Yadda ake Shigar ko Haɓaka zuwa Kernel 5.0 a cikin CentOS 7


Kodayake wasu suna amfani da kalmar Linux don wakiltar tsarin aiki gaba ɗaya, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa, a zahiri, Linux shine kawai kernel. A gefe guda, rarraba tsarin aiki ne mai cikakken aiki wanda aka gina a saman kwaya tare da kayan aikin aikace-aikace iri-iri da ɗakunan karatu.

A lokacin ayyuka na yau da kullun, kwaya ce ke da alhakin yin ayyuka masu mahimmanci guda biyu:

  1. Yin aiki azaman mu'amala tsakanin hardware da software da ke gudana akan tsarin.
  2. Sarrafa albarkatun tsarin yadda ya kamata.

Don yin wannan, kernel yana sadarwa tare da hardware ta hanyar direbobin da aka gina a ciki ko waɗanda za a iya shigar da su a matsayin module.

Misali, lokacin da aikace-aikacen da ke gudana akan injin ku yana son haɗawa zuwa cibiyar sadarwar mara waya, yana ƙaddamar da wannan buƙatar zuwa kernel, wanda kuma yana amfani da direban da ya dace don haɗawa da hanyar sadarwa.

Tare da sabbin na'urori da fasaha da ke fitowa lokaci-lokaci, yana da mahimmanci mu ci gaba da sabunta kwaya idan muna son yin amfani da su. Bugu da ƙari, sabunta kernel ɗinmu zai taimaka mana mu yi amfani da sabbin ayyukan kwaya da kuma kare kanmu daga lahani waɗanda aka gano a cikin sigogin baya.

Shirya don sabunta kwaya akan CentOS 7 ko ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka samo asali kamar RHEL 7 da Fedora? Idan haka ne, ci gaba da karatu!

Mataki 1: Duba Sigar Kernel ɗin da aka shigar

Lokacin da muka shigar da rarraba ya haɗa da takamaiman nau'in kernel na Linux. Don nuna sigar yanzu da aka shigar akan tsarinmu zamu iya yin:

# uname -sr

Hoton da ke gaba yana nuna fitowar umarnin da ke sama a cikin uwar garken CentOS 7:

Idan yanzu mun je https://www.kernel.org/, za mu ga cewa sabuwar kwaya ce 5.0 a lokacin rubuta wannan (wasu nau'ikan ana samun su daga wannan rukunin yanar gizon).

Wannan sabon nau'in Kernel 5.0 saki ne na dogon lokaci kuma za'a goyi bayan shekaru 6, a baya duk nau'ikan Linux Kernel an tallafawa shekaru 2 kawai.

Wani abu mai mahimmanci da za a yi la'akari da shi shi ne yanayin rayuwar sigar kernel - idan sigar da kuke amfani da ita a halin yanzu tana gabatowa ƙarshen rayuwarsa, ba za a sake samar da gyaran kwaro ba bayan wannan kwanan wata. Don ƙarin bayani, koma zuwa shafin Sakin kwaya.

Mataki 2: Haɓaka Kernel a cikin CentOS 7

Yawancin rarrabawar zamani suna ba da hanya don haɓaka kwaya ta amfani da tsarin sarrafa fakiti kamar yum da wurin ajiya mai tallafi bisa hukuma.

Muhimmi: Idan kuna neman gudanar da al'ada da aka haɗa Kernel, to yakamata ku karanta labarinmu wanda yayi bayanin Yadda ake Haɗa Linux Kernel akan CentOS 7 daga tushe.

Koyaya, wannan kawai zai aiwatar da haɓakawa zuwa mafi kyawun sigar da ake samu daga ma'ajiyar rarraba - ba sabon abu ba a cikin https://www.kernel.org/. Abin takaici, Red Hat kawai yana ba da damar haɓaka kwaya ta amfani da tsohon zaɓi.

Sabanin Red Hat, CentOS yana ba da damar amfani da ELRepo, ma'ajiyar ɓangare na uku wanda ke sa haɓakawa zuwa sigar kwanan nan ta zama kwaya.

Don kunna ma'ajiyar ELRepo akan CentOS 7, yi:

# rpm --import https://www.elrepo.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-elrepo.org
# rpm -Uvh http://www.elrepo.org/elrepo-release-7.0-3.el7.elrepo.noarch.rpm 

Da zarar an kunna ma'ajiyar, zaku iya amfani da umarni mai zuwa don jera fakitin da ke da alaƙa da kernel.

# yum --disablerepo="*" --enablerepo="elrepo-kernel" list available
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * elrepo-kernel: mirror-hk.koddos.net
Available Packages
kernel-lt.x86_64                        4.4.176-1.el7.elrepo        elrepo-kernel
kernel-lt-devel.x86_64                  4.4.176-1.el7.elrepo        elrepo-kernel
kernel-lt-doc.noarch                    4.4.176-1.el7.elrepo        elrepo-kernel
kernel-lt-headers.x86_64                4.4.176-1.el7.elrepo        elrepo-kernel
kernel-lt-tools.x86_64                  4.4.176-1.el7.elrepo        elrepo-kernel
kernel-lt-tools-libs.x86_64             4.4.176-1.el7.elrepo        elrepo-kernel
kernel-lt-tools-libs-devel.x86_64       4.4.176-1.el7.elrepo        elrepo-kernel
kernel-ml.x86_64                        5.0.0-1.el7.elrepo          elrepo-kernel
kernel-ml-devel.x86_64                  5.0.0-1.el7.elrepo          elrepo-kernel
kernel-ml-doc.noarch                    5.0.0-1.el7.elrepo          elrepo-kernel
kernel-ml-headers.x86_64                5.0.0-1.el7.elrepo          elrepo-kernel
kernel-ml-tools.x86_64                  5.0.0-1.el7.elrepo          elrepo-kernel
kernel-ml-tools-libs.x86_64             5.0.0-1.el7.elrepo          elrepo-kernel
kernel-ml-tools-libs-devel.x86_64       5.0.0-1.el7.elrepo          elrepo-kernel
perf.x86_64                             5.0.0-1.el7.elrepo          elrepo-kernel
python-perf.x86_64                      5.0.0-1.el7.elrepo          elrepo-kernel

Na gaba, shigar da sabon kernel barga na babban layi:

# yum --enablerepo=elrepo-kernel install kernel-ml
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: centos.mirror.net.in
 * elrepo: mirror-hk.koddos.net
 * elrepo-kernel: mirror-hk.koddos.net
 * epel: repos.del.extreme-ix.org
 * extras: centos.mirror.net.in
 * updates: centos.mirror.net.in
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package kernel-ml.x86_64 0:5.0.0-1.el7.elrepo will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

====================================================================================
 Package                Arch        Version                 Repository        Size
====================================================================================
Installing:
 kernel-ml              x86_64      5.0.0-1.el7.elrepo      elrepo-kernel     47 M

Transaction Summary
====================================================================================
Install  1 Package

Total download size: 47 M
Installed size: 215 M
Is this ok [y/d/N]: y
Downloading packages:
kernel-ml-5.0.0-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64.rpm                           |  47 MB  00:01:21     
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
  Installing : kernel-ml-5.0.0-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64                1/1 
  Verifying  : kernel-ml-5.0.0-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64                1/1 

Installed:
  kernel-ml.x86_64 0:5.0.0-1.el7.elrepo                                                                                                                                                                            

Complete!

A ƙarshe, sake yi injin ku don amfani da sabuwar kwaya, sannan zaɓi sabon kwaya daga menu kamar yadda aka nuna.

Shiga azaman tushen, kuma gudanar da bin umarni don bincika sigar kernel:

# uname -sr

Mataki na 3: Saita Sigar Kernel Tsohuwar a cikin GRUB

Don sanya sabuwar sigar da aka shigar ta zama zaɓi na taya tsoho, dole ne ku canza tsarin GRUB kamar haka:

Buɗe kuma gyara fayil ɗin /etc/default/grub kuma saita GRUB_DEFAULT=0. Wannan yana nufin cewa kernel na farko a cikin allon farko na GRUB za a yi amfani da shi azaman tsoho.

GRUB_TIMEOUT=5
GRUB_DEFAULT=0
GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU=true
GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT="console"
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="rd.lvm.lv=centos/root rd.lvm.lv=centos/swap crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet"
GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY="true"

Na gaba, gudanar da umarni mai zuwa don sake ƙirƙirar saitin kwaya.

# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
Generating grub configuration file ...
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.0.0-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-5.0.0-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64.img
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-4.20.0-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-4.20.0-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64.img
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-4.19.11-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-4.19.11-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64.img
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-4.19.0-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-4.19.0-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64.img
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-957.1.3.el7.x86_64
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-957.1.3.el7.x86_64.img
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64.img
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-0-rescue-1e2b46dbc0c04b05b592c837c366bb76
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-0-rescue-1e2b46dbc0c04b05b592c837c366bb76.img
done

Sake yi kuma tabbatar da cewa ana amfani da sabuwar kwaya ta tsohuwa.

Taya murna! Kun haɓaka kwaya a cikin CentOS 7!

A cikin wannan labarin mun bayyana yadda ake haɓaka kernel na Linux cikin sauƙi akan tsarin ku. Har yanzu akwai wata hanyar da ba mu rufe ba saboda ta haɗa da tattara kwaya daga tushe, wanda zai cancanci cikakken littafi kuma ba a ba da shawarar ba akan tsarin samarwa.

Kodayake yana wakiltar ɗayan mafi kyawun ƙwarewar ilmantarwa kuma yana ba da damar ingantaccen tsari na kernel, kuna iya sa tsarin ku ya zama mara amfani kuma ƙila a sake shigar da shi daga karce.

Idan har yanzu kuna sha'awar gina kwaya a matsayin ƙwarewar koyo, zaku sami umarni kan yadda ake yin ta a shafin Kernel Newbies.

Kamar koyaushe, jin daɗin amfani da fom ɗin da ke ƙasa idan kuna da wasu tambayoyi ko sharhi game da wannan labarin.