LFCA: Koyi Darussan Hanyar Adireshin IP na Yanar Gizo - Sashe na 11

A cikin Sashe na 10 na ajin adiresoshin IP kuma ya ba da misalai na azuzuwan IP da aka saba amfani da su. Koyaya, wannan kawai bayyani ne kuma a wannan ɓangaren, zamu zurfafa da zurfafa fahimta kuma zamu sami ƙarin fahimta game da kewayon magance IP da yawan rundunoni da hanyoyin sadarwar kowane aji na IP.

Kundin adiresoshin IP

Akwai manyan azuzuwan adiresoshin IP guda 3 waɗanda za'a iya tsara su a teburin da ke ƙasa:

Bari mu bi ta wannan jere jere.

Class A yana da zangon adireshi daga 0.0.0.0 zuwa 127.255.255.255. Tsoffin kayan masarufi shine 255.0.0.0. Wannan yana nuna cewa ana amfani da rago 8 na farko don adreshin cibiyar sadarwa yayin da sauran rago 24 aka tanada don adreshin mai masaukin.

Koyaya, mafi ƙanƙan hagu koyaushe 0. Sauran ragowa 7 an keɓance su don sashin hanyar sadarwa. Sauran ragowa 24 aka tanada don adiresoshin mai masaukin baki.

Sabili da haka, don lissafin adadin hanyoyin sadarwa, zamuyi amfani da dabara:

2⁷ - 2 = hanyoyin sadarwa 126. Muna rage 2 saboda 0 da 127 an keɓance ID na cibiyar sadarwa.

Hakanan, don lissafin rundunonin muna amfani da dabara da aka nuna. Muna rage 2 saboda adireshin hanyar sadarwa 0.0.0.0 da adireshin watsa labarai 127.255.255.255 ba ingantattun adiresoshin IP bane.

2²⁴ - 2 = 16,777,214 

Class B yana da zangon adireshi na 128.0.0.0 zuwa 191.255.255.255. Tsoffin kayan masarufi na 255.255.0.0. Da kyau, za mu sami rarar hanyar sadarwa 16 daga octets 2 na farko.

Koyaya, mafi ƙanƙan ragowa sune 1 da 0 kuma wannan ya bar mana da rarar cibiyar sadarwa 14 kawai.

Don haka, don yawan hanyoyin sadarwa, muna da:

2¹⁴  = 16384

Don adiresoshin mai masauki, muna da:

2¹⁶ - 2 = 65,534

Class C yana da zangon IP na 192.0.0.0 zuwa 223.255.255.255 tare da tsoho mai rufe fuska na 255.255.255.0. Wannan yana nuna cewa muna da ragoyon cibiyar sadarwa 24 da ragojin karbar bakuncin 8.

Koyaya, farawa daga hagu, muna da ragowa 3 waɗanda sune 1 1 0. Idan muka debe ragowar 3 daga cikin ragin sadarwar 24, zamu ƙare da rago 21.

Don haka, don cibiyoyin sadarwa, muna da:

2²¹  = 2,097, 152

Don adiresoshin mai masauki, muna da

2⁸ - 2 = 254

Adireshin IP da Jama'a IP

Duk adiresoshin IPv4 ana iya rarraba su azaman adiresoshin Jama'a ko Masu zaman kansu IP. Bari mu bambanta su biyu.

Adiresoshin IP masu zaman kansu adiresoshin da aka sanya su ga masu masaukin baki tare da hanyar sadarwar Yanki (LAN). Runduna a cikin LAN suna amfani da adiresoshin IP na sirri don sadarwa da juna. Kowane mai masauki yana samun adreshin IP na musamman daga na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa

Da ke ƙasa akwai kewayon adiresoshin IP masu zaman kansu:

10.0.0.0      –      10.255.255.255 
172.16.0.0    –      172.31.255.255 
192.168.0.0   –      192.168.255.255

Duk wani abu a waje da wannan zangon shine adireshin IP na jama'a wanda zamu duba ba da daɗewa ba.

Adireshin IP ɗin jama'a an sanya su akan intanet. Yawanci, ISP ɗinka (Mai ba da Intanet) yana sanya muku adireshin IP na jama'a. An tsara IP ɗin jama'a zuwa adiresoshin IP masu zaman kansu a cikin LAN ɗinku tare da taimakon NAT, takaice don Fassarar Adireshin Yanar Gizo. NAT na taimaka wa rundunoni masu yawa a cikin hanyar sadarwar Yanki don amfani da adireshin IP na Jama'a ɗaya don samun damar intanet

Tunda ISP ɗinku aka sanya muku IP ɗin jama'a, yana jan hankalin kowane wata, sabanin adiresoshin IP masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka ba da su ta hanyar hanyar komputa. Pearfin IP ɗin jama'a na duniya ne. Adiresoshin IP na jama'a suna ba da dama ga albarkatun kan layi kamar yanar gizo, sabobin FTP, sabobin yanar gizo da ƙari mai yawa.

Don sanin IP ɗin da kuke amfani da shi, kawai buɗe burauz ɗinku da binciken Google 'menene adireshin IP ɗina'. Danna kan jerin hanyoyin haɗin da aka ba da shawarar don bayyana adireshin IP ɗinku na jama'a.

Misalan adireshin IP ɗin jama'a sun haɗa da:

13.25.8.5.63
3.8.45.96
102.65.48.133
193.150.65.156

Samfurin TCP/IP: Layer & Protocol

Samfurin TCP/IP shine samfurin ra'ayi na Layer 4 wanda ke ba da saitin dokoki da ladabi na sadarwa waɗanda ake amfani dasu a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar komputa da kan intanet. Yana ba da hango yadda yaduwar bayanai ke gudana a cikin kwamfuta

Layi hudu kamar yadda aka nuna:

• Layer Aikace-aikace
• Jirgin Ruwa
• Layer Intanet
• Tsarin Yanar Gizo

Don samun kyakkyawan gani, a ƙasa samfurin TCP/IP ne.

Bari mu sami kyakkyawar fahimtar abin da ke faruwa a kowane layi.

Wannan shi ne mafi mahimmanci na asali a cikin tsarin TCP/IP. Yana ƙayyade yadda ake aika bayanai ta hanyar sadarwa a zahiri. Yana bayyana yadda watsa bayanai ke faruwa tsakanin na'urorin sadarwa guda biyu. Wannan Layer ya dogara ne akan kayan aikin da ake amfani dasu.

Anan, zaku sami igiyoyin watsa bayanai kamar su Ethernet/Twisted couple cables da Fiber.

Layer ta biyu ita ce Layer din Intanet. Yana da alhakin watsawa na hankali na fakitin bayanai akan hanyar sadarwa. Allyari, yana ƙayyade yadda ake aika bayanai da karɓa ta intanet. A cikin layin intanet, zaku sami manyan ladabi guda 3:

• IP - Kamar yadda wataƙila kuka hango, wannan yana tsaye ne don Yarjejeniyar Intanet. Yana isar da fakiti na bayanai daga asalin zuwa ga mai masaukin makoma ta hanyar amfani da adiresoshin IP. Kamar yadda muka tattauna a baya, IP yana da nau'i biyu - IPv4 da Ipv6.
• ICMP - Wannan gajerun kalmomi ne don Yarjejeniyar Saƙon Sadarwar Intanet. Ana amfani dashi don bincika da gano matsalolin cibiyar sadarwa. Kyakkyawan misali shine lokacin da kake ping mai masaukin nesa don bincika ko za'a iya samunsa. Lokacin da kake gudanar da umarnin ping, sai ka aika da amsa kuwwa na ICMP ga mai masaukin don duba ko ya tashi.
• ARP - Wannan a takaice ne don ƙudirin yarjejeniyar magancewa. Yana bincika adireshin kayan aikin mai masauki daga adireshin ip ɗin da aka bayar.

Wannan shimfidar tana da alhakin sadarwar ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe da kuma isar da fakiti mai ɓata kuskure daga mai masauki zuwa wani. Layer jigilar kayayyaki ta ƙunshi ladabi guda biyu masu mahimmanci.

• TCP - Short for Transmission Control Protocol, TCP yana ba da amintaccen kuma sadarwa mara kyau tsakanin masu masaukin baki. Yana rarrabawa kuma yana aiwatar da jerin fakiti na bayanai. Hakanan yana gano kuskuren kuskure kuma daga baya ya sake canza fasalin da ya lalace.
• UDP - Wannan shine Yarjejeniyar Bayanin Mai amfani. Yarjejeniyar da ba ta da alaƙa ce kuma ba ta samar da amintacce da haɗin lahani kamar yarjejeniyar TCP. Aikace-aikacen da ba sa buƙatar watsawa abin dogara ana amfani dashi galibi.

A ƙarshe, muna da takaddun Aikace-aikacen. Wannan shine saman-mafi yawan Layer wanda ke samar da ladabi waɗanda aikace-aikacen software ke amfani dasu don hulɗa da su. Akwai wadatattun ladabi a kan wannan shimfidar, duk da haka, mun lissafa ladabi da aka fi amfani da su da lambobin tashar tashar jirgin ruwa daidai.

Ana amfani da ƙirar TCP/IP galibi don magance matsalar cibiyar sadarwa kuma wani lokacin ana kwatanta shi da ƙirar OSI wanda ƙirar 7 ce mai shimfiɗa kuma wacce zamu rufe a cikin ɓangaren magance matsala.

Wannan ya kunsa jerin hanyoyin sadarwar masarufi. Fatan mu ne cewa kun sami fahimta ta asali.