198.111.26) 201.093 ms 63.243.128.25 (63.243.128.25) 206.597 ms 66.198.111.26 (66.198.111.26) 204.178 ms 16 ae9.edge1.NewYork.Level3.net (4.68.62.185) 205.960 ms 205.740 ms 205.487 ms 17 vlan51.ebr1.NewYork2.Level3.net (4.69.138.222) 203.867 ms vlan52.ebr2.NewYork2.Level3.net (4.69.138.254) 202.850 ms vlan51.ebr1.NewYork2.Level3.net (4.69.138.222) 202.351 ms 18 ae-6-6.ebr2.NewYork1.Level3.net (4.69.141.21) 201.771 ms 201.185 ms 201.120 ms 19 ae-81-81.csw3.NewYork1.Level3.net (4.69.134.74) 202.407 ms 201.479 ms ae-92-92.csw4.NewYork1.Level3.net (4.69.148.46) 208.145 ms 20 ae-2-70.edge2.NewYork1.Level3.net (4.69.155.80) 200.572 ms ae-4-90.edge2.NewYork1.Level3.net (4.69.155.208) 200.402 ms ae-1-60.edge2.NewYork1.Level3.net (4.69.155.16) 203.573 ms 21 b.resolvers.Level3.net (4.2.2.2) 199.725 ms 199.190 ms 202.488 ms
4. NETSTAT Command
Netstat (Statididdigar Sadarwar Sadarwa) bayanin nuni dangane da nunawa, yin amfani da bayanin tebur da sauransu.
# netstat -r Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface 192.168.50.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 link-local * 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 default 192.168.50.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
Don ƙarin misalan Dokokin Netstat, da fatan za a karanta labarinmu na baya kan Misalan Dokokin Netstat 20 a Linux.
5. DIG Command
Tona (bayanin yankin yanki) tambaya game da bayanan da suka shafi DNS kamar Rikodi, CNAME, Rakodin MX da dai sauransu.Wannan umarni yafi amfani dashi don magance matsalar tambayoyin DNS.
# dig linux-console.net; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.10.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<
Don ƙarin misalan Dig Command, don Allah karanta labarin akan 10 Linux Dig Commands zuwa Tambayar DNS.
6. NSLOOKUP Command
Hakanan umarnin nslookup yayi amfani da shi don gano tambayar mai alaƙa da DNS. Misalai masu zuwa suna nuna Rikodi (Adireshin IP) na linux-console.net.
# nslookup linux-console.net Server: 4.2.2.2 Address: 4.2.2.2#53 Non-authoritative answer: linux-console.net canonical name = linux-console.net. Name: linux-console.net Address: 50.116.66.136
Don ƙarin NSLOOKUP Command, karanta labarin akan Misalan Linux 8 na Nslookup.
7. HANYA TA Hanya
Hakanan umarnin hanya yana nunawa da sarrafa teburin sarrafa hanyoyin ip. Don ganin madaidaiciyar hanyar kai tsaye a cikin Linux, rubuta wannan umarnin.
# route Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 192.168.50.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 link-local * 255.255.0.0 U 1002 0 0 eth0 default 192.168.50.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
Dingara, share hanyoyi da tsoffin ƙofa tare da bin umarni.
# route add -net 10.10.10.0/24 gw 192.168.0.1
# route del -net 10.10.10.0/24 gw 192.168.0.1
# route add default gw 192.168.0.1
8. MULKI MULKI
karɓar umarni don nemo suna zuwa IP ko IP don suna a IPv4 ko IPv6 sannan kuma bincika bayanan DNS.
# host www.google.com www.google.com has address 173.194.38.180 www.google.com has address 173.194.38.176 www.google.com has address 173.194.38.177 www.google.com has address 173.194.38.178 www.google.com has address 173.194.38.179 www.google.com has IPv6 address 2404:6800:4003:802::1014
Amfani da -t zaɓi zamu iya gano Rikodi na Bayanai na DNS kamar CNAME, NS, MX, SOA da dai sauransu.
# host -t CNAME www.redhat.com www.redhat.com is an alias for wildcard.redhat.com.edgekey.net.
9. Dokar ARP
ARP (Protocol Resolution Protocol) yana da amfani don duba/ƙara abubuwan da ke cikin teburin ARP na kwaya. Don ganin tsoho tebur amfani da umarnin azaman.
# arp -e Address HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Iface 192.168.50.1 ether 00:50:56:c0:00:08 C eth0
10. Umarnin ETHTOOL
ethtool shine maye gurbin kayan aikin mii. Yana da don duba, saita sauri da duplex na Network Interface Card (NIC). Zaka iya saita duplex har abada a cikin/etc/sysconfig/rubutun-hanyar sadarwa/ifcfg-eth0 tare da mai canzawa na ETHTOOL_OPTS.
# ethtool eth0
Settings for eth0:
Current message level: 0x00000007 (7)
Link detected: yes11. Umurnin IWCONFIG
An yi amfani da umarnin iwconfig a cikin Linux don daidaita yanayin haɗin cibiyar sadarwa mara waya. Kuna iya gani kuma saita cikakken bayanin Wi-Fi kamar tashar SSID da ɓoyewa. Kuna iya tura shafin mutum na iwconfig don ƙarin sani.
# iwconfig [interface]
12. HOSTNAME Umurni
sunan mai masauki shine ganowa a cikin hanyar sadarwa. Kashe umarnin sunan mai gida don ganin sunan masauki na akwatin ka. Zaka iya saita sunan mai masauki dindindin a cikin/sauransu/sysconfig/cibiyar sadarwa. Ana buƙatar sake yin akwati sau ɗaya saita sunan mai masauki mai dacewa.
# hostname linux-console.net
13. GUI kayan aikin tsarin-config-network
Buga tsarin tsarin-config-network a cikin umarni da sauri don saita saitin hanyar sadarwa kuma zaku sami kyakkyawar Girman Mai amfani da Hoto (GUI) wanda kuma zai iya amfani dashi don saita Adireshin IP, wayofar, DNS da dai sauransu kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa hoton.
# system-config-network
Wannan labarin na iya zama mai amfani ga yau da kullun mai gudanar da hanyar sadarwar Linux a cikin tsarin aiki na Linux/Unix. Da kyau raba ta akwatin mu na sharhi idan muka rasa.