Yadda ake Sanya LMDE 5 “Elsie” Edition na Cinnamon
Linux Mint yana ɗaya daga cikin rarraba Linux tebur mafi girma a yau. Linux Mint shine rarrabawar tushen Ubuntu wanda ke nufin zama rarraba mai amfani da gida wanda ke da sleek, mai tsabta kuma yana ba da damar dacewa da kayan aikin da yawa. Duk waɗannan an haɗa su tare da ƙungiyar ci gaba wanda ke ƙoƙarin ci gaba da rarraba rarraba a cikin yanayin gaba.
Duk da yake babban fitowar Linux Mint (LM Cinnamon, LM Mate, da LM Xfce) sun dogara ne akan Ubuntu, akwai bambance-bambancen da ba a san shi ba wanda ke samun babban ci gaba a cikin shekaru biyun da suka gabata. Tabbas, Linux Mint Debian Edition shine bambance-bambancen kuma batun wannan koyawa.
Kamar babban sigar Linux Mint, LMDE yana samuwa a cikin bugun Cinnamon kawai. A halin yanzu, LMDE 5 “Elsie” ita ce sabuwar barga ta saki wacce ta dogara akan jerin tsarin aiki na Debian 11 \Bullseye.
Wannan yana nufin cewa Linux Mint Debian Edition 5 ana tafiyar da shi ne ta tsarin Linux 5.10 LTS kernel da ke tallafawa na dogon lokaci, wanda za a tallafa shi har zuwa Oktoba 2023. A saman wannan, ya zo tare da duk aikace-aikacen da fakitin da ke cikin Linux Mint 20.3 \. Una saki.
Shigar da Linux Mint Debian Edition 5 “Elsie”
1. Mataki na farko don shigar da LMDE 5, shine samun fayil ɗin ISO daga gidan yanar gizon Linux Mint. Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar zazzagewar http kai tsaye ko ta hanyar wget daga ƙirar layin umarni.
- Zazzage LMDE 5 Edition na Cinnamon
Wannan zai sauka a shafi inda dole ne a zaɓi tsarin gine-ginen CPU da yanayin tebur. Allon na gaba zai sa mai amfani ya nemi madubi don sauke hoton daga ko rafi don amfani.
Ga waɗanda suka riga sun san cewa LMDE5 64-bit Cinnamon na su ne, jin daɗin amfani da umarnin wget mai zuwa:
# cd ~/Downloads # wget -c https://mirrors.layeronline.com/linuxmint/debian/lmde-5-cinnamon-64bit.iso
Dokokin da ke sama za su canza zuwa babban fayil ɗin zazzagewar mai amfani na yanzu sannan a ci gaba da zazzage fayil ɗin iso daga madubi. Ga waɗanda ke karatu a wajen ƙasar, da fatan za a ziyarci mahaɗin zazzagewa a cikin sakin layi na sama don nemo madubi da ke kusa don saukewa cikin sauri!
2. Da zarar an sauke ISO, ko dai za a buƙaci a ƙone shi zuwa DVD ko kuma a kwafe shi a kan kebul na USB. Hanyar da aka fi so kuma mafi sauƙi don yin shi a kan faifan USB ta amfani da waɗannan kayan aikin ƙirƙirar USB masu amfani. Fil ɗin zai buƙaci ya zama aƙalla girman 4GB don dacewa da hoton ISO kuma yana buƙatar cire duk bayanan daga cikinsa.
Idan kana so ka ƙirƙiri kebul na USB mai bootable ta hanyar layin umarni, bi umarnin masu zuwa…
GARGADI!!! Matakan da ke biyowa za su sa duk bayanan da ke kan kebul na USB ba za su iya karantawa ba! Yi amfani da haɗarin ku.
3. Yanzu da disclaimer ya ƙare, buɗe taga layin umarni kuma saka kebul na USB a cikin kwamfutar. Da zarar an shigar da drive ɗin cikin kwamfutar, ana buƙatar tantance mai gano ta. Ana iya cika wannan tare da umarni daban-daban kuma yana da mahimmanci sosai don samun daidai. An ba da shawarar cewa mai amfani ya yi haka:
- Bude taga layin umarni.
- Ba da umarni: lsblk
- Ka lura da waɗanne haruffan tuƙi sun riga sun wanzu (sda, sdb, da sauransu) <- Muhimmanci!
- Yanzu toshe kebul na USB sannan a sake fitowa: lsblk
- Sabuwar wasiƙar da za ta bayyana ita ce na'urar da za a yi amfani da ita
Wannan koyawa /dev/sdc ita ce na'urar da za a yi amfani da ita. Wannan zai bambanta daga kwamfuta zuwa kwamfuta! Tabbatar ku bi matakan da ke sama daidai! Yanzu kewaya zuwa babban fayil ɗin zazzagewa a cikin CLI sannan ana amfani da abin amfani da ake kira 'dd' za a yi amfani da shi don kwafi hoton ISO zuwa kebul na USB.
GARGADI!!! Bugu da ƙari, wannan tsari zai sa duk bayanan da ke kan wannan kebul ɗin ba za su iya karantawa ba. Tabbatar cewa an adana bayanan kuma an ƙayyade sunan tuƙi mai dacewa daga matakan da ke sama. Wannan shine gargaɗin ƙarshe!
# cd ~/Downloads # dd if=lmde-5-cinnamon-64bit.iso of=/dev/sdc bs=1M
Umurnin 'dd' da ke sama zai kwafi fayil ɗin iso zuwa faifan filasha yana sake rubuta duk bayanan da ke kan tuƙi. Wannan tsari kuma zai sa na'urar ta yi bootable.
Maganar magana a nan tana da mahimmanci! Ana gudanar da wannan umarni tare da gata na tushen kuma idan an juyar da shigarwar/fitarwa, zai zama mummunan rana. Sau uku duba umarni, tushen, da na'urori masu zuwa kafin buga maɓallin shigar!
'dd' ba zai fitar da wani abu ga CLI don nuna cewa yana yin wani abu amma kada ku damu. Idan kebul na USB yana da alamar LED lokacin da ake rubuta bayanai, duba shi kuma duba ko yana walƙiya da sauri akan na'urar. Wannan ita ce kawai alamar cewa wani abu zai faru.
4. Da zarar ‘dd’ ya gama, a amince cire kebul ɗin kebul ɗin kuma sanya shi cikin injin da za a shigar da LMDE5 a ciki, sannan a buga na’urar zuwa kebul na USB. Idan komai ya yi kyau, allon ya kamata ya kunna menu na Linux Mint grub sannan ya shiga cikin allon da ke ƙasa!
Taya murna an ƙirƙiri LMDE5 kebul ɗin bootable mai nasara kuma yanzu yana shirye don aiwatar da tsarin shigarwa. Daga wannan allon, danna alamar 'Shigar Linux Mint' akan tebur a ƙarƙashin babban fayil 'gida'. Wannan zai kaddamar da mai sakawa.
5. Mai sakawa baya buƙatar sa amma ana ba da shawarar sosai cewa kwamfutar tana da ikon AC da haɗin kai da haɗin Intanet don fakitin software. Allon farko zai zama allo na waje. Anan ya kamata a zaɓi yare, ƙasa, da shimfidar madannai.
6. Mataki na gaba shine ƙirƙirar mai amfani mara tushe. Sabanin shigarwar Debian na gargajiya, LMDE zai ƙirƙiri mai amfani mara tushe kuma ya ba su damar 'sudo' kai tsaye daga jemage.
Wannan na iya zama sananne ga waɗanda suka yi amfani da Ubuntu ko Linux Mint na al'ada. Cika bayanan mai amfani da suka dace, tabbatar da cewa sabbin kalmomin shiga sun dace kuma a saka kowane ɗayan zaɓuɓɓukan da ake so.
7. Mataki na gaba shine tsarin rarraba, inda za ku ga zaɓuɓɓuka biyu - Automated Installation da Manual Partitioning.
- Shigarwa ta atomatik – sashi ɗaya mai sauƙi don/(tushen) al'ada ce mai karɓuwa ga yawancin masu amfani.
- Rarraba Manual - raba/(tushen), gida, da musanyawa ɓangarorin ƙwararrun masu amfani ne suka ƙirƙira su.
Don wannan shigar, an yi amfani da tsarin rarraba mai zuwa akan wannan kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ta amfani da zaɓin Rarraba Manual.
- /tushen – 20G
- /gida – 25G
- swap – 4G
8. Don cim ma wannan aikin, mai sakawa yana ba da damar yin amfani da editan 'gparted' ta hanyar zaɓar 'Edit Partitions' a kusurwar dama ta ƙasa. Abin takaici, wannan koyawa yana da tsayi kamar yadda yake kuma ƙarin rarraba shine batun wani labarin.
LMDE yana tsammanin mai amfani ya ƙirƙiri ɓangarori kuma ya gaya wa mai sakawa wurin da ya dace. A ƙasa akwai sassan da aka ƙirƙira don wannan tsarin.
9. Yanzu mai sakawa yana buƙatar gaya wa kowane partition ɗin Linux ɗin zai yi amfani dashi. Danna sau biyu akan ɓangaren (s) kuma tabbatar da zaɓar wurin da ya dace.
Ga yawancin masu amfani da gida/lokacin farko, ƙirƙirar bangare ɗaya da saita shi ya zama/(tushen) ya wadatar. Kar ka manta da barin ɗan sarari na rumbun kwamfutarka don musanyawa ko da yake!
10. Da zarar an gama partitioning, mataki na gaba zai tambayi inda za a saka GRUB (Grand Unified Bootloader). GRUB yana da alhakin nunawa da loda kernel na Linux lokacin da kwamfutar ta fara kuma don haka yana da mahimmanci! Tun da wannan shine kawai tsarin aiki akan wannan kwamfutar, za a shigar da grub zuwa wurin da aka saba da '/ dev/sda'.
11. Bayan wannan mataki, LMDE zai fara aiwatar da shigarwa. Dukkanin aikin kwafin fayiloli zuwa HD daga kebul na USB ya ɗauki kusan mintuna 10 akan wannan tsohuwar kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ta Toshiba.
Mai sakawa zai sa ya sake kunna tsarin lokacin da shigarwa ya cika! Ci gaba kuma sake farawa lokacin da aka nuna faɗakarwa. Tabbatar cire kebul na USB shima lokacin da aka sa shi don kada ya sake tayar da kebul ɗin.
VOILA! LMDE5 Elsie yana gudanar da yanayin tebur na kirfa!
Keɓancewa na Linux Mint Debian Edition 5
12. Yanzu da aka shigar da LMDE5, lokaci ya yi da za a fara tsarin daidaitawa! Wannan yana ƙare tsarin shigarwa. Matakan da ke biyowa misalai ne kawai na yadda ake yin wasu ayyuka na gama gari don sanya LMDE Cinnamon ya zama mai sauƙin amfani da kuma shigar da wasu ƙarin kayan aiki.
Aiki na farko ya kamata koyaushe ya kasance don bincika ma'ajiyar duk wani abu da ƙila an ƙara tun lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri hoton ISO. A cikin LMDE, ana iya amfani da madaidaicin mai amfani don cika aikin kawo tsarin zamani.
$ sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade
Wannan kwamfutar tana da ƴan updates don girka lokacin da aka aiwatar da umarnin da ke sama wanda a ƙarshe ya ƙare don samun sarari kyauta akan rumbun kwamfutarka!
Yayin gudanar da waɗannan sabuntawar, ɗayan fakitin (daidaita allo) zai sa mai amfani ya sake zaɓar shimfidar madannai. Da zarar wannan tsari ya ƙare, lokaci yayi da za a ƙara ƙarin software!
13. Abubuwan amfani na yau da kullun (wanda aka fi so) waɗanda ke sanya farkon shigarwa akan sabbin tsarin sun haɗa da: Wutar Wuta mara wahala, da ClamAV.
Terminator shiri ne na harsashi wanda ke da wasu fasalulluka masu amfani kamar tsagawar tasha da bayanan martaba da yawa. UFW kayan aiki ne wanda ke sa sarrafa IPTables (ginin tacewar ta kernel) mafi sauƙi.
A ƙarshe, ClamAV shine kayan aikin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta na kyauta wanda za'a iya shigar da shi a baya kamar yawancin tsarin AV. Umurnin shigar duka ukun abu ne mai sauqi qwarai.
$ sudo apt install terminator ufw clamav-daemon
Ya kamata wannan matakin ya tafi lafiya. Koyaya, akwai matsala tare da ClamAV amma yana da sauƙin warwarewa. Tsarin, bayan shigar da clamav daemon (sabis), yana da batutuwan ƙoƙarin gano sa hannun ƙwayoyin cutar ClamAV sannan kuma ya kasa sabunta sa hannun tare da amfanin 'freshclam'. Hoton da ke ƙasa yakamata ya fayyace abin da aka samu.
14. Domin gyara wannan batu kuma a fara tsarin AV, ba da umarni mai zuwa tare da samun damar Intanet don sabunta sa hannun ClamAV da hannu kuma sake kunna sabis na AV.
$ sudo freshclam $ sudo service clamav-daemon restart
Don tabbatar da cewa sabis ɗin ClamAV da gaske ya fara aikin 'ps' za a iya amfani da shi don neman tsarin.
$ ps ax | grep clamd
Babban layi a cikin fitarwa yana tabbatar da cewa ClamAV yana gudana.
15. Yanki na ƙarshe don yin LMDE ɗan ɗan adam mai amfani shine gajerun hanyoyin keyboard. Ana amfani da waɗannan sau da yawa don hanzarta ayyukan gama gari ko ƙaddamar da aikace-aikace. Ƙirƙirar gajeriyar hanyar madannai a cikin LMDE5 abu ne mai sauƙi.
Da farko, ƙaddamar da menu na mint ta hanyar danna shi tare da linzamin kwamfuta ko danna maɓalli mai girma (maɓallin Windows). Sannan rubuta maballin a cikin binciken da ke saman menu na Mint.
Da zarar kayan aikin madannai ya buɗe, nemo shafin 'Gajerun hanyoyin keyboard', zaɓi shi, sannan a cikin shafi na hagu, nemo zaɓin menu na 'Custom Gajerun hanyoyin'.
Yanzu danna maɓallin 'Ƙara Gajerun Hanya' zai ba da izinin ƙirƙirar gajeriyar hanya ta al'ada. Ɗaya daga cikin gajerun hanyoyi masu fa'ida don ƙirƙira shine don kayan aikin hoto waɗanda ƙila za a buƙaci a ƙaddamar da su tare da tushen gata.
Akwai mai amfani mai amfani da ake kira 'su-to-root' wanda ke ba mai amfani damar ƙaddamar da hanzari don faɗakar da kalmar sirri ta sudo sannan ya ƙaddamar da mai amfani tare da tushen gata. Bari mu yi tafiya ta ɗan gajeren misali ta amfani da 'su-to-root' a haɗe tare da abin amfani da aka sani da 'bleachbit'.
Ccleaner a cikin duniyar Windows. Wasu daga cikin matatun da Bleachbit za a iya saita su za su share wuraren da ke kan tsarin da ke buƙatar gata na tushen. Don haka ba tare da ƙarin jin daɗi ba, bari mu saita gajeriyar hanya don ƙaddamar da 'Bleachbit' ta amfani da 'su-to-root'.
Danna maballin 'Ƙara Gajerun Hanya'. Wannan zai haifar da faɗakarwa ga sabon kayan aikin da za a ƙaddamar da shi ta hanyar gajeriyar hanya. Sunan gajeriyar hanyar. A wannan yanayin, za a kira shi 'Bleachbit as Tushen'. Sannan a cikin filin umarni umarnin 'su-to-root -X -c bleachbit' yana buƙatar shigar da shi.
Wannan shine umarnin da gajeriyar hanyar madannai za ta yi aiki idan an danna. 'Su-to-root -X' yana nuna cewa tsarin zai ƙaddamar da X11 (wanda aka fi sani da kayan aikin hoto) sannan kuma '-c bleachbit' yana nuna cewa aikace-aikacen hoto da za a ƙaddamar shine Bleachbit.
Da zarar an buga umarnin, danna maɓallin ƙara. Sabuwar umarnin gajerar hanya yakamata ta cika lissafin a cikin taga 'gajerun hanyoyin allo'. A ƙasan wannan taga akwai yankin 'Keyboard Bindings'. Hana sabuwar hanyar gajeriyar hanyar sannan danna rubutun 'Ba a sanyawa' ba.
Rubutun zai canza zuwa 'Zaɓi Accelerator'. Wannan yana nufin ɗaukar gajeriyar hanyar madannai don kunna wannan umarni. Idan an zaɓi wani abu wanda aka riga aka zaɓa, tsarin zai ba da gargaɗi. Da zarar babu wani rikici, gajeriyar hanyar madannai tana shirye don amfani!
Wannan ya ƙare wannan shigarwa da ƙananan gyare-gyare na sabon Linux Mint Debian Edition - Elsie. Ƙungiyar Mint ta Linux ta yi kyakkyawan aiki na shirya LMDE don babban saki na biyar kuma wannan sabon sakin tabbas zai faranta wa duk wanda ke son gwada sabon rarraba!