Shigar da Cikakken Sabar Saƙo tare da Postfix da Webmail a cikin Debian 9
Wannan koyawa za ta jagorance ku kan yadda ake girka da kuma daidaita cikakkiyar sabar saƙo tare da Postfix a cikin sakin Debian 9. Hakanan zai rufe yadda ake saita akwatunan wasiku na asusu ta amfani da Dovecot don dawo da rubuta wasiku ta hanyar ka'idar IMAP. Masu amfani za su yi amfani da Rainloop Webmail interface a matsayin wakilin mai amfani da wasiku don sarrafa wasiku.
- Ƙarancin Shigarwa na Debian 9
- Adireshin IP na tsaye wanda aka saita don mahallin cibiyar sadarwa
- Sunan yanki ko na jama'a masu rijista.
A cikin wannan koyawa za mu yi amfani da asusun yanki mai zaman kansa don saitin sabar sabar da aka saita ta hanyar /etc/hosts file kawai, ba tare da wani sabar DNS da ke da hannu wajen sarrafa ƙudurin DNS ba.
Mataki 1: Tsarin Farko don Sabar Sabis ta Postfix akan Debian
1. A mataki na farko, shiga cikin injin ku tare da asusun da ke da tushen gata ko kai tsaye tare da tushen mai amfani kuma tabbatar da tsarin Debian ɗin ku ya sabunta tare da sabbin abubuwan tsaro da software da fakiti, ta hanyar ba da umarni mai zuwa.
# apt-get update # apt-get upgrade
2. A mataki na gaba shigar da wadannan software kunshe-kunshe da za a yi amfani da tsarin management, ta hanyar ba da umarni mai zuwa.
# apt-get install curl net-tools bash-completion wget lsof nano
3. Na gaba, buɗe fayil /etc/host.conf don gyarawa tare da editan rubutu da kuka fi so kuma ƙara layin da ke gaba a farkon fayil ɗin domin ƙudurin DNS don karanta fayil ɗin runduna farko.
order hosts,bind multi on
4. Na gaba, saitin FQDN na'urar ku kuma ƙara sunan yankinku da tsarin FQDN ɗin ku zuwa /etc/hosts file. Yi amfani da adireshin IP na tsarin ku don warware sunan yankin da FQDN kamar yadda aka kwatanta a hoton da ke ƙasa.
Sauya adireshin IP da yanki daidai. Bayan haka, sake kunna na'ura don amfani da sunan mai masauki yadda ya kamata.
# hostnamectl set-hostname mail.linux-console.net # echo "192.168.0.102 linux-console.net mail.linux-console.net" >> /etc/hosts # init 6
5. Bayan sake yi, tabbatar idan an daidaita sunan mai masaukin daidai ta hanyar ba da jerin umarni masu zuwa. Ya kamata a mayar da sunan yankin, FQDN, sunan mai masauki da adireshin IP na tsarin ta umarnin sunan mai masauki.
# hostname # hostname -s # hostname -f # hostname -A # hostname -i # cat /etc/hostname
6. Hakanan, gwada idan yankin yana amsa tambayoyin gida daidai ta hanyar ba da umarni na ƙasa. Ku sani cewa yankin ba zai sake kunnawa zuwa tambayoyin nesa da wasu tsarin ke bayarwa a cikin hanyar sadarwar ku ba, saboda ba ma amfani da sabar DNS.
Koyaya, yankin yakamata ya amsa daga wasu tsarin idan kun ƙara sunan yankin da hannu zuwa kowane fayil ɗin su /etc/hosts. Hakanan, ku sani cewa ƙudurin DNS don yankin da aka ƙara zuwa/sauransu/fayilolin runduna ba zai yi aiki ta hanyar tono umarni ba.
# getent ahosts mail.linux-console.net # ping linux-console.net # ping mail.linux-console.net
Mataki 2: Shigar Postfix Mail Server akan Debian
7. Mafi mahimmancin yanki na software da ake buƙata don sabar sabar ta yi aiki yadda ya kamata shine wakilin MTA. MTA software ce da aka gina a cikin gine-ginen abokin ciniki na uwar garken, wanda ke da alhakin canja wurin wasiku tsakanin sabar saƙo.
A cikin wannan jagorar za mu yi amfani da Postfix azaman wakili na aika wasiku. Don shigar da postfix a cikin Debian daga ma'ajiyar hukuma aiwatar da umarni mai zuwa.
# apt-get install postfix
8. A lokacin shigarwa na Postfix za a yi muku jerin tambayoyi. A farkon faɗakarwa, zaɓi zaɓin Gidan Yanar Gizo azaman babban nau'in don daidaitawar Postfix kuma danna maɓallin [shirya] don ci gaba sannan ƙara sunan yankinku zuwa sunan saƙon tsarin, kamar yadda aka kwatanta a cikin hotunan kariyar kwamfuta masu zuwa.
Mataki 3: Sanya Sabar Saƙon Postfix akan Debian
9. Na gaba, madadin babban fayil ɗin sanyi na Postfix kuma saita Postfix don yankinku ta amfani da waɗannan umarni.
# cp /etc/postfix/main.cf{,.backup}
# nano /etc/postfix/main.cf
Yanzu saita saitin Postfix a cikin babban fayil ɗin main.cf kamar yadda aka nuna.
# See /usr/share/postfix/main.cf.dist for a commented, more complete version
smtpd_banner = $myhostname ESMTP
biff = no
# appending .domain is the MUA's job.
append_dot_mydomain = no
readme_directory = no
# See http://www.postfix.org/COMPATIBILITY_README.html -- default to 2 on
# fresh installs.
compatibility_level = 2
# TLS parameters
smtpd_tls_cert_file=/etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem
smtpd_tls_key_file=/etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key
smtpd_use_tls=yes
smtpd_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtpd_scache
smtp_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtp_scache
# See /usr/share/doc/postfix/TLS_README.gz in the postfix-doc package for
# information on enabling SSL in the smtp client.
smtpd_relay_restrictions = permit_mynetworks permit_sasl_authenticated defer_unauth_destination
myhostname = mail.debian.lan
mydomain = debian.lan
alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases
alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases
#myorigin = /etc/mailname
myorigin = $mydomain
mydestination = $myhostname, $mydomain, localhost.$mydomain, localhost
relayhost =
mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8, 192.168.1.0/24
mailbox_size_limit = 0
recipient_delimiter = +
inet_interfaces = all
#inet_protocols = all
inet_protocols = ipv4
home_mailbox = Maildir/
# SMTP-Auth settings
smtpd_sasl_type = dovecot
smtpd_sasl_path = private/auth
smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes
smtpd_sasl_security_options = noanonymous
smtpd_sasl_local_domain = $myhostname
smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_mynetworks,permit_auth_destination,permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
Maye gurbin myhostname, mydomain da mynetworks masu canji don dacewa da tsarin ku.
Kuna iya gudanar da umarnin postconf -n don zubar da babban fayil ɗin sanyi na Postfix da duba kurakurai na ƙarshe, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoton allo na ƙasa.
# postconf -n
10. Bayan duk saitunan suna cikin wuri, sake kunna Postfix daemon don amfani da canje-canje kuma tabbatar da idan sabis ɗin yana gudana ta hanyar dubawa idan sabis na Masterfix na Postfix yana ɗaure akan tashar jiragen ruwa 25 ta hanyar gudanar da umarnin netstat.
# systemctl restart postfix # systemctl status postfix # netstat -tlpn
Mataki 3: Gwada Sabar Saƙon Postfix akan Debian
11. Domin gwada idan postfix zai iya sarrafa aikawar wasiku, fara shigar da kunshin mailutils ta hanyar aiwatar da umarni mai zuwa.
# apt-get install mailutils
12. Bayan haka, ta amfani da layin umarni na mail, aika wasiku zuwa tushen asusun kuma bincika idan an sami nasarar aika wasiƙar ta hanyar ba da umarnin da ke ƙasa don bincika layin saƙo da jera abubuwan da ke cikin tushen gidan Maildir directory.
# echo "mail body"| mail -s "test mail" root # mailq # mail # ls Maildir/ # ls Maildir/new/ # cat Maildir/new/[TAB]
13. Hakanan zaka iya tabbatar ta wace hanya ce aka sarrafa wasiƙar ta hanyar sabis na postfix ta hanyar bincika abubuwan da ke cikin fayil ɗin log ɗin ta ba da umarni mai zuwa.
# tailf /var/log/mail.log
Mataki 4: Shigar kuma Sanya Dovecot IMAP akan Debian
14. Wakilin isar da saƙon da za mu yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan jagorar don isar da saƙonnin imel zuwa akwatunan saƙo na mai karɓa na gida shine Dovecot IMAP. IMAP yarjejeniya ce wacce ke gudana akan tashar jiragen ruwa 143 da 993 (SSL), wacce ke da alhakin karantawa, gogewa ko matsar da wasiku a cikin abokan cinikin imel da yawa.
Ka'idar IMAP kuma tana amfani da aiki tare don tabbatar da cewa an adana kwafin kowane saƙo akan uwar garken kuma yana ba masu amfani damar ƙirƙirar kundayen adireshi da yawa akan uwar garken kuma su matsar wasiku zuwa wannan kundayen adireshi don warware imel.
Wannan ba shine yanayin POP3 ba. Ka'idar POP3 ba za ta ƙyale masu amfani su ƙirƙiri kundayen adireshi da yawa akan sabar don warware wasikunku ba. Kuna da babban fayil ɗin akwatin saƙo mai shigowa don sarrafa wasiku kawai.
Don shigar da uwar garken ainihin Dovecot da kunshin IMAP na Dovecot akan Debian aiwatar da umarni mai zuwa.
# apt install dovecot-core dovecot-imapd
15. Bayan an shigar da Dovecot a cikin tsarin ku, buɗe fayilolin dovecot na ƙasa don yin gyara kuma ku yi canje-canje masu zuwa. Na farko, buɗe fayil /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf, bincika kuma ba da amsa mai zuwa:
listen = *, ::
16. Na gaba, bude /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-auth.conf don gyarawa da gano wuri da canza layin da ke ƙasa don yin kama da a cikin sashin ƙasa.
disable_plaintext_auth = no auth_mechanisms = plain login
17. Buɗe /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-mail.conf fayil kuma ƙara layin da ke gaba don amfani da wurin Maildir maimakon tsarin Mbox don adana imel.
mail_location = maildir:~/Maildir
18. Fayil na ƙarshe don gyara shine /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-master.conf. Anan nemo Postfix smtp-auth block kuma yi canji mai zuwa:
# Postfix smtp-auth
unix_listener /var/spool/postfix/private/auth {
mode = 0666
user = postfix
group = postfix
}
19. Bayan kun yi duk canje-canjen da ke sama, sake kunna Dovecot daemon don yin la'akari da canje-canje, duba matsayinsa kuma tabbatar da idan Dovecot yana ɗaure akan tashar jiragen ruwa 143, ta hanyar ba da umarnin da ke ƙasa.
# systemctl restart dovecot.service # systemctl status dovecot.service # netstat -tlpn
20. Gwada idan uwar garken yana aiki da kyau ta ƙara sabon asusun mai amfani a cikin tsarin kuma yi amfani da telnet ko netcat umarni don haɗawa zuwa uwar garken SMTP kuma aika sabon saƙo zuwa sabon mai amfani, kamar yadda aka kwatanta a cikin sassan ƙasa.
# adduser matie # nc localhost 25 # ehlo localhost mail from: root rcpt to: matie data subject: test Mail body . quit
21. Bincika idan wasiƙar ta isa ga sabon akwatin saƙo na mai amfani ta hanyar jera abubuwan da ke cikin littafin adireshin gida kamar yadda aka nuna a hoton da ke ƙasa.
# ls /home/test_mail/Maildir/new/
22. Hakanan, zaku iya haɗawa zuwa akwatin saƙo na mai amfani daga layin umarni ta hanyar ka'idar IMAP, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin sashin ƙasa. Dole ne a jera sabon wasiku a cikin Akwatin saƙo na mai amfani.
# nc localhost 143 x1 LOGIN matie user_password x2 LIST "" "*" x3 SELECT Inbox x4 LOGOUT
Mataki 5: Shigar kuma Sanya Webmail a cikin Debian
23. Masu amfani za su sarrafa imel ta hanyar Rainloop Webmail abokin ciniki. Kafin shigar da wakilin mai amfani da wasiƙar Rainloop, fara shigar da sabar HTTP Apache da waɗannan nau'ikan PHP masu zuwa waɗanda Rainloop ke buƙata, ta hanyar ba da umarni mai zuwa.
# apt install apache2 php7.0 libapache2-mod-php7.0 php7.0-curl php7.0-xml
24. Bayan an shigar da sabar gidan yanar gizon Apache, canza hanyar shugabanci zuwa /var/www/html/ directory, cire fayil ɗin index.html kuma ba da umarni mai zuwa don shigar da Rainloop Webmail.
# cd /var/www/html/ # rm index.html # curl -sL https://repository.rainloop.net/installer.php | php
25. Bayan an shigar da abokin ciniki na Rainloop Webmail a cikin tsarin, kewaya zuwa adireshin IP na yankin ku kuma shiga cikin Rainloop admin web interface tare da tsoffin takaddun shaida masu zuwa:
http://192.168.0.102/?admin User: admin Password: 12345
26. Kewaya zuwa Domains menu, buga kan Ƙara Domain button kuma ƙara saitunan sunan yankin ku kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoton da ke ƙasa.
27. Bayan kun gama ƙara saitunan yankinku, fita daga Ranloop admin interface kuma ku nuna mai binciken zuwa adireshin IP ɗin ku don shiga abokin ciniki na gidan yanar gizo tare da asusun imel.
Bayan kun yi nasarar shiga cikin saƙon gidan yanar gizo na Rainloop ya kamata ku ga imel ɗin da aka aiko tun farko daga layin umarni cikin babban fayil ɗin Akwatin saƙo.
http://192.168.0.102 User: [email Pass: the matie password
27. Don ƙara sabon batun mai amfani useradd umarni tare da alamar -m don ƙirƙirar kundin adireshin gida mai amfani. Amma, da farko ka tabbata ka saita canjin hanyar Maildir ga kowane mai amfani tare da umarni mai zuwa.
# echo 'export MAIL=$HOME/Maildir' >> /etc/profile # useradd -m user3 # passwd user3
28. Idan kuna son tura duk imel ɗin tushen zuwa takamaiman asusun imel na gida daga tsarin, gudanar da umarnin da ke ƙasa. Duk wasikun da aka tura ko aka ƙaddara zuwa tushen asusun za a tura su zuwa ga mai amfani da wasiku kamar yadda aka nuna a hoton da ke ƙasa.
# echo "root: test_mail" >> /etc/aliases # newaliases
Shi ke nan! Kun yi nasarar shigar da kuma daidaita sabar saƙon saƙon a wuraren ku don masu amfani da gida su yi sadarwa ta imel. Koyaya, wannan nau'in saitin wasikun ba a kiyaye shi ta kowace hanya kuma yana da kyau a tura shi don ƙananan saiti a cikin tsarin da cibiyoyin sadarwa ƙarƙashin cikakken ikon ku.