Dokokin 20 YUM don Manunin Kunshin Linux
A cikin wannan labarin, za mu koyi yadda za a girka, sabuntawa, cirewa, nemo fakitoci, sarrafa buƙatun da wuraren adana kan tsarin Linux ta amfani da kayan aikin YUM (Yellowdog Updater Modified) wanda RedHat ya haɓaka. Misalan misalin da aka nuna a cikin wannan labarin ana gwada su akan sabar mu ta CentOS 6.3, zaku iya amfani da waɗannan abubuwan don manufar binciken, takaddun shaida ko kawai don bincika hanyoyin shigar da sabbin buƙatun kuma kiyaye tsarin ku na yau da kullun. Abinda ake buƙata na wannan labarin shine, dole ne ku sami fahimtar asali game da umarni da tsarin aiki na Linux, inda zaku iya bincika da aiwatar da duk umarnin da aka jera a ƙasa.
Menene YUM?
YUM (Yellowdog Updater da aka Gyara) layin umarni ne na buɗaɗɗen tushe da kuma kayan aikin sarrafa kayan kunshin zane-zane don tsarin Linux na RPM (RedHat Package Manager). Yana bawa masu amfani da mai kula da tsarin damar sauƙaƙe, ɗaukakawa, cirewa ko bincika fakitin software akan tsarin. Seth Vidal ne ya haɓaka kuma ya sake shi a ƙarƙashin GPL (Lissafin Jama'a) a matsayin tushen buɗewa, yana nufin kowa zai iya ba da izinin saukewa da samun damar lambar don gyara kwari da haɓaka fakiti na musamman. YUM yana amfani da ɗakunan ajiya na ɓangare na uku don girka fakiti ta atomatik ta hanyar warware matsalolin dogaro.
Don shigar da kunshin da ake kira Firefox 14, kawai gudanar da umarnin da ke ƙasa zai sami kansa ta atomatik kuma ya girka duk abubuwan dogaro da ake buƙata don Firefox.
# yum install firefox Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================================ Updating: firefox i686 10.0.6-1.el6.centos updates 20 M Updating for dependencies: xulrunner i686 10.0.6-1.el6.centos updates 12 M Transaction Summary ================================================================================================ Install 0 Package(s) Upgrade 2 Package(s) Total download size: 32 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: (1/2): firefox-10.0.6-1.el6.centos.i686.rpm | 20 MB 01:10 (2/2): xulrunner-10.0.6-1.el6.centos.i686.rpm | 12 MB 00:52 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total 63 kB/s | 32 MB 02:04 Updated: firefox.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos Dependency Updated: xulrunner.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos Complete!
Umurnin da ke sama zai nemi tabbaci kafin shigar da kowane kunshin akan tsarinku. Idan kana son shigar da fakitoci ta atomatik ba tare da tambayar wani tabbaci ba, yi amfani da zabin -y kamar yadda aka nuna a kasa misali.
# yum -y install firefox
Don cire kunshin kwata-kwata tare da duk abin dogaron su, kawai gudanar da wannan umarnin kamar yadda aka nuna a kasa.
# yum remove firefox Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Setting up Remove Process Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package firefox.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos set to be erased --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ==================================================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size ==================================================================================================== Removing: firefox i686 10.0.6-1.el6.centos @updates 23 M Transaction Summary ==================================================================================================== Remove 1 Package(s) Reinstall 0 Package(s) Downgrade 0 Package(s) Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Erasing : firefox-10.0.6-1.el6.centos.i686 1/1 Removed: firefox.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos Complete!
Haka kuma umarnin da ke sama zai nemi tabbaci kafin cire kunshin. Don kashe saurin tabbatarwa kawai ƙara zaɓi -y kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa.
# yum -y remove firefox
Bari mu ce kuna da tsohuwar sigar kunshin MySQL kuma kuna son ɗaukaka ta zuwa sabuwar sigar sabuntawa. Kawai aiwatar da umarnin mai zuwa zai warware duk matsalolin masu dogaro da kai tsaye ya girka su.
# yum update mysql Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Dependencies Resolved ============================================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size ============================================================================================================ Updating: vsftpd i386 2.0.5-24.el5_8.1 updates 144 k Transaction Summary ============================================================================================================ Install 0 Package(s) Upgrade 1 Package(s) Total size: 144 k Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Updating : vsftpd 1/2 Cleanup : vsftpd 2/2 Updated: vsftpd.i386 0:2.0.5-24.el5_8.1 Complete!
Yi amfani da aikin jerin don bincika takamaiman kunshin tare da suna. Misali don bincika kunshin da ake kira openssh, yi amfani da umarnin.
# yum list openssh Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirror.neu.edu.cn * epel: mirror.neu.edu.cn * extras: mirror.neu.edu.cn * rpmforge: mirror.nl.leaseweb.net * updates: mirror.nus.edu.sg Installed Packages openssh.i386 4.3p2-72.el5_6.3 installed Available Packages 4.3p2-82.el5 base
Don yin binciken ku ya zama daidai, ayyana sunan kunshin tare da sigar su, in har kun sani. Misali don bincika takamaiman sigar openssh-4.3p2 na kunshin, yi amfani da umarnin.
# yum list openssh-4.3p2
Idan baku manta da ainihin sunan kunshin ba, to amfani da aikin bincike don bincika duk fakitin da ake da su don dacewa da sunan kunshin da kuka ayyana. Misali, don bincika duk fakitin da suka dace da kalmar.
# yum search vsftpd Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirror.neu.edu.cn * epel: mirror.neu.edu.cn * extras: mirror.neu.edu.cn * rpmforge: mirror.nl.leaseweb.net * updates: ftp.iitm.ac.in ============================== Matched: vsftpd ======================== ccze.i386 : A robust log colorizer pure-ftpd-selinux.i386 : SELinux support for Pure-FTPD vsftpd.i386 : vsftpd - Very Secure Ftp Daemon
Ka ce kana son sanin bayanin wani kunshi kafin girka shi. Don samun bayanan kunshin kawai bayar da umarnin da ke ƙasa.
# yum info firefox
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirror.neu.edu.cn
* epel: mirror.neu.edu.cn
* extras: mirror.neu.edu.cn
* rpmforge: mirror.nl.leaseweb.net
* updates: ftp.iitm.ac.in
Available Packages
Name : firefox
Arch : i386
Version : 10.0.6
Release : 1.el5.centos
Size : 20 M
Repo : updates
Summary : Mozilla Firefox Web browser
URL : http://www.mozilla.org/projects/firefox/
License : MPLv1.1 or GPLv2+ or LGPLv2+
Description: Mozilla Firefox is an open-source web browser, designed for standards
: compliance, performance and portability.Don jera duk samfuran da ke akwai a cikin bayanan Yum, yi amfani da umarnin da ke ƙasa.
# yum list | less
Don lissafa duk abubuwanda aka sanya akan tsarin, kawai fito da umarnin kasa, zai nuna duk abubuwanda aka sanya.
# yum list installed | less
Yum yana ba da aiki ana amfani dashi don nemo wane kunshin takamaiman fayil ɗin nasa. Misali, idan kuna son sanin sunan kunshin da ke da /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf.
# yum provides /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf Loaded plugins: fastestmirror httpd-2.2.3-63.el5.centos.i386 : Apache HTTP Server Repo : base Matched from: Filename : /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf httpd-2.2.3-63.el5.centos.1.i386 : Apache HTTP Server Repo : updates Matched from: Filename : /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf httpd-2.2.3-65.el5.centos.i386 : Apache HTTP Server Repo : updates Matched from: Filename : /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf httpd-2.2.3-53.el5.centos.1.i386 : Apache HTTP Server Repo : installed Matched from: Other : Provides-match: /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
Don nemo fakitin shigarwar kunne da yawa akan tsarin ku suna da abubuwan sabuntawa, don bincika amfani da wannan umarni.
# yum check-update
Don kiyaye tsarinka na yau da kullun tare da duk matakan tsaro da abubuwan sabuntawar binary, gudanar da umarnin mai zuwa. Zai girka duk sabbin faci da sabunta tsaro ga tsarin ka.
# yum update
A cikin Linux, ana haɗa adadin fakitoci zuwa rukuni na musamman. Maimakon shigar da fakitin mutum tare da yum, zaka iya shigar da rukunin musamman waɗanda zasu girka duk abubuwan haɗin da ke cikin ƙungiyar. Misali don lissafa duk kungiyoyin da ke akwai, kawai bayar da umarni mai zuwa.
# yum grouplist Installed Groups: Administration Tools DNS Name Server Dialup Networking Support Editors Engineering and Scientific FTP Server Graphics Java Development Legacy Network Server Available Groups: Authoring and Publishing Base Beagle Cluster Storage Clustering Development Libraries Development Tools Eclipse Educational Software KDE (K Desktop Environment) KDE Software Development
Don shigar da takamaiman rukunin kunshin, muna amfani da zaɓi azaman rukuni-rukuni. Misali misali, don shigar da “MySQL Database“, kawai aiwatar da umarnin da ke ƙasa.
# yum groupinstall 'MySQL Database' Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================================= Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================================= Updating: unixODBC i386 2.2.11-10.el5 base 290 k Installing for dependencies: unixODBC-libs i386 2.2.11-10.el5 base 551 k Transaction Summary ================================================================================================= Install 1 Package(s) Upgrade 1 Package(s) Total size: 841 k Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Installing : unixODBC-libs 1/3 Updating : unixODBC 2/3 Cleanup : unixODBC 3/3 Dependency Installed: unixODBC-libs.i386 0:2.2.11-10.el5 Updated: unixODBC.i386 0:2.2.11-10.el5 Complete!
Don sabunta kowane kunshin rukunin da aka girka, kawai gudanar da wannan umarni kamar yadda aka nuna a kasa.
# yum groupupdate 'DNS Name Server' Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================================================ Updating: bind i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 updates 981 k bind-chroot i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 updates 47 k Updating for dependencies: bind-libs i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 updates 864 k bind-utils i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 updates 174 k Transaction Summary ================================================================================================================ Install 0 Package(s) Upgrade 4 Package(s) Total size: 2.0 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Updating : bind-libs 1/8 Updating : bind 2/8 Updating : bind-chroot 3/8 Updating : bind-utils 4/8 Cleanup : bind 5/8 Cleanup : bind-chroot 6/8 Cleanup : bind-utils 7/8 Cleanup : bind-libs 8/8 Updated: bind.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 bind-chroot.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 Dependency Updated: bind-libs.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 bind-utils.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 Complete!
Don share ko cire duk wani rukunin da aka girka daga tsarin, kawai yi amfani da umarnin da ke ƙasa.
# yum groupremove 'DNS Name Server' Dependencies Resolved =========================================================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size =========================================================================================================== Removing: bind i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 installed 2.1 M bind-chroot i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 installed 0.0 Transaction Summary =========================================================================================================== Remove 2 Package(s) Reinstall 0 Package(s) Downgrade 0 Package(s) Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Erasing : bind 1/2 warning: /etc/sysconfig/named saved as /etc/sysconfig/named.rpmsave Erasing : bind-chroot 2/2 Removed: bind.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 bind-chroot.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 Complete!
Don lissafa duk damar sarrafa Yum a cikin tsarin ku, yi amfani da zaɓi na gaba.
# yum repolist repo id repo name status base CentOS-5 - Base enabled: 2,725 epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 5 - i386 enabled: 5,783 extras CentOS-5 - Extras enabled: 282 mod-pagespeed mod-pagespeed enabled: 1 rpmforge RHEL 5 - RPMforge.net - dag enabled: 11,290 updates CentOS-5 - Updates enabled: 743 repolist: 20,824
Umurnin mai zuwa zai nuna duk abubuwan da aka kunna da nakasassu a cikin tsarin.
# yum repolist all repo id repo name status C5.0-base CentOS-5.0 - Base disabled C5.0-centosplus CentOS-5.0 - Plus disabled C5.0-extras CentOS-5.0 - Extras disabled base CentOS-5 - Base enabled: 2,725 epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 5 - i386 enabled: 5,783 extras CentOS-5 - Extras enabled: 282 repolist: 20,824
Don shigar da takamaiman kunshin daga takamaiman ajiyar ko ajiyar wurin ajiya, dole ne ku yi amfani da -enablerepo zaɓi a cikin umarnin yum. Misali don Shigar da kunshin PhpMyAdmin 3.5.2, kawai aiwatar da umurnin.
# yum --enablerepo=epel install phpmyadmin Dependencies Resolved ============================================================================================= Package Arch Version Repository Size ============================================================================================= Installing: phpMyAdmin noarch 3.5.1-1.el6 epel 4.2 M Transaction Summary ============================================================================================= Install 1 Package(s) Total download size: 4.2 M Installed size: 17 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: phpMyAdmin-3.5.1-1.el6.noarch.rpm | 4.2 MB 00:25 Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Installing : phpMyAdmin-3.5.1-1.el6.noarch 1/1 Verifying : phpMyAdmin-3.5.1-1.el6.noarch 1/1 Installed: phpMyAdmin.noarch 0:3.5.1-1.el6 Complete!
Yum utility yana ba da harsashi na al'ada inda zaku iya aiwatar da umarni da yawa.
# yum shell Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Setting up Yum Shell > update httpd Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.sin3.sg.voxel.net * epel: ftp.riken.jp * extras: mirrors.sin3.sg.voxel.net * updates: mirrors.sin3.sg.voxel.net Setting up Update Process >
Ta hanyar tsoho yum yana adana duk bayanan kunshin bayanan da aka sanya a cikin/var/cache/yum/tare da kowane karamin kundin adireshi, don tsabtace duk fayilolin da aka adana daga maɓallin da aka kunna, kuna buƙatar gudanar da wannan umarni akai-akai don tsabtace duk cache kuma ku tabbata cewa babu wani abu mara amfani da sarari yake amfani dashi. Ba mu so mu ba da umarnin da ke ƙasa, saboda muna son adana bayanan yadda yake.
# yum clean all
Don duba duk ma'amaloli da suka gabata na umarnin yum, kawai amfani da umarni mai zuwa.
# yum history
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
ID | Login user | Date and time | Action(s) | Altered
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 | root | 2012-08-11 15:19 | Install | 3
9 | root | 2012-08-11 15:11 | Install | 1
8 | root | 2012-08-11 15:10 | Erase | 1 EE
7 | root | 2012-08-10 17:44 | Install | 1
6 | root | 2012-08-10 12:19 | Install | 2
5 | root | 2012-08-10 12:14 | Install | 3
4 | root | 2012-08-10 12:12 | I, U | 13 E<
3 | root | 2012-08-09 13:01 | Install | 1 >
2 | root | 2012-08-08 20:13 | I, U | 292 EE
1 | System | 2012-08-08 17:15 | Install | 560
history listMunyi ƙoƙari mu rufe dukkan abubuwan yau da kullun don inganta umarnin yum tare da misalan su. Idan wani abu mai alaƙa da umarnin yum na iya rasa. Da fatan za a sabunta mu ta akwatin mu na sharhi. Don haka, muna ci gaba da sabunta iri ɗaya dangane da karɓar ra'ayoyin da aka karɓa.