Yadda Ake Sanya fifikon Tsari Linux Amfani da kyawawan Dokoki masu kyau

A cikin wannan labarin, za mu ɗan yi bayanin mai tsara kernel (wanda kuma aka sani da mai tsara tsari), da kuma aiwatar da fifiko, waɗanda batutuwa ne da suka wuce iyakar wannan jagorar. Sa'an nan kuma za mu nutse cikin ɗan ƙaramin sarrafa tsarin Linux: duba yadda ake gudanar da shiri ko umarni tare da ingantaccen fifiko da kuma canza fifikon tafiyar da ayyukan Linux.

Karanta Hakanan: Yadda ake Kula da Tsarin Linux da Sanya Iyakokin Tsari akan Tushen Mai Amfani

Mai tsara kernel shine naúrar kwaya wanda ke ƙayyade tsari mafi dacewa daga duk hanyoyin da za a iya aiwatarwa na gaba; yana keɓance lokacin sarrafawa tsakanin hanyoyin tafiyar da aiki akan tsarin. Tsari mai gudana shine wanda ke jira kawai lokacin CPU, yana shirye don aiwatarwa.

Mai tsara jadawalin yana samar da jigon ayyukan multitasking a cikin Linux, ta amfani da tsarin tsara tsarin fifiko na tushen fifiko don zaɓar tsakanin hanyoyin da za a iya gudu a cikin tsarin. Yana ɗaukar matakai bisa mafi cancanta da kuma buƙatar lokacin CPU.

Kwaya tana adana bayanai da yawa game da matakai gami da fifikon tsari wanda shine kawai fifikon tsara jadawalin da aka haɗe zuwa tsari. Za a aiwatar da matakai tare da fifiko mafi girma a gaban waɗanda ke da ƙananan fifiko, yayin da ake tsara matakan da fifiko ɗaya ɗaya bayan na gaba, akai-akai.

Akwai jimillar abubuwan fifiko guda 140 da kewayon fifiko guda biyu da aka aiwatar a cikin Linux. Na farko ita ce ƙima mai kyau (kyau) wacce ta fito daga -20 (ƙimar fifiko mafi girma) zuwa 19 (mafi ƙarancin fifiko) kuma tsoho shine 0, wannan shine abin da za mu buɗe a cikin wannan jagorar. Ɗayan shine fifiko na ainihi, wanda ya bambanta daga 1 zuwa 99 ta tsohuwa, sannan 100 zuwa 139 ana nufin don sararin samaniya.

Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman halaye na Linux shine tsarin tsarin fifiko mai ƙarfi, wanda ke ba da damar canza ƙimar tsari mai kyau (ƙara ko raguwa) dangane da bukatun ku, kamar yadda za mu gani daga baya.

Yadda ake Bincika Kyawawan Ƙimar Tsarin Linux

Don ganin kyawawan dabi'u na matakai, zamu iya amfani da kayan aiki kamar htop.

Don duba matakai masu kyau tare da umarnin ps a sigar mai amfani (a nan NI shafi yana nuna kyakkyawan tsari).

$ ps -eo pid,ppid,ni,comm

A madadin, zaku iya amfani da manyan abubuwan amfani ko sama don duba ayyukan Linux masu kyau kamar yadda aka nuna.

$ top
$ htop

Daga sama da manyan abubuwan da ke sama, za ku lura cewa akwai shafi mai suna PR da PRI cikin karɓa wanda ke nuna fifikon tsari.

Wannan, don haka, yana nufin cewa:

  • NI - shine kyakkyawan ƙima, wanda shine ra'ayi-sarari mai amfani, yayin da
  • PR ko PRI - shine ainihin fifikon tsari, kamar yadda kernel Linux ke gani.

Total number of priorities = 140
Real time priority range(PR or PRI):  0 to 99 
User space priority range: 100 to 139

Kyakkyawan kewayon ƙimar (NI): -20 zuwa 19

PR = 20 + NI
PR = 20 + (-20 to + 19)
PR = 20 + -20  to 20 + 19
PR = 0 to 39 which is same as 100 to 139.

Amma idan kun ga rt maimakon lamba kamar yadda aka nuna a hoton da ke ƙasa, yana nufin tsarin yana gudana ƙarƙashin fifikon tsara lokaci.

Yadda ake Gudun Umurni tare da Ƙimar Da Aka Ba da Kyau a cikin Linux

Anan, zamu kalli yadda ake fifita amfani da CPU na shirin ko umarni. Idan kuna da shirin ko ɗawainiya mai ƙarfi na CPU, amma kuma kun fahimci cewa yana iya ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don kammalawa, zaku iya saita shi babban fifiko ko fifiko ta amfani da kyakkyawan umarni.

Maganar ita ce kamar haka:

$ nice -n niceness-value [command args] 
OR
$ nice -niceness-value [command args] 	#it’s confusing for negative values
OR
$ nice --adjustment=niceness-value [command args]

Muhimmi:

  • Idan ba a bayar da ƙima ba, nice tana saita fifiko na 10 ta tsohuwa.
  • Umarni ko shirin da ke gudana ba tare da kyawawan abubuwan da suka dace ba zuwa fifikon sifili.
  • Tushen ne kawai ke iya gudanar da umarni ko shirye-shirye tare da ƙara ko babban fifiko.
  • Masu amfani na yau da kullun suna iya gudanar da umarni ko shirin tare da ƙarancin fifiko.

Misali, maimakon fara shirin ko umarni tare da fifikon tsoho, zaku iya fara shi da takamaiman fifiko ta amfani da bin kyakkyawan umarni.

$ sudo nice -n 5 tar -czf backup.tar.gz ./Documents/*
OR
$ sudo nice --adjustment=5 tar -czf backup.tar.gz ./Documents/*

Hakanan zaka iya amfani da hanya ta uku wacce ke da ɗan ruɗani musamman ga kyawawan dabi'u mara kyau.

$ sudo nice -5 tar -czf backup.tar.gz  ./Documents/*

Canza Babban Tsari na Tsari a Linux

Kamar yadda muka ambata a baya, Linux yana ba da damar tsarin tushen fifiko mai ƙarfi. Don haka, idan shirin ya riga ya gudana, zaku iya canza fifikonsa tare da umarnin reni a wannan fom:

$ renice -n  -12  -p 1055
$ renice -n -2  -u apache

Daga samfurin saman samfurin da ke ƙasa, kyawun teamspe+ tare da PID 1055 yanzu shine -12 kuma ga duk matakai mallakar apache mai amfani shine -2.

Har yanzu kuna amfani da wannan fitarwa, zaku iya ganin dabarar PR = 20 + NI tsaye,

PR for ts3server = 20 + -12 = 8
PR for apache processes = 20 + -2 = 18

Duk wani canje-canje da kuka yi tare da umarnin renice zuwa tsarin mai amfani da kyawawan dabi'u suna aiki ne kawai har sai an sake yi na gaba. Don saita ƙimar tsoho na dindindin, karanta sashe na gaba.

Yadda Ake Saita Tsohuwar Kyawun Kyawun Tsari Na Musamman

Kuna iya saita tsohuwar ƙima mai kyau na wani mai amfani ko ƙungiya a cikin fayil /etc/security/limits.conf. Babban aikinsa shine ayyana iyakokin albarkatu don masu amfani da suka shiga ta hanyar PAM.

Ma'anar ma'anar ƙayyadaddun iyaka ga mai amfani ita ce kamar haka (kuma ana bayanin ƙimar ginshiƙai daban-daban a cikin fayil ɗin):

#<domain>   <type>  <item>  <value>

Yanzu yi amfani da ma'anar da ke ƙasa inda mai wuya - yana nufin tilasta hanyoyin haɗi da taushi - tilasta iyaka mai laushi.

<username>  <hard|soft>  priority  <nice value>

A madadin, ƙirƙiri fayil a ƙarƙashin /etc/security/limits.d/ wanda ke soke saituna a cikin babban fayil ɗin da ke sama, kuma ana karanta waɗannan fayilolin a cikin tsari na haruffa.

Fara ta hanyar ƙirƙirar fayil /etc/security/limits.d/tecmint-priority.conf don tecmint mai amfani:

# vi /etc/security/limits.d/tecmint-priority.conf

Sannan ƙara wannan tsarin a ciki:

tecmint  hard  priority  10

Ajiye kuma rufe fayil ɗin. Daga yanzu, duk wani tsari na tecmint zai sami kyakkyawan darajar 10 da PR na 30.

Don ƙarin bayani, karanta shafukan mutumin na nice da renice:

$ man nice
$ man renice

Hakanan kuna iya son karanta waɗannan labarai masu zuwa game da sarrafa tsarin Linux.

  1. Yadda ake Nemo da Kashe Tsarin Gudu a cikin Linux
  2. Jagorar Kill, Pkill da Dokokin Killall don Kashe Tsari a Linux
  3. Yadda ake Kula da Amfani da Tsari, Kashewa da Magance Sabar Linux
  4. CPUTool – Iyakance da Sarrafa Amfani da CPU na kowane tsari a cikin Linux

A cikin wannan labarin, mun ɗan yi bayanin mai tsara kernel, fifikon tsari, duba yadda ake gudanar da shiri ko umarni tare da ingantaccen fifiko da kuma canza fifikon ayyukan Linux masu aiki. Kuna iya raba kowane tunani game da wannan batu ta hanyar amsawar da ke ƙasa.