Yadda ake Sanya Ubuntu ta hanyar PXE Server Ta amfani da Tushen DVD na Gida


PXE ko Preboot eXecution Environment shine tsarin abokin ciniki na uwar garke wanda ke ba da umarnin injin abokin ciniki don taya hanyar sadarwa.

A cikin wannan jagorar za mu nuna yadda ake shigar da uwar garken Ubuntu ta hanyar uwar garken PXE tare da tushen HTTP na gida wanda aka kwatanta daga hoton Ubuntu uwar garken ISO ta hanyar sabar yanar gizo ta Apache. Sabar PXE da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin wannan koyawa ita ce Sabar Dnsmasq.

  1. Ubuntu Server 16.04 ko 17.04 Shigarwa
  2. An saita hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa tare da adireshin IP Static
  3. Ubuntu Server 16.04 ko 17.04 Hoton ISO

Mataki 1: Shigar kuma Sanya uwar garken DNSMASQ

1. Domin saita uwar garken PXE, a mataki na farko shiga tare da tushen asusun ko asusu tare da tushen gata kuma shigar da kunshin Dnsmasq a cikin Ubuntu ta hanyar ba da umarni mai zuwa.

# apt install dnsmasq

2. Na gaba, madadin dnsmasq babban fayil ɗin sanyi sannan kuma fara gyara fayil ɗin tare da saitunan masu zuwa.

# mv /etc/dnsmasq.conf /etc/dnsmasq.conf.backup
# nano /etc/dnsmasq.conf

Ƙara saitin mai zuwa zuwa fayil dnsmasq.conf.

interface=ens33,lo
bind-interfaces
domain=mypxe.local

dhcp-range=ens33,192.168.1.230,192.168.1.253,255.255.255.0,1h
dhcp-option=3,192.168.1.1
dhcp-option=6,192.168.1.1
dhcp-option=6,8.8.8.8
server=8.8.4.4
dhcp-option=28,10.0.0.255
dhcp-option=42,0.0.0.0

dhcp-boot=pxelinux.0,pxeserver,192.168.1.14

pxe-prompt="Press F8 for menu.", 2
pxe-service=x86PC, "Install Ubuntu 16.04 from network server 192.168.1.14", pxelinux
enable-tftp
tftp-root=/srv/tftp

A kan fayil ɗin sanyi na sama maye gurbin layin masu zuwa daidai.

  • Musayar mu'amala da hanyar sadarwar injin ku.
  • yanki - Sauya shi da sunan yankin ku.
  • dhcp-range - Ƙayyade kewayon cibiyar sadarwar ku don DHCP don ware IPs zuwa wannan sashin cibiyar sadarwa da tsawon lokacin da ya kamata a ba da adireshin IP na abokin ciniki.
  • dhcp-option=3 - IP ɗin Ƙofar ku.
  • dhcp-option=6 IPs uwar garken DNS – ana iya ayyana IP na DNS da yawa.
  • Sabar – Adireshin IPs na mai tura DNS.
  • dhcp-option=28 - Adireshin watsa shirye-shiryen cibiyar sadarwar ku.
  • dhcp-option=42 – uwar garken NTP – yi amfani da adireshi 0.0.0.0 don yin nuni da kai.
  • dhcp-boot – fayil ɗin boot ɗin pxe da adireshin IP na uwar garken PXE (a nan pxelinux.0 da adireshin IP na injin iri ɗaya).
  • pxe-prompt - Abubuwan amfani na iya buga maɓallin F8 don shigar da menu na PXE ko jira daƙiƙa 2 kafin canzawa ta atomatik zuwa menu na PXE.
  • pxe=sabis - Yi amfani da x86PC don gine-ginen 32-bit/64-bit kuma shigar da faɗakarwar bayanin menu a ƙarƙashin abubuwan ƙirƙira. Sauran nau'ikan dabi'u na iya zama: PC98, IA64_EFI, Alpha, Arc_x86, Intel_Lean_Client, IA32_EFI, BC_EFI, Xscale_EFI da X86-64_EFI.
  • enable-tftp - Yana kunna sabar TFTP da aka ginawa.
  • tftp-root – hanyar tsarin don fayilolin taya.

3. Har ila yau, bayan kun gama gyara fayil ɗin sanyi na dnsmasq, ƙirƙirar kundin adireshi don fayilolin netboot PXE ta hanyar ba da umarnin da ke ƙasa kuma sake kunna dnsmasq daemon don amfani da canje-canje. Duba halin sabis na dnsmasq don ganin ko an fara shi.

# mkdir /srv/tftp
# systemctl restart dnsmasq.service
# systemctl status dnsmasq.service

Mataki 2: Shigar TFTP Netboot Files

4. A mataki na gaba ƙwace sabon sigar Ubuntu uwar garken ISO hoton don 64-bit architecture ta hanyar ba da umarni mai zuwa.

# wget http://releases.ubuntu.com/16.04/ubuntu-16.04.3-server-amd64.iso

5. Bayan an saukar da uwar garken Ubuntu ISO, saka hoton a cikin /mnt directory kuma jera abubuwan da aka ɗora ta hanyar bin umarnin da ke ƙasa.

# mount -o loop ubuntu-16.04.3-desktop-amd64.iso /mnt/
# ls /mnt/

6. Na gaba, kwafi fayilolin netboot daga Ubuntu da aka ɗora itace zuwa hanyar tsarin tftp ta hanyar ba da umarnin da ke ƙasa. Hakanan, jera hanyar tsarin tftp don ganin fayilolin da aka kwafi.

# cp -rf /mnt/install/netboot/* /srv/tftp/
# ls /srv/tftp/

Mataki na 3: Shirya Fayilolin Tushen Shigarwa na Gida

7. Za a samar da tushen shigarwa na cibiyar sadarwa na gida don uwar garken Ubuntu ta hanyar ka'idar HTTP. Da farko, shigar, farawa kuma kunna sabar gidan yanar gizo ta Apache ta hanyar ba da umarni masu zuwa.

# apt install apache2
# systemctl start apache2
# systemctl status apache2
# systemctl enable apache2

8. Sannan, kwafi abubuwan da ke cikin DVD ɗin Ubuntu da aka ɗora zuwa tushen tushen gidan yanar gizon Apache ta hanyar aiwatar da umarnin da ke ƙasa. Jera abubuwan da ke cikin tushen tushen gidan yanar gizon Apache don bincika idan Ubuntu ISO da aka ɗora bishiyar an kwafi gaba ɗaya.

# cp -rf /mnt/* /var/www/html/
# ls /var/www/html/

9. Bayan haka, buɗe tashar HTTP a cikin Tacewar zaɓi kuma kewaya zuwa adireshin IP na injin ku ta hanyar burauzar (http://192.168.1.14/ubuntu) don gwada idan za ku iya isa ga tushe ta hanyar HTTP yarjejeniya.

# ufw allow http

Mataki 4: Saita Fayil Kanfigareshan Sabar PXE

10. Domin samun damar pivot rootfs ta hanyar PXE da kafofin gida, Ubuntu yana buƙatar koyarwa ta hanyar fayil ɗin da aka rigaya. Ƙirƙiri fayil ɗin local-sources.seed mai zuwa a cikin tushen tushen tushen sabar yanar gizonku tare da abun ciki mai zuwa.

# nano /var/www/html/ubuntu/preseed/local-sources.seed

Ƙara layin biyo baya zuwa fayil ɗin local-sources.seed.

d-i live-installer/net-image string http://192.168.1.14/ubuntu/install/filesystem.squashfs

Anan, tabbatar kun maye gurbin adireshin IP daidai. Ya kamata ya zama adireshin IP inda albarkatun yanar gizon ke samuwa. A cikin wannan jagorar tushen gidan yanar gizon, uwar garken PXE da sabar TFTP ana gudanar da su akan tsarin iri ɗaya. A cikin hanyar sadarwa mai cike da cunkoson jama'a kuna iya son gudanar da PXE, TFTP da sabis na yanar gizo akan injuna daban don inganta saurin hanyar sadarwar PXE.

11. Sabar PXE tana karantawa da aiwatar da fayilolin sanyi da ke cikin pxelinux.cfg TFTP tushen directory a cikin wannan tsari: fayilolin GUID, fayilolin MAC da tsoho fayil.

An riga an ƙirƙiri littafin pxelinux.cfg kuma an cika shi tare da fayilolin sanyi na PXE da ake buƙata saboda mun riga mun kwafi fayilolin netboot daga hoton ISO da aka ɗora akan Ubuntu.

Domin ƙara fayil ɗin bayanin da aka riga aka tsara a sama zuwa lakabin shigarwa na Ubuntu a cikin fayil ɗin sanyi na PXE, buɗe fayil ɗin mai zuwa don gyara ta hanyar ba da umarnin da ke ƙasa.

# nano /srv/tftp/ubuntu-installer/amd64/boot-screens/txt.cfg

A cikin fayil ɗin sanyi na Ubuntu PXE txt.cfg maye gurbin layi mai zuwa kamar yadda aka kwatanta a cikin abin da ke ƙasa.

append auto=true url=http://192.168.1.14/ubuntu/preseed/local-sources.seed vga=788 initrd=ubuntu-installer/amd64/initrd.gz --- quiet

Fayil ɗin /srv/tftp/ubuntu-installer/amd64/boot-screens/txt.cfg yakamata ya sami abun ciki na duniya mai zuwa:

default install
label install
	menu label ^Install Ubuntu 16.04 with Local Sources
	menu default
	kernel ubuntu-installer/amd64/linux
	append auto=true url=http://192.168.1.14/ubuntu/preseed/local-sources.seed vga=788 initrd=ubuntu-installer/amd64/initrd.gz --- quiet 
label cli
	menu label ^Command-line install
	kernel ubuntu-installer/amd64/linux
	append tasks=standard pkgsel/language-pack-patterns= pkgsel/install-language-support=false vga=788 initrd=ubuntu-installer/amd64/initrd.gz --- quiet

12. Idan kuna son ƙara bayanin url da aka riga aka yi zuwa menu na Ceto Ubuntu, buɗe fayil ɗin da ke ƙasa kuma ku tabbata kun sabunta abubuwan kamar yadda aka kwatanta a cikin misalin da ke ƙasa.

# nano /srv/tftp/ubuntu-installer/amd64/boot-screens/rqtxt.cfg

Ƙara saitin mai zuwa zuwa fayil ɗin rqtxt.cfg.

label rescue
	menu label ^Rescue mode
	kernel ubuntu-installer/amd64/linux
	append auto=true url=http://192.168.1.14/ubuntu/preseed/local-sources.seed vga=788 initrd=ubuntu-installer/amd64/initrd.gz rescue/enable=true --- quiet

Muhimmin layin da ya kamata ku ɗaukaka shine url=http://192.168.1.14/ubuntu/preseed/local-sources.seed wanda ke ƙayyade adireshin URL inda fayil ɗin da aka danna yake a cikin hanyar sadarwar ku.

13. A ƙarshe, buɗe fayil ɗin Ubuntu pxe menu.cfg kuma kuyi sharhi akan layi uku na farko don faɗaɗa allon taya PXE kamar yadda aka kwatanta a hoton da ke ƙasa.

# nano /srv/tftp/ubuntu-installer/amd64/boot-screens/menu.cfg

Yi sharhi waɗannan layukan masu zuwa guda uku.

#menu hshift 13
#menu width 49
#menu margin 8

Mataki 5: Buɗe Tashoshin Wuta na Wuta a cikin Ubuntu

14. Yi umarnin netstat tare da tushen gata don gano dnsmasq, tftp da wuraren buɗe tashar yanar gizo a cikin yanayin sauraron sabar ku kamar yadda aka kwatanta a cikin sashin ƙasa.

# netstat -tulpn

15. Bayan kun gano duk tashoshin da ake buƙata, ba da umarnin da ke ƙasa don buɗe tashoshin jiragen ruwa a cikin Tacewar zaɓi na ufw.

# ufw allow 53/tcp
# ufw allow 53/udp
# ufw allow 67/udp
# ufw allow 69/udp
# ufw allow 4011/udp

Mataki na 6: Shigar da Ubuntu tare da Maɓuɓɓukan Gida ta hanyar PXE

16. Don shigar da uwar garken Ubuntu ta hanyar PXE kuma amfani da tushen shigarwa na cibiyar sadarwa na gida, sake yi abokin ciniki na injin ku, umurci BIOS don taya daga cibiyar sadarwa kuma a farkon menu na PXE zaɓi zaɓi na farko kamar yadda aka kwatanta a cikin hotuna na ƙasa.

17. Dole ne a yi tsarin shigarwa kamar yadda aka saba. Lokacin da mai sakawa ya isa saitin ƙasar madubi na tarihin tarihin Ubuntu, yi amfani da kibiya ta sama don matsawa zuwa zaɓi na farko, wanda ya ce: shigar da bayanai da hannu.

18. Danna maɓallin [enter] don sabunta wannan zaɓi, share igiyar madubi kuma ƙara adireshin IP na tushen madubin uwar garken yanar gizo kuma danna shiga don ci gaba kamar yadda aka kwatanta a hoton da ke ƙasa.

http://192.168.1.14

19. A na gaba allon, ƙara madubi archive directory kamar yadda aka nuna a kasa da kuma danna Shigar key don ci gaba da shigarwa tsari da kuma yawanci.

/ubuntu

20. Idan kuna son ganin bayani game da fakitin da aka zazzage daga madubin cibiyar sadarwar ku, danna maɓallan [CTRL+ALT+F2] don canza kayan wasan bidiyo na inji kuma ku ba da umarni mai zuwa.

# tail –f /var/log/syslog

21. Bayan an gama shigarwa na uwar garken Ubuntu, shiga cikin sabon tsarin da aka shigar kuma gudanar da umarni mai zuwa tare da tushen gata don sabunta fakitin ma'ajin daga tushen hanyar sadarwa na gida zuwa madubin Ubuntu na hukuma.

Ana buƙatar canza madubin don sabunta tsarin ta amfani da wuraren ajiyar intanet.

$ sudo sed –i.bak ‘s/192.168.1.14/archive.ubuntu.com/g’ /etc/apt/sources.list

Tabbatar cewa kun maye gurbin adireshin IP bisa ga adireshin IP na tushen gidan yanar gizon ku.

Shi ke nan! Yanzu zaku iya sabunta tsarin uwar garken Ubuntu ku shigar da duk software da ake buƙata. Shigar da Ubuntu ta hanyar PXE da madubi na cibiyar sadarwa na gida zai iya inganta saurin shigarwa kuma zai iya adana bandwidth na intanit da farashi idan an yi amfani da yawan adadin sabobin a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci a wuraren ku.