LFCA: Koyi Binary da Lambobin Goma a cikin hanyar sadarwa - Sashe na 10
A Sashe na 9 na abubuwan yau da kullun na magance IP. Don ƙarin fahimtar adireshin IP, muna buƙatar mai da hankali sosai ga waɗannan nau'ikan wakilcin adireshin IP - binary da decimal-dotted quad notation. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, Adireshin IP shine lambar bin-32-bit wanda yawanci ana wakiltar shi a cikin tsari na goma don sauƙin karantawa.
Tsarin binary yana amfani ne da lambobi 1 da 0. Wannan kawai shine tsarin da kwamfutarka ke fahimta kuma ta inda ake aika bayanai zuwa ga hanyar sadarwa.
Koyaya, don sanya adireshin mutum-mai iya karantawa. Ana isar da shi cikin tsari mai dige-dige wanda daga baya kwamfutar zata rikide zuwa tsarin binary. Kamar yadda muka fada a baya, Adireshin IP yana da octets 4. Bari mu rarraba adireshin IP ɗin 192.168.1.5.
A tsarin dits-decimal, 192 shine octet na farko, 168 shine octet na biyu, 1 shine na uku, kuma na karshe, 5 shine octet na huɗu.
A cikin tsarin binary adireshin IP yana wakiltar kamar yadda aka nuna:
11000000 => 1st Octet 10101000 => 2nd Octet 00000001 => 3rd Octet 00000101 => 4th Octet
A cikin binary, kaɗan na iya zama ko a kashe. 'On' bit yana wakiltar 1 yayin da aka kashe bit yana wakiltar 0. A cikin tsarin goma,
Don isa zuwa lambar goma, ana aiwatar da jimlar duk lambar binary zuwa ƙarfin 2. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana ba ku darajar matsayi na kowane ɗan abu a cikin octet. Misali, ƙayyadaddun adadi na 1 yayi daidai da binary 00000001.
A cikin tsari mafi kyau, ana iya wakiltar wannan kamar yadda aka nuna.
2º = 1 = 00000001 2¹ = 2 = 00000010 2² = 4 = 00000100 2³ = 8 = 00001000 2⁴ = 16 = 00010000 2⁵ = 32 = 00100000 2⁶ = 64 = 01000000 2⁷ = 128 = 10000000
Bari muyi ƙoƙari mu canza adireshin IP a cikin tsari mai ɗigo-dalla-dalla zuwa binary.
Canza Tsarin Goma zuwa Binary
Bari mu dauki misalinmu na 192.168.1.5. Don canzawa daga decimal zuwa binary, zamu fara daga hagu zuwa dama. Ga kowane ƙima a cikin tebur, muna tambaya, shin za ku iya rage darajar da ke cikin tebur daga ƙimar adadi a cikin adireshin IP. Idan amsar itace 'EH' mun rubuta '1'. Idan amsar ita ce 'A'A', za mu sanya sifili.
Bari mu fara da octet na farko wanda yake 192. Shin zaku iya rage 128 daga 192? Amsar ita ce babbar 'EH'. Saboda haka, zamu rubuta 1 wanda yayi daidai da 128.
192-128 = 64
Za a iya rage 64 daga 64? Amsar ita ce 'EH'. Sake, mun rubuta ƙasa 1 wanda yayi daidai da 64.
64-64 = 0 Tunda mun rage darajar adadi, mun sanya 0 ga sauran ƙimomin.
Don haka, adadin adadi na 192 an fassara shi zuwa binary 11000000. Idan ka ƙara kimar da ta dace da 1s a cikin tebur ɗin ƙasa, za ka ƙare da 192. Wannan shi ne 128 + 64 = 192. Yana da ma'ana daidai?
Bari mu ci gaba zuwa octet na biyu - 168. Shin za mu iya rage 128 daga 168? EE
168-128 = 40
Na gaba, za mu iya rage 64 daga 40? A'A. Don haka, muna sanya 0.
Muna matsawa zuwa ƙimar ta gaba. Shin za mu iya cire 32 daga 40?. EE Mun sanya darajar 1.
40 - 32 = 8
Na gaba, za mu iya rage 18 daga 8? A'A. Mun sanya 0.
Na gaba, za mu iya cire 8 daga 8? EE Mun sanya darajar 1.
8-8 = 0
Tunda mun gama ƙimar ƙimar mu, Jehovah zai sanya 0s ga sauran ƙimomin da ke cikin tebur kamar yadda aka nuna.
Daga qarshe, adadi na 168 ya fassara zuwa tsarin binary 10101000. Bugu da ƙari, idan kuka taƙaita ƙimomin adadi daidai da 1s a layin ƙasa za ku ƙare da 168. Wannan shi ne 128 + 32 + 8 = 168.
Ga octet na uku, muna da 1. Lambar kawai a teburin mu wanda zamu iya cirewa gaba ɗaya daga 1 shine 1. Don haka, zamu sanya darajar 1 zuwa 1 akan teburin kuma ƙara siffofin da suka gabata kamar yadda aka nuna.
Don haka darajar adadi na 1 yayi daidai da binary 00000001.
A ƙarshe, muna da 5. Daga teburin, lambar kawai da za mu iya cirewa gaba ɗaya daga 5 ya fara daga 4. Duk ƙimomin da ke hannun hagu za a sanya su 0.
Shin za mu iya rage 4 daga 5? EE Mun sanya 1 zuwa 4.
5-4 = 1
Na gaba, za mu iya rage 1 daga 2? A'A. Mun sanya darajar 0.
A ƙarshe, za mu iya rage 1 daga 1? EE Mun sanya 1.
Adadin adadi na 5 yayi daidai da binary 00000101.
A karshen, muna da wadannan tuba.
192 => 11000000 168 => 10101000 1 => 00000001 5 => 00000101
Don haka, 192.168.1.5 ya fassara zuwa 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000101 a cikin hanyar binary.
Fahimtar Maɓallin netunƙwasa/Cibiyoyin Sadarwa
Mun bayyana a baya cewa kowane mai masauki a cikin hanyar sadarwar TCP/IP yakamata ya sami adireshin IP na musamman, wanda a mafi yawan lokuta ana amfani da shi ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar amfani da yarjejeniyar DHCP. Yarjejeniyar DHCP, (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) sabis ne wanda ke ba da adireshin IP ga masu masaukin baki a cikin hanyar sadarwar IP.
Amma ta yaya zaku iya sanin wane ɓangare na IP aka keɓe don sashin hanyar sadarwar kuma wane ɓangare ke samuwa don amfani da tsarin mai masaukin? Wannan shine inda mashin din subnet ko mashin hanyar sadarwa ya shigo.
Subnet ƙarin componentari ne ga adireshin IP wanda ke rarrabe hanyar sadarwa da ɓangaren mai karɓar hanyar sadarwar ku. Kamar dai adireshin IP, subnet adireshin 32-bit ne kuma ana iya rubuta shi a cikin tsari na goma ko na binary.
Dalilin subnet shine zana iyaka tsakanin ɓangaren hanyar sadarwar adireshin IP da mai karɓar bakuncin. Ga kowane yanki na adireshin IP, subnet ko netmask sun ba da ƙima.
Ga ɓangaren hanyar sadarwar, yana kunna bit kuma ya sanya darajar 1, Ga mai karɓar bakuncin, yana kashe bit ɗin kuma yana ba da ƙimar 0. Saboda haka duk ragin da aka saita zuwa 1 ya dace da ragowa a cikin adireshin IP wanda ke wakiltar ɓangaren hanyar sadarwar yayin da duk ragowar da aka saita zuwa 0 ya dace da rarar IP ɗin da ke wakiltar adireshin mai masaukin.
Babban abin rufe fuska da ake amfani dashi shine Kundin tsarin C wanda yake 255.255.255.0.
Tebur da ke ƙasa yana nuna masks na cibiyar sadarwa a cikin adadi da binary.
Wannan ya kunshi sashi na 2 na tsarin sadarwar mu na yau da kullun. Mun rufe adamawa zuwa sauya IP na binaryar IP, masks na subnet, da tsoffin mashinan mashigai don kowane aji na adireshin IP.