Kayayyakin 9 don Kula da Rarraba Disk na Linux da Amfani a cikin Linux
A cikin wannan labarin, za mu sake nazarin wasu abubuwan amfani da layin umarni na Linux waɗanda za ku iya amfani da su don bincika sassan diski a cikin Linux.
Kula da na'urar (s) amfani da sararin samaniya yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ayyuka na SysAdmin, wannan yana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da isasshen sarari kyauta akan na'urorin ajiya don ingantaccen tafiyar da tsarin Linux ɗin ku.
Ayyukan Layin Umurni Don Buga Teburin Bangaren Disk na Linux
Masu biyowa jerin abubuwan amfani da layin umarni don buga tebur ɓangaren ɓangaren na'urar ajiya da amfani da sarari.
fdisk babban kayan aikin layin umarni ne mai ƙarfi kuma sanannen da ake amfani dashi don ƙirƙira da sarrafa allunan ɓangaren diski.
Yana goyan bayan GPT, MBR, Sun, SGI da teburan bangare na BSD. Kuna iya gudanar da umarnin fdisk ta hanyar abokantakar mai amfani, tushen rubutu da mahallin menu don nunawa, ƙirƙira, sake girman girma, share, gyara, kwafi da matsar da ɓangarori akan fayafai na ajiya.
Umurnin fdisk da ke ƙasa zai buga teburin ɓangaren duk na'urorin toshe da aka ɗora:
$ sudo fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 931.5 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disklabel type: gpt Disk identifier: 82213CA8-50E4-4DDB-9337-85E46DA03430 Device Start End Sectors Size Type /dev/sda1 2048 2050047 2048000 1000M Windows recovery environment /dev/sda2 2050048 2582527 532480 260M EFI System /dev/sda3 2582528 4630527 2048000 1000M Lenovo boot partition /dev/sda4 4630528 4892671 262144 128M Microsoft reserved /dev/sda5 4892672 1173295103 1168402432 557.1G Microsoft basic data /dev/sda6 1870348288 1922777087 52428800 25G Microsoft basic data /dev/sda7 1922777088 1953523711 30746624 14.7G Windows recovery environment /dev/sda8 1173295104 1173297151 2048 1M BIOS boot /dev/sda9 1173297152 1181110271 7813120 3.7G Linux swap /dev/sda10 1181110272 1870348287 689238016 328.7G Linux filesystem Partition table entries are not in disk order.
Don ƙarin amfani da misalai game da umarnin fdisk karanta 10 'fdisk' Umurnin Misalai don Sarrafa ɓangarori
sfdisk yana aiki kamar fdisk, yana buga ko sarrafa tebur ɓangaren diski na ajiya. Koyaya, sfdisk yana ba da ƙarin fasalulluka waɗanda ba a samun su a fdisk. Kuna iya amfani da shi kamar fdisk, yana kuma goyan bayan GPT, MBR, Sun da Tebur na SGI.
Bambanci daya tsakanin su biyun shine sfdisk baya haifar da daidaitattun tsarin sassan SGI da SUN faifai kamar fdisk yayi.
$ sudo sfdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 931.5 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disklabel type: gpt Disk identifier: 82213CA8-50E4-4DDB-9337-85E46DA03430 Device Start End Sectors Size Type /dev/sda1 2048 2050047 2048000 1000M Windows recovery environment /dev/sda2 2050048 2582527 532480 260M EFI System /dev/sda3 2582528 4630527 2048000 1000M Lenovo boot partition /dev/sda4 4630528 4892671 262144 128M Microsoft reserved /dev/sda5 4892672 1173295103 1168402432 557.1G Microsoft basic data /dev/sda6 1870348288 1922777087 52428800 25G Microsoft basic data /dev/sda7 1922777088 1953523711 30746624 14.7G Windows recovery environment /dev/sda8 1173295104 1173297151 2048 1M BIOS boot /dev/sda9 1173297152 1181110271 7813120 3.7G Linux swap /dev/sda10 1181110272 1870348287 689238016 328.7G Linux filesystem Partition table entries are not in disk order.
Don ƙarin amfani, shiga cikin shafukan sfdisk man.
cfdisk shiri ne mai sauƙi da ake amfani dashi don bugu da sarrafa sassan diski. Yana ba da aikin rarrabuwa na asali tare da keɓancewar mai amfani. Yana aiki kama da umarni mafi ƙarfi: fdisk da sfdisk yana ba masu amfani damar duba, ƙara, sharewa, da kuma gyara ɓangarori masu wuyar faifai.
Yi amfani da maɓallin kibiya dama da hagu don matsar da mai haskakawa akan shafukan menu.
$ sudo cfdisk
Disk: /dev/sda Size: 931.5 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors Label: gpt, identifier: 82213CA8-50E4-4DDB-9337-85E46DA03430 Device Start End Sectors Size Type >> Free space 2048 2048 0 0B /dev/sda1 2048 2050047 2048000 1000M Windows recovery environm /dev/sda2 2050048 2582527 532480 260M EFI System /dev/sda3 2582528 4630527 2048000 1000M Lenovo boot partition /dev/sda4 4630528 4892671 262144 128M Microsoft reserved /dev/sda5 4892672 1173295103 1168402432 557.1G Microsoft basic data /dev/sda6 1870348288 1922777087 52428800 25G Microsoft basic data /dev/sda7 1922777088 1953523711 30746624 14.7G Windows recovery environm /dev/sda8 1173295104 1173297151 2048 1M BIOS boot /dev/sda9 1173297152 1181110271 7813120 3.7G Linux swap /dev/sda10 1181110272 1870348287 689238016 328.7G Linux filesystem ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Filesystem: ntfs │ │Filesystem label: WINRE_DRV │ └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ [ New ] [ Quit ] [ Help ] [ Sort ] [ Write ] [ Dump ]
parted kuma sanannen kayan aikin layin umarni ne don nunawa da sarrafa sassan diski. Yana fahimtar tsarin tebur na bangare da yawa, gami da MBR da GPT.
Ana iya amfani da parted don ƙirƙirar sarari don sabbin ɓangarori, sake tsara yadda ake amfani da faifai, da kwafin bayanai zuwa sababbin faifai da ƙari.
$ sudo parted -l
Model: ATA ST1000LM024 HN-M (scsi) Disk /dev/sda: 1000GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/4096B Partition Table: gpt Disk Flags: Number Start End Size File system Name Flags 1 1049kB 1050MB 1049MB ntfs Basic data partition hidden, diag 2 1050MB 1322MB 273MB fat32 EFI system partition boot, hidden, esp 3 1322MB 2371MB 1049MB fat32 Basic data partition hidden 4 2371MB 2505MB 134MB Microsoft reserved partition msftres 5 2505MB 601GB 598GB ntfs Basic data partition msftdata 8 601GB 601GB 1049kB bios_grub 9 601GB 605GB 4000MB linux-swap(v1) 10 605GB 958GB 353GB ext4 6 958GB 984GB 26.8GB ntfs Basic data partition msftdata 7 984GB 1000GB 15.7GB ntfs Basic data partition hidden, diag
Don ƙarin amfani karanta 8 Linux 'Rarrabu' Umarnin don Sarrafa Linux Disk Partitions
lsblk yana buga bayanai da suka haɗa da suna, nau'in, wurin dutse game da duk wani na'ura (s) da aka samu ko na musamman da aka saka ban da fayafai na RAM.
$ lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 931.5G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1000M 0 part ├─sda2 8:2 0 260M 0 part ├─sda3 8:3 0 1000M 0 part ├─sda4 8:4 0 128M 0 part ├─sda5 8:5 0 557.1G 0 part ├─sda6 8:6 0 25G 0 part ├─sda7 8:7 0 14.7G 0 part ├─sda8 8:8 0 1M 0 part ├─sda9 8:9 0 3.7G 0 part [SWAP] └─sda10 8:10 0 328.7G 0 part / sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
blkid kayan aiki wanda ke gano ko nuna alamun toshe abubuwan na'ura (NAME=ƙirar biyu) kamar na'ura ko sunan bangare, lakabin, nau'in tsarin fayil ɗin sa da sauransu.
$ blkid
/dev/sda1: LABEL="WINRE_DRV" UUID="D4A45AAAA45A8EBC" TYPE="ntfs" PARTLABEL="Basic data partition" PARTUUID="dcc4de2d-8fc4-490f-85e0-50c2e18cc33d" /dev/sda2: LABEL="SYSTEM_DRV" UUID="185C-DA5B" TYPE="vfat" PARTLABEL="EFI system partition" PARTUUID="b13c479a-d63b-4fec-9aee-f926fe7b0b16" /dev/sda3: LABEL="LRS_ESP" UUID="0E60-2E0E" TYPE="vfat" PARTLABEL="Basic data partition" PARTUUID="d464feab-0791-4866-a36b-90dbe6d6a437" /dev/sda5: LABEL="Windows8_OS" UUID="18D0632AD0630CF6" TYPE="ntfs" PARTLABEL="Basic data partition" PARTUUID="8a66bd5b-8624-4fdb-9ad8-18d8cd356160" /dev/sda6: LABEL="LENOVO" UUID="9286FFD986FFBC33" TYPE="ntfs" PARTLABEL="Basic data partition" PARTUUID="92fbbea9-6bcd-4ae5-a322-c96a07a81013" /dev/sda7: LABEL="PBR_DRV" UUID="ECD06683D066543C" TYPE="ntfs" PARTLABEL="Basic data partition" PARTUUID="0e2878a2-377c-4b35-9454-f1f2c6398405" /dev/sda9: UUID="e040de62-c837-453e-88ee-bd9000387083" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="f5eef371-a152-4208-a62f-0fb287f9acdd" /dev/sda10: UUID="bb29dda3-bdaa-4b39-86cf-4a6dc9634a1b" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="26b60905-1c39-4fd4-bdce-95c517c781fa"
hwinfo gabaɗaya yana buga cikakken bayani game da kayan aikin tsarin. Amma kuna iya gudanar da umarnin hwinfo da ke ƙasa, inda kuke amfani da --
zaɓi don jera duk kayan masarufi na takamaiman nau'in (a wannan yanayin toshe na'urori kamar diski da sassansu).
Don taƙaita bayanin zuwa taƙaitawa, yi amfani da zaɓin --short
kamar yadda yake cikin umarnin da ke ƙasa:
$ hwinfo --short --block
disk: /dev/sda ST1000LM024 HN-M /dev/ram0 Disk /dev/ram1 Disk /dev/ram2 Disk /dev/ram3 Disk /dev/ram4 Disk /dev/ram5 Disk /dev/ram6 Disk /dev/ram7 Disk /dev/ram8 Disk /dev/ram9 Disk /dev/ram10 Disk /dev/ram11 Disk /dev/ram12 Disk /dev/ram13 Disk /dev/ram14 Disk /dev/ram15 Disk partition: /dev/sda1 Partition /dev/sda2 Partition /dev/sda3 Partition /dev/sda4 Partition /dev/sda5 Partition /dev/sda6 Partition /dev/sda7 Partition /dev/sda8 Partition /dev/sda9 Partition /dev/sda10 Partition cdrom: /dev/sr0 PLDS DVD-RW DA8A5SH
Tabbatar cewa an shigar da kayan aikin hwinfo akan tsarin ku don samun sakamakon da ke sama.
Ayyukan Layin Umurni Don Kula da Amfani da sararin samaniya a cikin Linux
Masu biyowa jerin abubuwan amfani da layin umarni don sa ido kan yadda ake amfani da sararin diski na Linux.
df yana buga taƙaitaccen tsarin tsarin fayil ɗin amfani da sarari diski akan tasha. A cikin umarnin da ke ƙasa, -hT
sauya yana ba da damar ba da rahoton girman diski, sarari da aka yi amfani da shi, sararin sarari da adadin sararin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tsarin mutum-mai karantawa.
$ df -hT
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on udev devtmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev tmpfs tmpfs 788M 9.6M 779M 2% /run /dev/sda10 ext4 324G 132G 176G 43% / tmpfs tmpfs 3.9G 86M 3.8G 3% /dev/shm tmpfs tmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock tmpfs tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup cgmfs tmpfs 100K 0 100K 0% /run/cgmanager/fs tmpfs tmpfs 788M 32K 788M 1% /run/user/1000
pydf shine ingantaccen layin umarni na Python kuma babban maye gurbin df a cikin Linux. Yana amfani da launuka daban-daban don haskaka ɓangarorin faifai tare da takamaiman halaye.
$ pydf
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda10 323G 132G 175G 40.7 [######################................................] /
Tabbatar cewa an shigar da kayan aikin pydf akan tsarin, idan ba'a shigar da shi ta amfani da Sanya Pydf Tool don Kula da Amfanin Linux Disk.
Da zarar kun gane cewa kowane diski (s) na ajiyar ku yana kurewa sarari ko ya cika, ya kamata ku:
- Na farko, yi wariyar duk mahimman fayilolinku akan tsarin ta amfani da kowane kayan aikin madadin tsarin Linux.
- Na gaba, bincika fayiloli ko kundayen adireshi ke mamaye mafi girman adadin sarari akan faifai ta amfani da umarnin du.
- Sa'an nan kuma share daga faifai (s) na ajiya, duk fayilolin da ba su da mahimmanci ko waɗanda ba za ku yi amfani da su ba nan gaba tare da taimakon
rm
umurnin ko kuna iya fslint kayan aiki don nemo share fayilolin da ba'a so a cikin Linux. - Idan tushen tushen ku yana cika, zaku iya canza girman ɓangaren tushen ta amfani da LVM, yakamata ya zama madaidaiciya.
Lura: Idan kun share kowane muhimmin fayil, zaku iya dawo da fayilolin da aka goge a cikin Linux.
A cikin wannan labarin, mun yi magana game da adadin abubuwan amfani da layin umarni masu fa'ida don nuna teburin ɓangaren faifai na ajiya da saka idanu akan amfani da sarari.
Idan akwai wani muhimmin aikin layin umarni don wannan manufa, da muka bar? Bari mu sani ta hanyar sharhin da ke ƙasa. Kuna iya yin tambaya ko ba mu ra'ayi kuma.