LFCA: Yadda ake Sarrafa fakitin software a cikin Linux - Sashe na 7

Wannan labarin shine Sashi na 7 na jerin LFCA, a nan a wannan ɓangaren, zaku sanar da kanku game da ƙa'idodin tsarin gudanarwa na gaba ɗaya don gudanar da fakitin software a cikin tsarin Linux.

A matsayinka na mai gudanar da tsarin, za a dora maka nauyin kula da fakitin software. Wannan ya hada da girkawa, daukakawa, da cirewa ko cirewa daga cikin tsarin.

Akwai fakiti iri biyu a cikin tsarin Linux:

Binary packages: Waɗannan suna ƙunshe da fayilolin daidaitawa, aiwatarwa, shafukan mutum tsakanin sauran takardu. Don Debian, fakitin binary suna da .deb fayil mai tsawo. Don Red Hat, fakitin binary suna ɗauke da fayil na .rpm. An cire fakitin binary ta amfani da Debian mai amfani rpm don .rpm fakitin binary kamar yadda zamu gani nan gaba.
Bayanin tushe: Tushen tushe shine fayil dinda aka matse wanda ya ƙunshi lambar tushe na aikace-aikacen, taƙaitaccen bayanin kunshin, da umarni kan yadda ake gina aikace-aikacen.

Rarraba Linux daban-daban suna da manajan kunshin su kuma anan, zamu duba iyalai Linux 2: Debian da Red Hat.

Gudanar da Kayan Debian

Debian tana samar da APT (Advanced Package Manager) azaman hanyar magance kunshin gaba ta ƙarshe. Yana da amfani mai amfani da layin umarni mai ƙarfi wanda ke aiki tare da manyan ɗakunan karatu kuma yana ba ku damar saukarwa, girkawa, sabuntawa da cire fakitoci daga tsarinku.

Idan kuna zuwa daga muhallin Windows, kun saba amfani da shi don zazzage kunshin .exe daga mai siyar da software kuma kuna gudanar da shi akan tsarinku ta amfani da Wizard na shigarwa.

A cikin Linux, shigar da aikace-aikace ya bambanta. An sauke kayan software kuma an shigar dasu daga rumbunan intanet ta amfani da mai sarrafa kunshin. An bayyana jerin wuraren ajiya a cikin fayil din /etc/apt/sources.list da /etc/sources.list.d.

A kan rarrabuwa na tushen Debian, ana amfani da mai sarrafa kunshin APT don saukarwa da shigar da fakiti daga wuraren ajiya na kan layi. Ba wai kawai yana shigar da kunshin ba amma har ma abubuwan dogaro da buƙatun suke buƙata

Ana ba da shawarar koyaushe don sabunta wuraren ajiya a cikin fayil ɗin /etc/apt/sources.list kafin shigar da kowane kunshin. Don cimma wannan, gudanar da umarnin:

$ sudo apt update

Don shigar da kunshin software, yi amfani da rubutun:

$ sudo apt install package_name

Misali, don shigar da sabar yanar gizo ta Apache, gudanar da umurnin:

$ sudo apt install apache2

Don bincika samfuran a cikin wuraren ajiya, yi amfani da rubutun:

$ apt search package_name

Misali, don bincika samuwar kunshin da ake kira neofetch, gudanar da umarnin:

$ apt search neofetch

Don nuna ƙarin bayani game da kunshin, yi amfani da umarnin dacewa kamar haka.

$ apt show package_name

Misali, don bayyana ƙarin bayani game da kunshin neofetch, gudu:

$ apt show neofetch

Don haɓaka abubuwan kunshin da aka sanya akan tsarin ku gudanar da umurnin:

$ sudo apt upgrade

Don cire kunshin software, faɗi apache2 gudu umarnin:

$ sudo apt remove apache2

Don cire kunshin tare da fayilolin sanyi amfani da zaɓin tsarkakewa kamar yadda aka nuna.

$ sudo apt purge apache2

Manajan Kunshin Dpkg

Rarraba Linux mai tushen Debian kuma suna ba da manajan kunshin dpkg. Wannan manajan kunshin ƙananan matakin ne wanda ke ɗaukar fakitin binary waɗanda basa buƙatar kowane abin dogaro yayin shigarwa. Idan dpkg ya gano cewa fayil ɗin kunshin binary yana buƙatar masu dogaro, yana ba da rahoton dogaro da tsayarwa.

Don shigar da kunshin daga fayil .deb yi amfani da umarnin dpkg kamar haka:

$ sudo dpkg -i package.deb

Misali, don girka kunshin AnyDesk daga fayil ɗin Debian da aka nuna, aiwatar da:

$ sudo dpkg -i anydesk_6.1.0-1_amd64.deb
OR
$ sudo dpkg --unpack  anydesk_6.1.0-1_amd64.deb

Don bincika idan an shigar da kunshin, gudanar da umurnin:

$ sudo dpkg -l anydesk

Don cire kunshin, yi amfani da zaɓi -r kamar yadda aka nuna:

$ sudo dpkg -r anydesk

Don cire kunshin tare da duk fayilolin saitin sa, yi amfani da zaɓi -P don tsarkake duk fayilolin da suka haɗa da kunshin.

$ sudo dpkg -P anydesk

YUM/DNF da RPM Gudanar da Kunshin

Manajan fakitin YUM na zamani, wanda shine mai gudanar da kayan aiki na zahiri don tsofaffin sifofin rarraba Red Hat Linux kamar RedHat da CentOS 7.

Kamar APT, ana amfani da masu kula da kunshin DNF ko YUM don girka fakiti daga wuraren ajiya na kan layi.

Don shigar da kunshin, yi amfani da rubutun:

$ sudo dnf install package-name
OR
$ sudo yum install package-name (For older versions)

Misali, don shigar da kunshin Apd httpd, gudanar da umurnin:

$ sudo dnf install httpd
OR
$ sudo yum install httpd

Hakanan zaka iya bincika kasancewar fakiti daga wuraren ajiya kamar haka:

$ sudo dnf search mariadb

Don sabunta duk fakiti zuwa sabon sigar da suka aiwatar:

$ sudo dnf update 
OR
$ sudo yum  update

Don cire gudun kunshin:

$ sudo dnf remove package_name
OR
$ sudo yum remove  package_name

Misali, don cire kunshin httpd, gudu

$ sudo dnf remove httpd
OR
$ sudo yum remove httpd

Manajan Kunshin RPM

Manajan kunshin rpm shine wani kayan aikin kunshin bude-tushen kayan aiki don sarrafa kunshin binar .rpm akan rarraba RedHat Linux. Kamar dai APT package manager rpm yana sarrafa fakitin binary.

Don shigar da aikace-aikace ta amfani da fayil .rpm , yi amfani da rubutun da ke ƙasa:

$ sudo rpm -i package_name

Misali, don shigar da aikace-aikacen AnyDesk daga fayil ɗin .rpm da aka nuna, kunna umarnin:

$ sudo rpm -i anydesk-6.1.0-1.el8.x86_64.rpm

Don tabbatar ko bincika kasancewar aikace-aikacen software akan tsarinku yi amfani da rubutun:

$ sudo rpm -q package_name

Misali, don bincika idan an shigar Anydesk, gudanar da umurnin:

$ sudo rpm -q anydesk

Don bincika duk fakitin software na yanzu, yi amfani da umarnin:

$ sudo rpm -qa

Don cire kunshin ta amfani da umarnin rpm yi amfani da rubutun:

$ sudo rpm -e package_name

Misali:

$ sudo rpm -e anydesk

Apt, dpkg, rpm, dnf, da yum umarni sune kayan aikin layin umarni masu amfani waɗanda zasu iya taimaka maka girka, sabuntawa da cire fakitin software akan tsarin Linux ɗin ka.