Misalan Umurnin PKG 23 masu fa'ida don Sarrafa fakiti a cikin FreeBSD
A cikin wannan koyawa za mu yi bayanin yadda ake gudanar da aikace-aikacen fakitin binary da aka riga aka haɗa a cikin FreeBSD tare da taimakon kayan aikin sarrafa fakiti mai suna PKG ta wurin ajiyar kayan aikin software ta Ports.
Ma'ajiyar tashar jiragen ruwa tana ba da kayan aikin da suka wajaba don tattara aikace-aikace daga lambar tushe, tare da dogaro da su, amma kuma suna kiyaye tarin fakitin da aka riga aka haɗa, a halin yanzu sama da fakiti 24.000, waɗanda za'a iya shigar dasu akan tsarin FreeBSD tare da umarnin pkg.
- FreeBSD 11.x Shigarwa
Bincika kuma Nemo Aikace-aikace a cikin Bishiyar Tashoshi a cikin FreeBSD
1. An raba ma'ajiyar tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin nau'i-nau'i a cikin FreeBSD, kowane nau'i yana wakilta ta hanyar shugabanci a cikin /usr/ports/ hanyar tsarin fayil.
A sauƙaƙe jeri na directory /usr/ports/ zai nuna duk nau'ikan da ake da su kamar yadda aka nuna a hoton da ke ƙasa.
# ls /usr/ports/
2. Don ganin duk aikace-aikacen da ke akwai na rukuni, ba da umarnin ls akan kundin kundin tsarin mulki.
A ce kana so ka nuna duk fakitin software da ke akwai wanda rukunin bayanan ya bayar, aiwatar da umarnin da ke ƙasa a cikin na'ura wasan bidiyo. Busa sakamakon ta hanyar ƙarancin umarni don kewaya cikin sauƙi ta hanyar fitarwa.
# ls /usr/ports/databases/ | less
3. Domin ganin fakiti nawa ake samu a cikin rukuni, jera kundin kundin tsarin kuma bututun sakamakon ta hanyar wc umurnin kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin misalin da ke ƙasa.
# ls /usr/ports/databases/ | wc -l
Kamar yadda kuke gani a cikin hoton da ke sama, rukunin bayanan FreeBSD yana riƙe da fakitin bayanai sama da 1000 waɗanda aka riga aka cika su.
4. Don ganin ko takamaiman aikace-aikacen yana samuwa a cikin nau'in, sake, yi amfani da grep utility don nemo aikace-aikacen al'ada.
A cikin misalan da ke ƙasa za su nemo fakitin bayanai na mongodb da kuma fakitin tsaro na riga-kafi.
# ls /usr/ports/databases/ | grep mongodb # ls /usr/ports/security/ | grep clam
Kamar yadda kuke gani, ana iya samun nau'ikan aikace-aikace da yawa a cikin Tashoshin FreeBSD.
5. Idan ba ku san wane nau'in software yake ba, kuna iya amfani da wata hanya don nemo nau'in software. Yi amfani da kati na harsashi globbing * don nemo tsari ta cikin bishiyar kundayen adireshi na Ports.
Da ɗaukan kuna son gani a cikin wane nau'in zaku iya nemo fakitin software don mai amfani na mailx, zaku iya aiwatar da umarni mai zuwa.
# ls /usr/ports/*/*mailx
6. Wata hanya don bincika fakitin software da nau'in kunshin nasa, shine ta hanyar amfani da umarnin wuri akan tsarin sitiriyo.
Kafin yin kirtan bincike, yakamata ku sabunta bayanan gano wuri tare da umarni mai zuwa.
# /usr/libexec/locate.updatedb
7. Bayan kun sabunta wurin gano bayanai, bincika takamaiman fakitin software ta amfani da tsarin maɓalli daga sunan fakitin. Misali, idan kuna son nemo mai amfani na mailx, zaku iya gudanar da umarnin da ke ƙasa.
# locate mailx
Kamar yadda kake gani, akwai fakiti guda biyu don amfanin mailx, duka suna cikin /usr/ports/mail/ category.
8. Kama da nemo kunshin tare da umarni, don duba nau'in aikace-aikacen.
# whereis mailx
Bincika software ta hanyar PKG Command a cikin FreeBSD
9. Hanya mafi sauƙi don bincika da nemo aikace-aikace a cikin FreeBSD ita ce ta layin umarni na sarrafa fakitin PKG. Domin bincika fakitin binary don aikace-aikacen, misali software na postfix, ba da umarnin da ke ƙasa.
# pkg search package_name
10. Idan kuna son ganin wane nau'in kunshin yake, gudanar da umarni iri ɗaya kamar na sama tare da tutar -o, kamar yadda aka kwatanta a cikin misalan da ke ƙasa.
# pkg search -o package_name
Sarrafa software a cikin FreeBSD
11. Domin shigar da kunshin da aka riga aka haɗa daga ma'ajiyar tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin FreeBSD, ba da umarnin pkg kamar yadda aka kwatanta a misalin da ke ƙasa.
# pkg install package_name
12. Don neman bayani game da takamaiman kunshin da aka shigar a cikin tsarin, ba da umarnin da ke ƙasa.
# pkg info package_name
13. Maɓallin bayanin bayanin pkg zai nuna saƙon \Babu fakiti(s) da suka dace da package_name idan ba a riga an shigar da kunshin software a cikin tsarin ku ba, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoton da ke ƙasa.
# pkg info tcpdump
14. Domin lissafta duk fakitin software da aka shigar a cikin FreeBSD, aiwatar da umarnin bayanin pkg ba tare da wani zaɓi ko sauyawa ba.
Tacewar grep akan umarnin bayanin pkg na iya nuna muku idan wasu takamaiman fakiti ko aikace-aikace sun riga sun kasance a cikin tsarin, kamar yadda aka kwatanta a cikin misalin da ke ƙasa.
# pkg info | grep ftp
15. Domin cire kunshin daga tsarin, ba da umarnin da ke ƙasa.
# pkg remove package_name or # pkg delete package_name
16. Idan kuna son hana cirewa ko gyara wani kunshin da aka shigar, zaku iya amfani da maɓallin kulle don umarnin pkg, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoton da ke ƙasa.
# pkg lock package_name
Buɗe umarni na pkg zai ba ku damar cire ƙuntatawar kunshin kuma gyara ko cire kunshin.
# pkg unlock package_name
17. Don gano ko wane kunshin umarni ne ko fayil mai aiwatarwa, ba da umarni mai zuwa, kamar yadda aka kwatanta a cikin misalan hoton allo na ƙasa.
# pkg which /path/to/executable
18. Domin zazzage fakitin cikin gida daga ma'ajiyar tashar jiragen ruwa, ba tare da shigar da kunshin akan tsarin ba, gudanar da umarnin pkg tare da sauya mai ɗaukar hoto.
Zazzagewar kunshin binary, wanda shine fayil ɗin .txz da aka matsa, ana iya samun shi a cikin /var/cache/pkg/ tsarin tsarin.
# pkg fetch package_name # ls /var/cache/pkg/ | grep package_name
19. Don bincika idan fakitin da aka shigar suna fallasa ga lahani na kowa ko kwari suna ba da umarnin da ke ƙasa.
# pkg audit -F
Don ganin jerin tsoffin lahani waɗanda inda suke shafar fakitin software a cikin sigogin farko suna ba da umarnin ƙasa.
# pkg audit package_name
A ƙasa wani yanki ne na duk sanannun raunin da aka samu a sabar gidan yanar gizon Nginx da aka harhada don FreeBSD.
# pkg audit nginx
nginx is vulnerable: Affected versions: <= 0.8.41 : > 1.4.4,1 nginx -- Request line parsing vulnerability CVE: CVE-2013-4547 WWW: https://vuxml.FreeBSD.org/freebsd/94b6264a-5140-11e3-8b22-f0def16c5c1b.html nginx is vulnerable: Affected versions: < 1.0.15 nginx -- Buffer overflow in the ngx_http_mp4_module CVE: CVE-2012-2089 WWW: https://vuxml.FreeBSD.org/freebsd/0c14dfa7-879e-11e1-a2a0-00500802d8f7.html nginx is vulnerable: Affected versions: < 1.4.7 nginx -- SPDY heap buffer overflow CVE: CVE-2014-0133 WWW: https://vuxml.FreeBSD.org/freebsd/fc28df92-b233-11e3-99ca-f0def16c5c1b.html ...
Kula da Abubuwan Gudanar da Kunshin a cikin FreeBSD
20. Don tabbatar da cewa ma'ajin software da duk fakitin da aka shigar kuma sun kasance na zamani tare da sabbin nau'ikan ko facin tsaro, ba da umarni masu zuwa.
# pkg update # pkg upgrade
21. Don nuna wuraren ajiyar nesa da kididdigar fakiti na gida, kamar fakiti nawa aka sanya a cikin na'urar ku da nawa sarari diski ya cika ta hanyar shigar da software, aiwatar da umarni mai zuwa.
# pkg stats
22. Don share duk abin dogara da aka bari ta hanyar shigar da kunshin a cikin tsarin bayar da umarnin da ke ƙasa.
# pkg autoremove
23. Domin share bayanan sarrafa fakiti ta atomatik don fakitin da aka saukar da nisa, gudanar da umarnin da ke ƙasa. Ya kamata ka fara tabbatar da jerin fakitin binary da aka zazzage cikin gida.
# pkg clean -a -n # pkg clean -a -y
Shi ke nan! Kamar yadda kake gani, FreeBSD yana da tsarin tarin fakiti mai ban sha'awa, kama da kayan aikin sarrafa fakitin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin rarrabawar Linux kamar APT tare da adadi mai yawa na binaries software da aka riga aka haɗa da layin umarni mai sauƙi da inganci, pkg, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don sarrafa software a hanya mai kyau.