LFCA: Koyi Ka'idojin Adireshin IP na Yanar Gizo - Sashe na 9


A cikin babinmu na baya na dawo da bayanan sadarwar masu amfani kamar su adireshin IP ɗinku, mashin ɗin jirgin ƙasa, buɗe tashoshi da ƙari mai yawa.

A cikin duniyar da ke da alaƙa, cibiyoyin sadarwa suna da babbar rawa wajen haɓaka sadarwa mara kyau, samun bayanai, da raba fayil. Saboda cibiyoyin sadarwar kwamfuta, zaka iya bincika imel ɗinka, sayan tikitin jirgi, da zazzage fayiloli.

Don ƙarin fahimtar cibiyoyin sadarwar kwamfuta, zamu ci gaba da ɗaukar matakai masu zuwa.

  • Nuna asalin fahimtar adireshin IP.
  • Binary da decimal dotted quad notation.
  • Fahimci mashin ɗin Subnet.
  • Fahimci azuzuwan daban-daban na adireshin IP &\"dotted quad".
  • Bambanci tsakanin Adireshin IP da Jama'a IP.
  • Tsarin TCP/IP. Samu kyakkyawar fahimtar tashar TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) mashigai & sabis misali mashigai 21, 22, 53, 80, 110 da ƙari sosai.

Fahimtar Tushen Adireshin IP a cikin Linux

Ofayan mafi mahimmancin ra'ayi a cikin TCP/IP shine magance IP. Don haka, menene adireshin IP? Adireshin IP, mai sauƙin IP, lambar bin-32-bit ce wacce aka sanya wa na'urar sarrafa kwamfuta kamar PC, Tablet, ko wayo a cikin hanyar sadarwar IP.

Ana iya sanya shi ta hanyar amfani da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ta hanyar amfani da yarjejeniyar DHCP ko kuma aka tsara ta da hannu ta mai amfani da Linux ko kuma mai gudanar da tsarin. Adireshin IP shine mai ganowa na musamman wanda ke bawa mai gida damar ganowa a cikin hanyar sadarwar gida (LAN) da kuma intanet. Adireshin IP adireshin software ne kuma ba wuya a kan PC, sabanin adireshin MAC wanda ke hade da katin haɗin cibiyar sadarwa.

Kafin mu ci gaba, bari mu bincika wasu mahimman ra'ayoyin waɗanda zasu taimaka muku don samun kyakkyawar fahimtar yarjejeniyar Intanet.

  • Bit - Wannan lambobi ne guda ɗaya, waɗanda aka wakilta kamar 1 ko 0.
  • Baiti - Wannan tarin ko jerin ragowa 8. 1 byte = rago 8.
  • Octet - Octet ya ƙunshi rago 8 ko baiti 1.

Adireshin IP ya kasu kashi 4 ko baiti. Kowace mahada tana da rago 8, saboda haka 1 octet = rago 8.

Kamar yadda za a iya kwatanta adireshin IP ta hanyoyi masu zuwa:

  • A matsayin dot-decimal. Misali 192.168.1.5.
  • A matsayin binary, kamar yadda yake a cikin 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000101.
  • Matsayi ne na darajar hexadecimal: c0.a8.01.05.

Duk bayanan da aka ambata suna wakiltar adireshin IP ɗin ɗaya. Koyaya, a mafi yawan lokuta, ba safai ake amfani da tsarin na hexadecimal don wakiltar adiresoshin IP ba, sabili da haka, za mu mai da hankali kan sifofin farko guda biyu: masu ɗum-digo-goma da kuma binary.

Adiresoshin IP za a iya rarraba su zuwa biyu:

Adireshin IPv4 (IP version 4) Adireshin IP shine lambar 32-bit wacce aka rarraba cikin 4 octets. Kowane mahaɗa yana da rago 8 wanda za'a iya wakilta ko dai azaman ɗigo-dalla-dalla ko tsarin binary.

Misalan adiresoshin IPv4 sun haɗa da:

10.200.50.20
172.16.0.20
192.168.1.5

Adireshin IPv4 za'a iya rarraba shi zuwa azuzuwan 5:

Class 	A 
Class 	B
Class 	C
Class 	D 
Class 	E 

Koyaya, kawai za mu rufe azuzuwan 3 na farko - Class A, B, da C - waɗanda galibi ake amfani da su a cikin tsarin karɓar baƙi. Sauran azuzuwan sun fi ƙarfin wannan takaddun shaida. Class D ana amfani dashi don yawancin abubuwa kuma E galibi don bincike da dalilai na gwaji.

Bari mu fara da Class A. Wannan shine babban alfahari na aji 16,777,216 IP adiresoshin da za'a iya sanya su ga rundunonin da kuma mafi ƙarancin adadin hanyoyin sadarwar da aka ba su waɗanda 126 ne ta tsohuwa.

Abu na gaba, muna da Class B wanda ke da lamba ta biyu mafi girman adadin adiresoshin IP waɗanda sune 65,534 da kuma hanyoyin sadarwar da aka ba da dama ta hanyar tsoho.

Aƙarshe, muna da Class C wanda shine ƙarami aji wanda ke samar da adireshin IP 254 mai yuwuwa da cibiyoyin sadarwar 2,097,152 da aka basu ta tsohuwa.

Zamu dawo kan ajin adiresoshin IPv4 daga baya.

Ya bambanta da adreshin IPv4, adireshin IPv6 yana amfani da ragowa 128 akan 32-bits a cikin IPv4. Ana wakilta a cikin tsarin hexadecimal tare da kowane hexadecimal wanda ya ƙunshi rago 4.

Adireshin IPv6 ya kasu kashi 8, kowannensu yana da lambobi hexadecimal 4. Misali na adireshin IPv6 an nuna:

2041:130f:0000:3f5d:0000:0000:875a:154b

Ana iya kara sauƙaƙa wannan kamar haka. Ana maye gurbin manyan siffofin ta cikakken colon sau biyu kamar yadda aka nuna.

2041:130f::3f5d::875a:154b

An kirkiro adiresoshin IPv6 don maye gurbin adiresoshin IPv4 wanda, a cewar masana, ba da daɗewa ba zasu ƙare. Mafi girman adadin ragowa zai haɓaka sararin adireshin sosai. Har yanzu ba mu kai ga wannan batun ba kuma za mu fi maida hankali kan adiresoshin IPv4.

Adireshin IP ya kasu kashi biyu: Babban ɓangaren cibiyar sadarwa da ɓangaren mai masaukin baki. A cikin adreshin IP mai sauƙi na 192.168.1.5 tare da mashin mai ƙyama ko maƙallan net 25k (255.255.255.0) kason da aka sanya don karɓar bakuncin inji a kan hanyar sadarwarka. Kowane mai masaukin baki yana karɓar IP na musamman, daban da sauran amma yana ba da adireshin cibiyar sadarwar ɗaya tare da sauran rundunonin a cikin hanyar sadarwa ɗaya.

192.168. 1       5
Network part	Host part

Wannan ya ƙare kashi na farko na jerin sadarwar mu. Mun riga mun bayyana abin da adireshin IP yake, an goge shi a kan nau'ikan adiresoshin IP da manyan nau'ikan adiresoshin IP- IPv4 da IPv6. A cikin sashe na gaba, za mu nutse cikin binar da adimal quad notation.