Kayayyakin 9 don Kula da Rarraba Disk na Linux da Amfani a cikin Linux


A cikin wannan labarin, za mu sake nazarin wasu abubuwan amfani da layin umarni na Linux waɗanda za ku iya amfani da su don bincika sassan diski a cikin Linux.

Kula da na'urar (s) amfani da sararin samaniya yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ayyuka na SysAdmin, wannan yana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da isasshen sarari kyauta akan na'urorin ajiya don ingantaccen tafiyar da tsarin Linux ɗin ku.

Ayyukan Layin Umurni Don Buga Teburin Bangaren Disk na Linux

Masu biyowa jerin abubuwan amfani da layin umarni don buga tebur ɓangaren ɓangaren na'urar ajiya da amfani da sarari.

fdisk babban kayan aikin layin umarni ne mai ƙarfi kuma sanannen da ake amfani dashi don ƙirƙira da sarrafa allunan ɓangaren diski.

Yana goyan bayan GPT, MBR, Sun, SGI da teburan bangare na BSD. Kuna iya gudanar da umarnin fdisk ta hanyar abokantakar mai amfani, tushen rubutu da mahallin menu don nunawa, ƙirƙira, sake girman girma, share, gyara, kwafi da matsar da ɓangarori akan fayafai na ajiya.

Umurnin fdisk da ke ƙasa zai buga teburin ɓangaren duk na'urorin toshe da aka ɗora:

$ sudo fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 931.5 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 82213CA8-50E4-4DDB-9337-85E46DA03430

Device          Start        End    Sectors   Size Type
/dev/sda1        2048    2050047    2048000  1000M Windows recovery environment
/dev/sda2     2050048    2582527     532480   260M EFI System
/dev/sda3     2582528    4630527    2048000  1000M Lenovo boot partition
/dev/sda4     4630528    4892671     262144   128M Microsoft reserved
/dev/sda5     4892672 1173295103 1168402432 557.1G Microsoft basic data
/dev/sda6  1870348288 1922777087   52428800    25G Microsoft basic data
/dev/sda7  1922777088 1953523711   30746624  14.7G Windows recovery environment
/dev/sda8  1173295104 1173297151       2048     1M BIOS boot
/dev/sda9  1173297152 1181110271    7813120   3.7G Linux swap
/dev/sda10 1181110272 1870348287  689238016 328.7G Linux filesystem

Partition table entries are not in disk order.

Don ƙarin amfani da misalai game da umarnin fdisk karanta 10 'fdisk' Umurnin Misalai don Sarrafa ɓangarori

sfdisk yana aiki kamar fdisk, yana buga ko sarrafa tebur ɓangaren diski na ajiya. Koyaya, sfdisk yana ba da ƙarin fasalulluka waɗanda ba a samun su a fdisk. Kuna iya amfani da shi kamar fdisk, yana kuma goyan bayan GPT, MBR, Sun da Tebur na SGI.

Bambanci daya tsakanin su biyun shine sfdisk baya haifar da daidaitattun tsarin sassan SGI da SUN faifai kamar fdisk yayi.

$ sudo sfdisk -l 
Disk /dev/sda: 931.5 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 82213CA8-50E4-4DDB-9337-85E46DA03430

Device          Start        End    Sectors   Size Type
/dev/sda1        2048    2050047    2048000  1000M Windows recovery environment
/dev/sda2     2050048    2582527     532480   260M EFI System
/dev/sda3     2582528    4630527    2048000  1000M Lenovo boot partition
/dev/sda4     4630528    4892671     262144   128M Microsoft reserved
/dev/sda5     4892672 1173295103 1168402432 557.1G Microsoft basic data
/dev/sda6  1870348288 1922777087   52428800    25G Microsoft basic data
/dev/sda7  1922777088 1953523711   30746624  14.7G Windows recovery environment
/dev/sda8  1173295104 1173297151       2048     1M BIOS boot
/dev/sda9  1173297152 1181110271    7813120   3.7G Linux swap
/dev/sda10 1181110272 1870348287  689238016 328.7G Linux filesystem

Partition table entries are not in disk order.

Don ƙarin amfani, shiga cikin shafukan sfdisk man.

cfdisk shiri ne mai sauƙi da ake amfani dashi don bugu da sarrafa sassan diski. Yana ba da aikin rarrabuwa na asali tare da keɓancewar mai amfani. Yana aiki kama da umarni mafi ƙarfi: fdisk da sfdisk yana ba masu amfani damar duba, ƙara, sharewa, da kuma gyara ɓangarori masu wuyar faifai.

Yi amfani da maɓallin kibiya dama da hagu don matsar da mai haskakawa akan shafukan menu.

$ sudo cfdisk
                                 Disk: /dev/sda
            Size: 931.5 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors
          Label: gpt, identifier: 82213CA8-50E4-4DDB-9337-85E46DA03430

    Device          Start        End    Sectors   Size Type
>>  Free space       2048       2048          0     0B                          
    /dev/sda1        2048    2050047    2048000  1000M Windows recovery environm
    /dev/sda2     2050048    2582527     532480   260M EFI System
    /dev/sda3     2582528    4630527    2048000  1000M Lenovo boot partition
    /dev/sda4     4630528    4892671     262144   128M Microsoft reserved
    /dev/sda5     4892672 1173295103 1168402432 557.1G Microsoft basic data
    /dev/sda6  1870348288 1922777087   52428800    25G Microsoft basic data
    /dev/sda7  1922777088 1953523711   30746624  14.7G Windows recovery environm
    /dev/sda8  1173295104 1173297151       2048     1M BIOS boot
    /dev/sda9  1173297152 1181110271    7813120   3.7G Linux swap
    /dev/sda10 1181110272 1870348287  689238016 328.7G Linux filesystem
 ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
 │      Filesystem: ntfs                                                      │
 │Filesystem label: WINRE_DRV                                                 │
 └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
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parted kuma sanannen kayan aikin layin umarni ne don nunawa da sarrafa sassan diski. Yana fahimtar tsarin tebur na bangare da yawa, gami da MBR da GPT.

Ana iya amfani da parted don ƙirƙirar sarari don sabbin ɓangarori, sake tsara yadda ake amfani da faifai, da kwafin bayanai zuwa sababbin faifai da ƙari.

$ sudo parted -l
Model: ATA ST1000LM024 HN-M (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 1000GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/4096B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags: 

Number  Start   End     Size    File system     Name                          Flags
 1      1049kB  1050MB  1049MB  ntfs            Basic data partition          hidden, diag
 2      1050MB  1322MB  273MB   fat32           EFI system partition          boot, hidden, esp
 3      1322MB  2371MB  1049MB  fat32           Basic data partition          hidden
 4      2371MB  2505MB  134MB                   Microsoft reserved partition  msftres
 5      2505MB  601GB   598GB   ntfs            Basic data partition          msftdata
 8      601GB   601GB   1049kB                                                bios_grub
 9      601GB   605GB   4000MB  linux-swap(v1)
10      605GB   958GB   353GB   ext4
 6      958GB   984GB   26.8GB  ntfs            Basic data partition          msftdata
 7      984GB   1000GB  15.7GB  ntfs            Basic data partition          hidden, diag

Don ƙarin amfani karanta 8 Linux 'Rarrabu' Umarnin don Sarrafa Linux Disk Partitions

lsblk yana buga bayanai da suka haɗa da suna, nau'in, wurin dutse game da duk wani na'ura (s) da aka samu ko na musamman da aka saka ban da fayafai na RAM.

$ lsblk  
NAME    MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda       8:0    0 931.5G  0 disk 
├─sda1    8:1    0  1000M  0 part 
├─sda2    8:2    0   260M  0 part 
├─sda3    8:3    0  1000M  0 part 
├─sda4    8:4    0   128M  0 part 
├─sda5    8:5    0 557.1G  0 part 
├─sda6    8:6    0    25G  0 part 
├─sda7    8:7    0  14.7G  0 part 
├─sda8    8:8    0     1M  0 part 
├─sda9    8:9    0   3.7G  0 part [SWAP]
└─sda10   8:10   0 328.7G  0 part /
sr0      11:0    1  1024M  0 rom  

blkid kayan aiki wanda ke gano ko nuna alamun toshe abubuwan na'ura (NAME=ƙirar biyu) kamar na'ura ko sunan bangare, lakabin, nau'in tsarin fayil ɗin sa da sauransu.

$ blkid 
/dev/sda1: LABEL="WINRE_DRV" UUID="D4A45AAAA45A8EBC" TYPE="ntfs" PARTLABEL="Basic data partition" PARTUUID="dcc4de2d-8fc4-490f-85e0-50c2e18cc33d"
/dev/sda2: LABEL="SYSTEM_DRV" UUID="185C-DA5B" TYPE="vfat" PARTLABEL="EFI system partition" PARTUUID="b13c479a-d63b-4fec-9aee-f926fe7b0b16"
/dev/sda3: LABEL="LRS_ESP" UUID="0E60-2E0E" TYPE="vfat" PARTLABEL="Basic data partition" PARTUUID="d464feab-0791-4866-a36b-90dbe6d6a437"
/dev/sda5: LABEL="Windows8_OS" UUID="18D0632AD0630CF6" TYPE="ntfs" PARTLABEL="Basic data partition" PARTUUID="8a66bd5b-8624-4fdb-9ad8-18d8cd356160"
/dev/sda6: LABEL="LENOVO" UUID="9286FFD986FFBC33" TYPE="ntfs" PARTLABEL="Basic data partition" PARTUUID="92fbbea9-6bcd-4ae5-a322-c96a07a81013"
/dev/sda7: LABEL="PBR_DRV" UUID="ECD06683D066543C" TYPE="ntfs" PARTLABEL="Basic data partition" PARTUUID="0e2878a2-377c-4b35-9454-f1f2c6398405"
/dev/sda9: UUID="e040de62-c837-453e-88ee-bd9000387083" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="f5eef371-a152-4208-a62f-0fb287f9acdd"
/dev/sda10: UUID="bb29dda3-bdaa-4b39-86cf-4a6dc9634a1b" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="26b60905-1c39-4fd4-bdce-95c517c781fa"

hwinfo gabaɗaya yana buga cikakken bayani game da kayan aikin tsarin. Amma kuna iya gudanar da umarnin hwinfo da ke ƙasa, inda kuke amfani da -- zaɓi don jera duk kayan masarufi na takamaiman nau'in (a wannan yanayin toshe na'urori kamar diski da sassansu).

Don taƙaita bayanin zuwa taƙaitawa, yi amfani da zaɓin --short kamar yadda yake cikin umarnin da ke ƙasa:

$ hwinfo --short --block
disk:                                                           
  /dev/sda             ST1000LM024 HN-M
  /dev/ram0            Disk
  /dev/ram1            Disk
  /dev/ram2            Disk
  /dev/ram3            Disk
  /dev/ram4            Disk
  /dev/ram5            Disk
  /dev/ram6            Disk
  /dev/ram7            Disk
  /dev/ram8            Disk
  /dev/ram9            Disk
  /dev/ram10           Disk
  /dev/ram11           Disk
  /dev/ram12           Disk
  /dev/ram13           Disk
  /dev/ram14           Disk
  /dev/ram15           Disk
partition:
  /dev/sda1            Partition
  /dev/sda2            Partition
  /dev/sda3            Partition
  /dev/sda4            Partition
  /dev/sda5            Partition
  /dev/sda6            Partition
  /dev/sda7            Partition
  /dev/sda8            Partition
  /dev/sda9            Partition
  /dev/sda10           Partition
cdrom:
  /dev/sr0             PLDS DVD-RW DA8A5SH

Tabbatar cewa an shigar da kayan aikin hwinfo akan tsarin ku don samun sakamakon da ke sama.

Ayyukan Layin Umurni Don Kula da Amfani da sararin samaniya a cikin Linux

Masu biyowa jerin abubuwan amfani da layin umarni don sa ido kan yadda ake amfani da sararin diski na Linux.

df yana buga taƙaitaccen tsarin tsarin fayil ɗin amfani da sarari diski akan tasha. A cikin umarnin da ke ƙasa, -hT sauya yana ba da damar ba da rahoton girman diski, sarari da aka yi amfani da shi, sararin sarari da adadin sararin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tsarin mutum-mai karantawa.

$ df -hT
Filesystem     Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev           devtmpfs  3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /dev
tmpfs          tmpfs     788M  9.6M  779M   2% /run
/dev/sda10     ext4      324G  132G  176G  43% /
tmpfs          tmpfs     3.9G   86M  3.8G   3% /dev/shm
tmpfs          tmpfs     5.0M  4.0K  5.0M   1% /run/lock
tmpfs          tmpfs     3.9G     0  3.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
cgmfs          tmpfs     100K     0  100K   0% /run/cgmanager/fs
tmpfs          tmpfs     788M   32K  788M   1% /run/user/1000

pydf shine ingantaccen layin umarni na Python kuma babban maye gurbin df a cikin Linux. Yana amfani da launuka daban-daban don haskaka ɓangarorin faifai tare da takamaiman halaye.

$ pydf
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use%                                                          Mounted on
/dev/sda10 323G 132G  175G 40.7 [######################................................] /         

Tabbatar cewa an shigar da kayan aikin pydf akan tsarin, idan ba'a shigar da shi ta amfani da Sanya Pydf Tool don Kula da Amfanin Linux Disk.

Da zarar kun gane cewa kowane diski (s) na ajiyar ku yana kurewa sarari ko ya cika, ya kamata ku:

  1. Na farko, yi wariyar duk mahimman fayilolinku akan tsarin ta amfani da kowane kayan aikin madadin tsarin Linux.
  2. Na gaba, bincika fayiloli ko kundayen adireshi ke mamaye mafi girman adadin sarari akan faifai ta amfani da umarnin du.
  3. Sa'an nan kuma share daga faifai (s) na ajiya, duk fayilolin da ba su da mahimmanci ko waɗanda ba za ku yi amfani da su ba nan gaba tare da taimakon rm umurnin ko kuna iya fslint kayan aiki don nemo share fayilolin da ba'a so a cikin Linux.
  4. Idan tushen tushen ku yana cika, zaku iya canza girman ɓangaren tushen ta amfani da LVM, yakamata ya zama madaidaiciya.

Lura: Idan kun share kowane muhimmin fayil, zaku iya dawo da fayilolin da aka goge a cikin Linux.

A cikin wannan labarin, mun yi magana game da adadin abubuwan amfani da layin umarni masu fa'ida don nuna teburin ɓangaren faifai na ajiya da saka idanu akan amfani da sarari.

Idan akwai wani muhimmin aikin layin umarni don wannan manufa, da muka bar? Bari mu sani ta hanyar sharhin da ke ƙasa. Kuna iya yin tambaya ko ba mu ra'ayi kuma.