Shigarwa da Tsarin Arch Linux akan Injin UEFI


Arch Linux shine ɗayan mafi yawan rarrabuwar GNU Linux sakamakon sauƙi da yankewar fakitin software saboda ƙirar Sakinta na Rolling, Arch Linux ba a magana da shi ga masu farawa a duniyar Linux. Hakanan yana ba da rikitaccen mai shigar da layin umarni, ba tare da tallafin Interface ɗin Zane ba. Samfurin shigar da layin umarni yana sa aikin shigar da tsarin ya zama mai sassauci amma kuma yana da matukar wahala ga masu farawa Linux.

A saman duka, Arch Linux yana samar da ma'ajiyar fakitin software ta Pacman Package Manager. Arch Linux kuma yana ba da yanayin Multiarch don gine-ginen CPU daban-daban, kamar 32bit, 64bit, da ARM.

Fakitin software, abin dogaro, da facin tsaro galibi ana sabunta su akai-akai, yana mai da Arch Linux ya zama rarrabuwar kawuna tare da ƴan fakiti masu ƙarfi da aka gwada don yanayin samarwa.

Arch Linux kuma yana kula da AUR - Arch User Repository, wanda shine babban madubin ma'ajiyar software da al'umma ke tafiyar da ita. AUR repo madubin yana ƙyale masu amfani su tattara software daga tushe kuma shigar da su ta hanyar Pacman da Yaourt (Duk da haka Wani Kayan Ajiye Mai Amfani) manajojin fakitin.

Wannan koyaswar tana gabatar da mataki-mataki na tushen tsarin shigarwa na Arch Linux ta hanyar CD/USB hoton bootable akan injunan tushen UEFI. Don wasu gyare-gyare ko cikakkun bayanai ziyarci shafin Arch Linux Wiki na hukuma a https://wiki.archlinux.org.

  1. Zazzage Hoton Arch Linux ISO

Mataki 1: Ƙirƙiri Tsarin Rarraba Disk

1. Da farko, jeka shafin saukar da Arch Linux kuma ka ɗauki sabon hoton CD (watau sigar yanzu mai tsayayye: 2020.05.01), ƙirƙirar CD/USB mai bootable sannan toshe shi a cikin CD ɗinka./kebul na USB.

2. MUHIMMAN MATAKI! Haka kuma, tabbatar da cewa na'urarka tana da na'urar Ethernet da aka toshe a cikin kebul tare da haɗin Intanet kuma an kunna sabar DHCP mai aiki.

3. Bayan CD/USB ya tashi, za a gabatar muku da zaɓukan Arch Linux Installer na farko. Anan, zaɓi Arch Linux archiso x86_64 UEFI CD kuma latsa Shigar  don ci gaba.

4. Bayan mai sakawa ya natsewa ya loda Linux Kernel za a jefar da kai kai tsaye zuwa tashar ta Arch Linux Bash (TTY) tare da tushen gata.

Kyakkyawan mataki yanzu shine lissafin NICs na injin ku kuma tabbatar da haɗin Intanet ta hanyar ba da umarni masu zuwa.

# ifconfig
# ping -c2 google.com

Idan ba ku da uwar garken DHCP da aka saita a wuraren ku don rarraba adiresoshin IP ga abokan ciniki, ba da umarnin da ke ƙasa don saita adireshin IP da hannu don kafofin watsa labarai na Arch Live.

Maye gurbin cibiyar sadarwa da adiresoshin IP daidai.

# ifconfig eno16777736 192.168.1.52 netmask 255.255.255.0 
# route add default gw 192.168.1.1
# echo “nameserver 8.8.8.8” >> /etc/resolv.conf

A kan wannan matakin, zaku iya lissafin mashin ɗin ku ta hanyar ba da umarni masu zuwa.

# cat /proc/partitions
# ls /dev/[s|x|v]d*
# lsblk
# fdisk –l 

Idan na'urar ku ta kasance na'ura mai kama da kama-da-wane, hard disks na iya samun wasu sunaye fiye da sdx, kamar xvda, vda, da sauransu. Ba da umarnin da ke ƙasa don jera diski mai kama-da-wane idan ba ku san tsarin saka suna ba.

# ls /dev | grep ‘^[s|v|x][v|d]’$* 

Mahimmanci a lura shine cewa yarjejeniyar sunan Rasberi PI ma'ajiyar tuki yawanci shine /dev/mmcblk0 kuma ga wasu nau'ikan katunan RAID na hardware na iya zama /dev/cciss.

5. A mataki na gaba, za mu fara daidaita ɓangarorin Hard Disk. Don wannan matakin zaku iya gudanar da cfdisk, cgdisk, parted ko gdisk utilities don aiwatar da shimfidar ɓangaren diski don faifan GPT. Ina ba da shawarar yin amfani da cfdisk mai ƙarfi don sarrafa wizard da sauƙin amfani.

Don bangare na asali, teburin shimfidawa yana amfani da tsari mai zuwa.

  • Rashin tsarin EFI (/dev/sda1) tare da girman 300M, an tsara FAT32.
  • Musanya bangare (/dev/sda2) tare da girman shawarar 2xRAM, Kunna Canja.
  • Root partition (/dev/sda3)) tare da aƙalla girman 20G ko sauran sararin HDD, an tsara ext4.

Yanzu bari da gaske mu fara ƙirƙirar teburin ɓangaren faifai ta hanyar aiwatar da cfdisk umarni a kan rumbun kwamfutarka, zaɓi nau'in alamar GPT, sannan zaɓi Free Space  sannan a buga Sabo daga menu na ƙasa, kamar yadda aka kwatanta a hotunan kariyar kwamfuta.

# cfdisk /dev/sda

6. Rubuta girman bangare a cikin MB (300M) kuma danna maɓallin shigar, zaɓi Nau'in daga menu na ƙasa kuma zaɓi nau'in ɓangaren tsarin EFI, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hotuna masu zuwa.

Kun gama daidaita sashin tsarin EFI.

7. Na gaba, bari mu ƙirƙiri ɓangaren Swap ta amfani da hanya iri ɗaya. Yi amfani da maɓallin kibiya na ƙasa sannan ka zaɓi sauran Sarari Kyauta  kuma maimaita matakan da ke sama: Sabo ->  Girman girman yanki 2xRAM da aka ba da shawarar (zaka iya amfani da 1G cikin aminci) -> Buga musanyawa ta Linux.

Yi amfani da hotunan kariyar kwamfuta na ƙasa azaman jagora don ƙirƙirar ɓangaren musanya.

8.  Daga ƙarshe, don /(tushen) bangare yi amfani da wannan tsari mai zuwa: Sabo ->  Girman: sauran sarari kyauta ->  Rubuta tsarin fayil na Linux.

Bayan ka duba Table Partition zaɓi Rubuta, amsa da eh don aiwatar da canje-canjen faifai sannan, rubuta bar don fita cfdisk utility, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hotuna na ƙasa.

9. A yanzu, an rubuta teburin ɓangaren ku zuwa HDD GPT amma har yanzu ba a ƙirƙiri tsarin fayil a saman sa ba. Hakanan zaka iya yin bitar taƙaitaccen teburin tebur ta hanyar aiwatar da fdisk umarni.

# fdisk -l

10. Yanzu, lokaci yayi da za a tsara ɓangarori tare da tsarin fayil ɗin da ake buƙata. Ba da waɗannan umarni masu zuwa don ƙirƙirar tsarin fayil na FAT32 don ɓangaren tsarin EFI (/ dev/sda), don ƙirƙirar tsarin fayil na EXT4 don ɓangaren tushen (/ dev/sda3) kuma ƙirƙirar ɓangaren musanya don/dev/sda2.

# mkfs.fat -F32 /dev/sda1
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3
# mkswap /dev/sda2

Mataki 2: Shigar Arch Linux

11. Domin shigar da Arch Linux, ɓangaren /(tushen) dole ne a ɗaura shi zuwa wurin mount na directory /mnt don samun damar shiga. Hakanan, ɓangaren musanya yana buƙatar farawa. Ba da umarnin da ke ƙasa don daidaita wannan matakin.

# mount /dev/sda3 /mnt
# ls /mnt 
# swapon /dev/sda2

12. Bayan an sami damar yin amfani da ɓangarori, lokaci ya yi da za a aiwatar da tsarin shigar da tsarin Arch Linux. Don ƙara saurin saukewar fakitin shigarwa, zaku iya shirya /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist fayil kuma zaɓi gidan yanar gizon madubi mafi kusa (yawanci zaɓi wurin uwar garken ƙasar ku) a saman jerin fayil ɗin madubi.

# nano /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist

Hakanan zaka iya ba da goyan bayan Arch Multilib don tsarin rayuwa ta hanyar rashin daidaituwar layukan masu zuwa daga fayil /etc/pacman.conf.

[multilib]
Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist

13. Na gaba, fara shigar da Arch Linux ta hanyar ba da umarni mai zuwa.

# pacstrap /mnt base base-devel linux linux-firmware nano vim

Dangane da albarkatun tsarin ku da saurin intanet mai sakawa zai iya ɗauka daga 5 zuwa 20 minti don kammalawa.

14.  Bayan an gama shigarwa, samar da fstab fayil don sabon tsarin Arch Linux ta hanyar ba da umarni mai zuwa.

# genfstab -U -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab

Daga baya, bincika abun cikin fayil fstab ta hanyar aiwatar da umarnin da ke ƙasa.

# cat /mnt/etc/fstab

Mataki 3: Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Linux Arch

15. Domin ƙara daidaita  Arch Linux, dole ne ku latsa /mnt hanyar tsarin kuma ƙara sunan mai masauki don tsarin ku ta hanyar ba da umarni na ƙasa.

# arch-chroot /mnt
# echo "archbox-tecmint" > /etc/hostname

16. Na gaba, saita harshen tsarin ku. Zaɓi kuma ba da amsa ga fitattun harsunan da kuka fi so daga fayil ɗin /etc/locale.gen sannan saita yankinku ta hanyar aiwatar da umarni masu zuwa.

# pacman -S nano
# nano /etc/locale.gen

fayil ɗin locale.gen:

en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8
en_US ISO-8859-1

Ƙirƙirar shimfidar yaren tsarin ku.

# locale-gen
# echo LANG=en_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf
# export LANG=en_US.UTF-8

17. Mataki na gaba shine saita yankin lokaci na tsarin ku ta hanyar ƙirƙirar hanyar haɗin gwiwa don yankin lokacinku (/usr/share/zoneinfo/Continent/Main_city) zuwa /etc/localtime file path.

# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Aisa/Kolkata /etc/localtime

Hakanan yakamata ku saita agogon hardware don amfani da UTC (ana saita agogon hardware zuwa lokacin gida).

# hwclock --systohc --utc

18. Kamar yawancin shahararrun rarraba Linux, Arch Linux yana amfani da madubai na repo don wurare daban-daban na duniya da kuma tsarin gine-gine masu yawa. Ana kunna daidaitattun ma'ajin ta tsohuwa, amma idan kuna son kunna ma'ajiyar Multilib dole ne ku warware [multilib] umarni daga /etc/pacman.conf file, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin sashin ƙasa.

# nano /etc/pacman.conf

19. Idan kuna son ba da tallafin kayan aikin Yaourt Package (amfani da zazzagewa da gina fakitin AUR) je zuwa kasan /etc/pacman.conf file kuma ƙara waɗannan umarni.

[archlinuxfr]
SigLevel = Never
Server = http://repo.archlinux.fr/$arch

20. Bayan an gyara fayil ɗin maajiyar, aiki tare kuma sabunta madubi da fakiti ta hanyar aiwatar da umarnin da ke ƙasa.

# pacman -Syu

21. Na gaba, saita kalmar sirri don tushen asusun kuma ƙirƙirar sabon mai amfani tare da Sudo gata a cikin akwatin Arch ta hanyar ba da umarnin da ke ƙasa. Har ila yau, ƙare kalmar sirrin mai amfani don tilasta sabon mai amfani ya canza kalmar sirri a farkon shiga.

# passwd
# useradd -mg users -G wheel,storage,power -s /bin/bash your_new_user
# passwd your_new_user
# chage -d 0 your_new_user

22. Bayan an ƙara sabon mai amfani kana buƙatar shigar da kunshin sudo kuma sabunta layin rukunin motar daga /etc/sudoers fayil don ba da gata ga sabon mai amfani da aka ƙara.

# pacman -S sudo
# pacman -S vim
# visudo 

Ƙara wannan layin zuwa /etc/sudoers fayil:

%wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL

24. A mataki na ƙarshe, shigar da Boot Loader domin  Arch  ya tashi bayan an sake farawa. Tsohuwar mai ɗaukar kaya don rarraba Linux da Arch Linux kuma ana wakilta ta fakitin GRUB.

Don shigar da GRUB boot loader a cikin na'urorin UEFI akan faifan farko na farko sannan kuma gano Arch Linux kuma saita fayil ɗin bootloader na GRUB, gudanar da waɗannan umarni kamar yadda aka kwatanta a cikin hotunan kariyar kwamfuta masu zuwa.

# pacman -S grub efibootmgr dosfstools os-prober mtools
# mkdir /boot/EFI
# mount /dev/sda1 /boot/EFI  #Mount FAT32 EFI partition 
# grub-install --target=x86_64-efi  --bootloader-id=grub_uefi --recheck

25. A ƙarshe, ƙirƙirar fayil ɗin sanyi na GRUB ta hanyar ba da umarni mai zuwa.

# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg

Taya murna! Arch Linux yanzu an shigar kuma an saita shi don akwatin ku. Matakai na ƙarshe da ake buƙata yanzu shine fita daga mahallin chroot, cire sassan sassan da sake kunna tsarin ta hanyar ba da umarni na ƙasa.

# exit
# umount -a
# telinit 6

26. Bayan sake kunnawa, cire hoton watsa shirye-shiryen shigarwa kuma tsarin zai kunna kai tsaye cikin menu na GRUB kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa.

27. Lokacin da tsarin takalmin ya shiga cikin Arch Linux, shiga tare da takardun shaidar da aka tsara don mai amfani yayin aiwatar da shigarwa kuma canza kalmar sirrin mai amfani kamar yadda aka nuna a kasa.

28. Za ku rasa haɗin intanet ɗin saboda babu abokin ciniki na DHCP da ke aiki ta tsohuwa a cikin tsarin. Domin shawo kan wannan matsalar, ba da umarni mai zuwa tare da tushen gata don farawa da ba da damar abokin ciniki na DHCP.

Har ila yau, bincika idan haɗin yanar gizon ya tashi kuma yana da adireshin IP da uwar garken DHCP ke ware kuma idan haɗin intanet yana aiki kamar yadda aka sa ran. Ping yankin bazuwar don gwada haɗin intanet.

$ sudo systemctl start dhcpcd
$ sudo systemctl enable dhcpcd
# ip a
# ping -c2 google.com

A yanzu, tsarin Arch Linux yana ƙunshe da ainihin fakitin software da ake buƙata don sarrafa tsarin daga Layin Umurnai, ba tare da Tsarin Mai amfani ba.

Saboda babban motsin sa, jujjuyawar sakin sakewa, tarin fakitin tushe, babban iko akan shigar software da saurin sarrafawa, Arch Linux  yayi kama da ta hanyoyi da yawa tare da Gentoo Linux, amma ba zai iya tashi zuwa ƙirar gine-ginen Gentoo ba.

Koyaya, tsarin sarrafa tsarin Arch Linux ba a ba da shawarar ga masu farawa Linux ba. Masu farawa na Linux waɗanda ke son yin aiki da tsarin Arch-kamar Linux yakamata su fara koyon ka'idodin Arch Linux ta hanyar shigar da rarraba Manjaro Linux.