Dokoki 12 Masu Amfani Don Tace Rubutu don Ingantattun Ayyukan Fayil a Linux
A cikin wannan labarin, za mu sake nazarin kayan aikin layin umarni da yawa waɗanda ke aiki azaman masu tacewa a cikin Linux. Tace shiri ne wanda ke karanta daidaitaccen shigarwa, yana yin aiki akansa kuma yana rubuta sakamakon zuwa daidaitaccen fitarwa.
Don haka, ana iya amfani da shi don aiwatar da bayanai ta hanyoyi masu ƙarfi kamar sake fasalin fitarwa don samar da rahotanni masu amfani, gyara rubutu a cikin fayiloli da sauran ayyukan gudanarwa na tsarin da yawa.
Da wannan ya ce, a ƙasa akwai wasu fayiloli masu amfani ko matatun rubutu a cikin Linux.
1. Awk Umarni
Awk babban harshe ne na bincikar ƙirar ƙira da sarrafa shi, ana iya amfani dashi don gina matattara masu amfani a cikin Linux. Za ku iya fara amfani da shi ta hanyar karantawa cikin shirin mu na Awk Part 1 zuwa Part 13.
Bugu da ƙari, kuma karanta ta shafin awk man don ƙarin bayani da zaɓuɓɓukan amfani:
$ man awk
2. Sed Command
sed editan rafi ne mai ƙarfi don tacewa da canza rubutu. Mun riga mun rubuta labarai masu amfani guda biyu akan sed, wanda zaku iya bi ta anan:
- Yadda ake amfani da umarnin GNU 'sed' don Ƙirƙiri, Shirya, da sarrafa fayiloli a cikin Linux
- 15 Fa'idodi da Dabaru na Umurni na 'sed' don Ayyukan Gudanar da Tsarin Linux na Kullum
Shafin sed man yana da ƙarin zaɓuɓɓukan sarrafawa da umarni:
$ man sed
3. Grep, Egrep, Fgrep, Umarnin Rgrep
Waɗannan suna tace layukan fitarwa da suka dace da tsarin da aka bayar. Suna karanta layi daga fayil ko daidaitaccen shigarwa, kuma suna buga duk layukan da suka dace ta tsohuwa zuwa daidaitaccen fitarwa.
Lura: Babban shirin yana amfani da takamaiman zaɓuɓɓukan grep kamar ƙasa (kuma har yanzu ana amfani da su don dacewa da baya):
$ egrep = grep -E $ fgrep = grep -F $ rgrep = grep -r
A ƙasa akwai wasu mahimman umarnin grep:
[email ~ $ grep "aaronkilik" /etc/passwd aaronkilik:x:1001:1001::/home/aaronkilik: [email ~ $ cat /etc/passwd | grep "aronkilik" aaronkilik:x:1001:1001::/home/aaronkilik:
Kuna iya karanta ƙarin game da Menene Bambanci Tsakanin Grep, Egrep da Fgrep a cikin Linux?
4. Shugaban Umurni
ana amfani da kai don nuna sassan farko na fayil, yana fitar da layin 10 na farko ta hanyar tsohuwa. Kuna iya amfani da alamar lamba -n
don tantance adadin layin da za a nuna:
[email ~ $ head /var/log/auth.log Jan 2 10:45:01 TecMint CRON[3383]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0) Jan 2 10:45:01 TecMint CRON[3383]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root Jan 2 10:51:34 TecMint sudo: tecmint : TTY=unknown ; PWD=/home/tecmint ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/usr/lib/linuxmint/mintUpdate/checkAPT.py Jan 2 10:51:34 TecMint sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0) Jan 2 10:51:39 TecMint sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session closed for user root Jan 2 10:55:01 TecMint CRON[4099]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0) Jan 2 10:55:01 TecMint CRON[4099]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root Jan 2 11:05:01 TecMint CRON[4138]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0) Jan 2 11:05:01 TecMint CRON[4138]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root Jan 2 11:09:01 TecMint CRON[4146]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0) [email ~ $ head -n 5 /var/log/auth.log Jan 2 10:45:01 TecMint CRON[3383]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0) Jan 2 10:45:01 TecMint CRON[3383]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root Jan 2 10:51:34 TecMint sudo: tecmint : TTY=unknown ; PWD=/home/tecmint ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/usr/lib/linuxmint/mintUpdate/checkAPT.py Jan 2 10:51:34 TecMint sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0) Jan 2 10:51:39 TecMint sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session closed for user root
Koyi yadda ake amfani da umarnin kai tare da umarnin wutsiya da cat don ingantaccen amfani a cikin Linux.
5. Umurnin wutsiya
wutsiya tana fitar da sassan ƙarshe (layi 10 ta tsohuwa) na fayil. Yi amfani da -n
sauyawa lamba don tantance adadin layukan da za'a nunawa.
Umurnin da ke ƙasa zai fitar da layin 5 na ƙarshe na ƙayyadadden fayil:
[email ~ $ tail -n 5 /var/log/auth.log Jan 6 13:01:27 TecMint sshd[1269]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22. Jan 6 13:01:27 TecMint sshd[1269]: Server listening on :: port 22. Jan 6 13:01:27 TecMint sshd[1269]: Received SIGHUP; restarting. Jan 6 13:01:27 TecMint sshd[1269]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22. Jan 6 13:01:27 TecMint sshd[1269]: Server listening on :: port 22.
Bugu da ƙari, wutsiya tana da zaɓi na musamman -f
don kallon canje-canje a cikin fayil a ainihin-lokaci (musamman fayilolin log).
Umarni mai zuwa zai ba ku damar saka idanu canje-canje a cikin ƙayyadadden fayil:
[email ~ $ tail -f /var/log/auth.log Jan 6 12:58:01 TecMint sshd[1269]: Server listening on :: port 22. Jan 6 12:58:11 TecMint sshd[1269]: Received SIGHUP; restarting. Jan 6 12:58:12 TecMint sshd[1269]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22. Jan 6 12:58:12 TecMint sshd[1269]: Server listening on :: port 22. Jan 6 13:01:27 TecMint sshd[1269]: Received SIGHUP; restarting. Jan 6 13:01:27 TecMint sshd[1269]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22. Jan 6 13:01:27 TecMint sshd[1269]: Server listening on :: port 22. Jan 6 13:01:27 TecMint sshd[1269]: Received SIGHUP; restarting. Jan 6 13:01:27 TecMint sshd[1269]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22. Jan 6 13:01:27 TecMint sshd[1269]: Server listening on :: port 22.
Karanta ta shafin mutumin wutsiya don cikakken jerin zaɓuɓɓukan amfani da umarnin:
$ man tail
6. tsara Umurni
ana amfani da nau'in don warware layin fayil ɗin rubutu ko daga daidaitaccen shigarwa.
A ƙasa akwai abun ciki na fayil mai suna domains.list:
[email ~ $ cat domains.list linux-console.net linux-console.net news.linux-console.net news.linux-console.net linuxsay.com linuxsay.com windowsmint.com windowsmint.com
Kuna iya gudanar da tsari mai sauƙi don tsara abun cikin fayil kamar haka:
[email ~ $ sort domains.list linuxsay.com linuxsay.com news.linux-console.net news.linux-console.net linux-console.net linux-console.net windowsmint.com windowsmint.com
Kuna iya amfani da umarni iri-iri ta hanyoyi da yawa, shiga cikin wasu labarai masu amfani akan nau'in umarni kamar haka:
- 14 Misalai Masu Fa'ida na Dokar 'irin' Linux - Sashe na 1
- 7 Misalan Umurnin 'Nau'in' Linux masu ban sha'awa - Kashi na 2
- Yadda ake Nemo da Rarraba Fayiloli Dangane da Kwanan Wata da Lokaci Gyara
- Yadda ake Rarraba fitar da umurnin 'ls' Ta Kwanan Wata da Lokaci na Ƙarshe
7. Umurnin uniq
Ana amfani da umarnin uniq don bayar da rahoto ko ƙetare layukan da aka maimaita, yana tace layukan daga daidaitattun shigarwar kuma yana rubuta sakamakon zuwa daidaitaccen fitarwa.
Bayan gudanar da nau'i akan rafi na shigarwa, zaku iya cire maimaita layukan tare da uniq kamar a misalin da ke ƙasa.
Don nuna adadin abubuwan da suka faru na layi, yi amfani da zaɓin -c
kuma kuyi watsi da bambance-bambance a yanayin yayin kwatanta ta haɗa da zaɓin -i
:
[email ~ $ cat domains.list linux-console.net linux-console.net news.linux-console.net news.linux-console.net linuxsay.com linuxsay.com windowsmint.com [email ~ $ sort domains.list | uniq -c 2 linuxsay.com 2 news.linux-console.net 2 linux-console.net 1 windowsmint.com
Karanta ta shafin uniq man don ƙarin bayanin amfani da tutoci:
$ man uniq
8. fmt Umurni
fmt mafi kyawun tsarin rubutu mai sauƙi, yana sake tsara sakin layi a cikin takamaiman fayil kuma yana buga sakamako zuwa daidaitaccen fitarwa.
Mai zuwa shine abun ciki da aka fitar daga yankin-list.txt fayil:
1.linux-console.net 2.news.linux-console.net 3.linuxsay.com 4.windowsmint.com
Don sake fasalin abun cikin da ke sama zuwa madaidaitan jeri, gudanar da umarni mai zuwa tare da -w
ana amfani da shi don ayyana iyakar faɗin layi:
[email ~ $ cat domain-list.txt 1.linux-console.net 2.news.linux-console.net 3.linuxsay.com 4.windowsmint.com [email ~ $ fmt -w 1 domain-list.txt 1.linux-console.net 2.news.linux-console.net 3.linuxsay.com 4.windowsmint.com
9. pr Umarni
umarnin pr yana canza fayilolin rubutu ko daidaitaccen shigarwa don bugu. Misali akan tsarin Debian, zaku iya jera duk fakitin da aka shigar kamar haka:
$ dpkg -l
Don tsara jeri a cikin shafuka da ginshiƙan da aka shirya don bugawa, ba da umarni mai zuwa.
[email ~ $ dpkg -l | pr --columns 3 -l 20 2017-01-06 13:19 Page 1 Desired=Unknown/Install ii adduser ii apg | Status=Not/Inst/Conf- ii adwaita-icon-theme ii app-install-data |/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-r ii adwaita-icon-theme- ii apparmor ||/ Name ii alsa-base ii apt +++-=================== ii alsa-utils ii apt-clone ii accountsservice ii anacron ii apt-transport-https ii acl ii apache2 ii apt-utils ii acpi-support ii apache2-bin ii apt-xapian-index ii acpid ii apache2-data ii aptdaemon ii add-apt-key ii apache2-utils ii aptdaemon-data 2017-01-06 13:19 Page 2 ii aptitude ii avahi-daemon ii bind9-host ii aptitude-common ii avahi-utils ii binfmt-support ii apturl ii aview ii binutils ii apturl-common ii banshee ii bison ii archdetect-deb ii baobab ii blt ii aspell ii base-files ii blueberry ii aspell-en ii base-passwd ii bluetooth ii at-spi2-core ii bash ii bluez ii attr ii bash-completion ii bluez-cups ii avahi-autoipd ii bc ii bluez-obexd .....
Tutocin da aka yi amfani da su a nan su ne:
--column
yana bayyana adadin ginshiƙan da aka ƙirƙira a cikin fitarwa.-l
yana ƙayyadadden tsayin shafi (Tsoffin layukan 66 ne).
10. tr Umurni
Wannan kayan aikin yana fassara ko share haruffa daga daidaitaccen shigarwa kuma yana rubuta sakamako zuwa daidaitaccen fitarwa.
Ma'anar amfani da tr shine kamar haka:
$ tr options set1 set2
Dubi misalan da ke ƙasa, a cikin umarni na farko, set1( [: babba:] )
yana wakiltar yanayin shigar haruffa (duk manyan harka).
Sannan set2([:lower:])
yana wakiltar yanayin da haruffan sakamako zasu kasance. Abu ɗaya ne a cikin misali na biyu da jerin tserewa
yana nufin buga fitarwa akan sabon layi:
[email ~ $ echo "WWW.TECMINT.COM" | tr [:upper:] [:lower:] linux-console.net [email ~ $ echo "news.linux-console.net" | tr [:lower:] [:upper:] NEWS.TECMINT.COM
11. ƙarin Umurni
ƙarin umarni shine mai fa'ida mai fa'ida mai fa'ida wanda aka ƙirƙira ta asali don duba takaddun shaida. Yana nuna abun cikin fayil a cikin shafi kamar tsari, inda masu amfani zasu iya danna [Shigar] don duba ƙarin bayani.
Kuna iya amfani da shi don duba manyan fayiloli kamar haka:
[email ~ $ dmesg | more [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct [ 0.000000] Linux version 4.4.0-21-generic ([email ) (gcc version 5.3.1 20160413 (Ubuntu 5.3.1-14ubuntu2) ) #37-Ubuntu SMP Mon Apr 18 18:33:37 UTC 2016 (Ubuntu 4.4.0-21.37-generic 4.4.6) [ 0.000000] Command line: BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-21-generic root=UUID=bb29dda3-bdaa-4b39-86cf-4a6dc9634a1b ro quiet splash vt.handoff=7 [ 0.000000] KERNEL supported cpus: [ 0.000000] Intel GenuineIntel [ 0.000000] AMD AuthenticAMD [ 0.000000] Centaur CentaurHauls [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: xstate_offset[2]: 576, xstate_sizes[2]: 256 [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x01: 'x87 floating point registers' [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x02: 'SSE registers' [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x04: 'AVX registers' [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Enabled xstate features 0x7, context size is 832 bytes, using 'standard' format. [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Using 'eager' FPU context switches. [ 0.000000] e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map: [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009d3ff] usable [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000000009d400-0x000000000009ffff] reserved [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000e0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x00000000a56affff] usable [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000a56b0000-0x00000000a5eaffff] reserved [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000a5eb0000-0x00000000aaabefff] usable --More--
12. Kasa Umurni
žasa shine akasin ƙarin umarni a sama amma yana ba da ƙarin fasali kuma yana da ɗan sauri tare da manyan fayiloli.
Yi amfani da shi ta hanya ɗaya da ƙari:
[email ~ $ dmesg | less [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct [ 0.000000] Linux version 4.4.0-21-generic ([email ) (gcc version 5.3.1 20160413 (Ubuntu 5.3.1-14ubuntu2) ) #37-Ubuntu SMP Mon Apr 18 18:33:37 UTC 2016 (Ubuntu 4.4.0-21.37-generic 4.4.6) [ 0.000000] Command line: BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-21-generic root=UUID=bb29dda3-bdaa-4b39-86cf-4a6dc9634a1b ro quiet splash vt.handoff=7 [ 0.000000] KERNEL supported cpus: [ 0.000000] Intel GenuineIntel [ 0.000000] AMD AuthenticAMD [ 0.000000] Centaur CentaurHauls [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: xstate_offset[2]: 576, xstate_sizes[2]: 256 [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x01: 'x87 floating point registers' [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x02: 'SSE registers' [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x04: 'AVX registers' [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Enabled xstate features 0x7, context size is 832 bytes, using 'standard' format. [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Using 'eager' FPU context switches. [ 0.000000] e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map: [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009d3ff] usable [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000000009d400-0x000000000009ffff] reserved [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000e0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x00000000a56affff] usable [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000a56b0000-0x00000000a5eaffff] reserved [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000a5eb0000-0x00000000aaabefff] usable :
Koyi Me yasa 'kasa' ya fi sauri fiye da 'ƙarin' Umurni don ingantaccen kewayawa fayil a cikin Linux.
Shi ke nan a yanzu, bari mu san kowane kayan aikin layin umarni masu amfani da ba a ambata a nan ba, waɗanda ke aiki azaman matattarar rubutu a cikin Linux ta sashin sharhin da ke ƙasa.