Hanyoyi 30 don Tabbatar da Fayilolin Kanfigareshan ko Rubutu a cikin Linux
Duban tsarin haɗin kai da/ko gwaji muhimmin mataki ne don aiwatarwa bayan yin canje-canje zuwa fayil ɗin daidaitawar aikace-aikacen ko sabis ko ma bayan gudanar da sabuntawa. Wannan yana taimakawa rage yuwuwar gazawar sabis ɗin saboda kurakuran daidaitawa.
Yawancin aikace-aikace/shirye-shirye ko jigilar daemon sabis tare da umarni don bincika fayilolin daidaitawa don daidaiton daidaitawa. Mun haɗa jerin aikace-aikacen gama gari da ayyuka akan tsarin Linux da yadda ake gwada ko tabbatar da fayilolin sanyinsu.
Lura: Yi amfani da idan ba a shigar da ku akan sabar azaman tushen mai amfani ba, ku tuna amfani da umarnin sudo a inda ya cancanta yayin kiran umarni saboda wasu ayyuka suna gudana tare da tushen gata, kuma bincika fayilolin sanyi suna buƙatar izini mai amfani.
1. Sudo Command
Kuna iya duba tsarin tsarin fayil ɗin sudo ta amfani da umarnin visudo, wanda ke goyan bayan --check ko -c zaɓin layin umarni don tabbatar da fayil kawai ba tare da gyara ba. Zaɓin -f yana nuna saƙon kuskure kuma yana buɗe fayil ɗin don gyarawa:
# visudo -c /etc/sudoers OR # visudo -c /etc/sudoers.d/my_config OR # visudo -f /etc/sudoers.d/my_config
2. Rubutun Bash
Kuna iya duba rubutun Bash don kurakuran syntax kamar haka:
# bash -n /path/to/scriptname.sh
3. Rubutun Perl
Don duba rubutun Perl don kurakuran haɗin gwiwa, yi amfani da umarni mai zuwa:
# perl -c /path/to/scriptname
4. Fayilolin Na'ura mai Tsari
Umurnin \systemd-analyze verify yana ba da damar gwada fayil ɗin naúrar tsarin don kurakurai. Yana loda fayilolin naúrar kuma yana buga faɗakarwa idan an gano wasu kurakurai.
Ta hanyar tsoho, yana ɗora fayilolin da aka ƙayyade akan layin umarni azaman hujja, da duk wasu raka'o'in da aka ambata:
# systemd-analyze verify /etc/systemd/system/test.service
5. Buɗe uwar garken SSH
Don bincika ingancin fayil ɗin sanyi na sshd da tsaftar maɓallan, ba da umarni mai zuwa. Don bincika takamaiman fayil ɗin sanyi, saka shi ta amfani da alamar -f:
# sshd -t
6. NGINX Web Server
Don bincika fayil ɗin sanyi na NGINX, gudanar da umarnin nginx tare da alamar -t. Don tantance fayil ɗin sanyi na daban, yi amfani da tutar -c:
# nginx -t OR # nginx -t -c /etc/nginx/conf.d/example.com.conf
7. PHP-FPM
Don bincika fayil ɗin sanyi na php-fpm, gudanar da umarni mai zuwa. Lura cewa kiran alamar -t sau biyu (-tt) yana haifar da jujjuya tsarin kafin fita:
# php-fpm -t OR # php-fpm -tt
8. Apache Web Server
Kuna iya bincika fayil ɗin sanyi na sabar yanar gizo ta Apache ta amfani da umarni mai zuwa:
# apachectl configtest
A madadin, zaku iya amfani da umarni masu zuwa akan rarraba tushen RedHat:
# httpd -t
Akan rarraba tushen Debian, gudanar:
# apache2ctl -t
9. HAProxy TCP/HTTP Load Balancer
Ana iya gwada daidaitawar HAProxy ta amfani da umarni mai zuwa inda zaɓin -f ya ƙayyade fayil ɗin kuma -c yana ba da damar yanayin gwaji:
# haproxy -f /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg -c
10. Lighttpd HTTP Server
Gudun umarni mai zuwa don gwada daidaitawar fayil ɗin daidaitawar Lighttpd. Zaɓin layin umarni na -t yana bawa Lighttpd damar gwada tsohuwar fayil ɗin daidaitawa don kurakuran daidaitawa da fita. Yi amfani da tutar -f don tantance fayil ɗin daidaitawa na al'ada:
# lighttpd -t OR # lighttpd -t -f /path/to/config/file
11. Apache Tomcat
Tomcat uwar garken gidan yanar gizo yana ba da damar bincika ainihin tsarin daidaitawa. Da farko, matsa cikin kundin shigarwa na tomcat kuma ba da umarni mai zuwa:
# ./bin/catalina.sh configtest OR # $TOMCAT_HOME/bin/catalina.sh configtest
12. Pound Reverse Proxy
Kuna iya tantance fayil ɗin sanyi na uwar garken Pound kafin fara sabar. Gudun umarnin fam ɗin tare da alamar -c ba tare da wata gardama ba don bincika tsohuwar fayil ɗin sanyi. Kuna iya ƙayyade fayil ɗin sanyi na daban ta amfani da zaɓin layin umarni -f:
# pound -c OR # pound -f /path/to/config/file -c
13. Varnished HTTP Accelerator
Don bincika madaidaicin fayil ɗin VCL (Varnish Configuration Language) don kowane kurakurai, yi amfani da umarni mai zuwa. Idan komai yayi kyau, varnish zai zubar da tsarin da aka samar, in ba haka ba, zai nuna takamaiman lambar layi a cikin fayil ɗin wanda ke da kuskure:
# varnishd -C OR # varnishd -f /etc/varnish/default.vcl -C
14. Squid Proxy Caching Server
Don wuce fayil ɗin sanyi na squid don uwar garken caching proxy na Squid, ba da umarni mai zuwa. Zaɓin -k tare da parse ko debug subcommands, gaya wa squid daemon don rarraba fayil ɗin sanyi ko kunna yanayin gyara bi da bi:
# squid -k parse # squid -k debug
15. Caddy Web Server
Don fallasa kowane kurakurai a cikin saitunan uwar garken gidan yanar gizo na Caddy, ba da umarni mai zuwa. Na farko yana duba saitunan tsoho, a madadin, yi amfani da --config zaɓin layin umarni don tantance fayil ɗin sanyi:
# caddy validate OR # caddy validate --config /path/to/config/file
16. vsftpd FTP Server
Gudun umarni mai zuwa don gwada fayil ɗin sanyi don uwar garken FTP vsftpd:
# vsftpd OR # vsftpd -olisten=NO /path/to/vsftpd.testing.conf
17. DHCPD Server
Gudanar da umarnin dhcpd tare da alamar -t don bincika tsarin daidaitawar sabar dhcpd:
# dhcpd -t OR # dhcpd -t -cf /path/to/dhcpd.conf
18. MySQL Database Server
Yi amfani da umarni mai zuwa don gwada tsarin daidaita fayilolin uwar garken bayanan MySQL. Bayan gudanar da umarnin, idan babu kurakurai, uwar garken yana ƙare tare da lambar fita na 0, in ba haka ba, yana nuna saƙon bincike kuma yana ƙare tare da lambar fita na 1:
# mysqld --validate-config
19. MariaDB Database Server
Irin wannan umarnin da aka yi amfani da shi don uwar garken bayanai na MariaDB kuma yana aiki don duba tsarin tsarin fayil ɗin uwar garken bayanan Mariadb:
# mysqld --validate-config
20. PostgreSQL Server
Hoton hoto mai zuwa yana nuna kuskure a cikin fayil ɗin sanyi na PostgreSQL.
Don gano irin wannan kuskuren, canza zuwa asusun mai amfani da bayanai na postgres kuma sami damar harsashin psql. Sannan gudanar da umarni don gano kurakurai a cikin fayil ɗin daidaitawar ku:
postgres=# select sourcefile, name,sourceline,error from pg_file_settings where error is not null;
21. Nagios Monitoring Tool
Don tabbatar da saitin Nagios ɗin ku, gudanar da umarnin nagios tare da alamar -v.
# nagios -v /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg
22. Kula da Kayan aiki
Gudanar da umarnin monit tare da alamar -t don yin rajistan syntax don tsohuwar fayil ɗin sarrafa Monit. Kuna iya ƙayyade takamaiman fayil ɗin sarrafawa, yi amfani da tutar -c:
# monit -t OR # monit -t -c path/to/control/file
23. Postfix Mail Server
Umurnin da ke gaba zai taimaka maka duba fayilolin sanyi na Postfix don kurakuran daidaitawa.
# postfix check
Wannan umarni na biyu ya fi na farko magana a baki:
# postfix -vvv
24. Dovecot IMAP Server
Duba tsarin daidaitawar uwar garken Dovecot IMAP ta amfani da umarnin doveconf. Zai fita tare da lambar kuskuren sifili idan duk yana da kyau, in ba haka ba, yana fita tare da lambar kuskure mara sifili kuma yana nuna saƙon kuskure:
# doveconf 1>/dev/null # echo $?
25. Samba File Server
Kuna iya bincika fayil ɗin daidaitawar uwar garken fayil ɗin Samba ta amfani da umarni mai zuwa:
# testparm -v
26. Syslogd/Rsyslogd
Lokacin da kuka kira umarnin rsyslod tare da zaɓin -N1, zai ba da damar yanayin gyara kuskure sannan kuma yana bincika fayil ɗin sanyi na tsoho don kurakuran daidaitawa. Yi amfani da tutar -f don karanta fayil ɗin daidaitawa na al'ada:
# rsyslogd -N1
27. DNS (BIND) Server
Kuna iya bincika fayil ɗin sanyi mai suna DNS kamar haka:
# named-checkconf /etc/named.conf
28. NTP - Sadarwar Time Protocol
Za a iya gwada tsarin daidaitawar ntpd ta amfani da umarni mai zuwa, inda alamar -d ke ba da damar yanayin gyara kurakurai, -f yana ƙayyadad da sunan fayil ɗin drift mita, da -n yana nufin babu cokali mai yatsa:
# ntpd -d -f /etc/ntp.conf -n
29. OpenStack-Mai yiwuwa
Gudun umarni mai zuwa don bincika tsarin tsarin fayil ɗin OpenStack mai yiwuwa:
# openstack-ansible setup-infrastructure.yml --syntax-check
30. Ragowa
Don gyara fayil ɗin daidaitawar logroate (kayan aikin jujjuya log), gudanar da umarnin logrotate tare da zaɓi na -d kuma saka fayil ɗin sanyi:
# logrotate -d /etc/logrotate.d/nginx
Wannan shine abin da muka samu a gare ku a cikin wannan jagorar. Raba ra'ayoyin ku tare da mu ko yi tambayoyi ta hanyar amsawar da ke ƙasa. Hakanan zaka iya raba ƙarin misalan yadda ake bincika tsarin daidaita kowane aikace-aikacen ko sabis ɗin da ba a jera su anan ba. Da farin ciki za mu ƙara misalan ku ga jagorar.