5 Mafi kyawun Tsarin Init Linux na Zamani (1992-2015)

A cikin Linux da sauran tsarin aiki kamar Unix, tsarin init (farawa) shine tsari na farko da kernel ke aiwatarwa a lokacin taya. Yana da ID na tsari (PID) na 1, ana aiwatar da shi a bango har sai an rufe tsarin.

Tsarin shigarwa yana farawa da duk sauran matakai, wato daemons, ayyuka da sauran tsarin tsarin baya, saboda haka, ita ce uwar dukkanin sauran matakai akan tsarin. Tsarin zai iya fara wasu matakai da yawa akan tsarin, amma idan tsarin iyaye ya mutu, farawa ya zama iyayen tsarin marayu.

A cikin shekaru da yawa, yawancin tsarin init sun fito a cikin manyan rarrabawar Linux kuma a cikin wannan jagorar, za mu dubi wasu mafi kyawun tsarin init da za ku iya aiki da su akan tsarin aiki na Linux.

1. Tsarin V Init

System V (SysV) babban tsari ne kuma sanannen init akan tsarin aiki kamar Unix, shine iyayen duk matakai akan tsarin Unix/Linux. SysV shine tsarin aiki na Unix na farko da aka ƙera.

Kusan duk rabe-raben Linux sun fara amfani da tsarin init SysV ban da Gentoo wanda ke da init na al'ada da Slackware ta amfani da tsarin init irin na BSD.

Kamar yadda shekaru suka shuɗe, saboda wasu kurakurai, yawancin SysV init an haɓaka su a cikin tambayoyin don ƙirƙirar ingantaccen tsarin init don Linux.

Kodayake waɗannan hanyoyin suna neman haɓaka SysV kuma tabbas suna ba da sabbin abubuwa, har yanzu suna dacewa da rubutun init na asali na SysV.

2. SystemD

SystemD sabon tsarin init ne akan dandalin Linux. An gabatar da shi a cikin Fedora 15, nau'in kayan aiki ne don sauƙin sarrafa tsarin. Babban manufar shine farawa, sarrafawa da kuma kula da duk tsarin tsarin a cikin tsarin taya da kuma yayin da tsarin ke gudana.

Init na tsarin ya bambanta da sauran tsarin init na Unix na gargajiya, ta yadda a zahiri ya kusanci tsarin da sarrafa ayyuka. Hakanan yana dacewa da rubutun init SysV da LBS.

Yana da wasu fitattun siffofi masu zuwa:

  1. Tsaftace, madaidaiciya kuma ingantaccen ƙira
  2. Tsarin aiki tare da layi ɗaya a bootup
  3. Mafi kyawun APIv
  4. Yana ba da damar cire hanyoyin da ba na zaɓi ba
  5. Yana goyan bayan shiga taron ta amfani da journald
  6. Yana goyan bayan tsarin aiki ta amfani da na'urorin calender na tsarin
  7. Ajiye rajistan ayyukan cikin fayilolin binary
  8. Ajiye tsarin tsarin don tunani na gaba
  9. Kyakkyawan haɗin kai tare da GNOME da ƙari mai yawa

Karanta Bayanin Init Systemd: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Systemd

Hakanan Karanta: Labarin Bayan: Me yasa 'init' Ana Bukatar A Maye gurbinsu tare da 'systemd' a cikin Linux

3. Farko

Upstart shine tsarin init na tushen taron wanda masu yin Ubuntu suka haɓaka a matsayin maye gurbin tsarin init SysV. Yana farawa daban-daban ayyuka da matakai na tsarin, bincika su yayin da tsarin ke gudana kuma yana dakatar da su yayin rufe tsarin.

Tsarin init matasan ne wanda ke amfani da rubutun farawa na SysV duka da kuma rubutun Systemd, wasu daga cikin fitattun fasalulluka na tsarin init Upstart sun haɗa da:

  1. Asali an ƙirƙira shi don Linux Ubuntu amma yana iya gudana akan duk sauran rabawa
  2. Farawa da dakatar da ayyuka da ayyuka na tushen aukuwa
  3. Ana haifar da abubuwa yayin farawa da dakatar da ayyuka da ayyuka
  4. Za a iya aika abubuwan ta hanyar wasu hanyoyin tsarin
  5. Sadarwa tare da tsarin shigarwa ta hanyar D-Bus
  6. Masu amfani za su iya farawa da dakatar da nasu ayyukan
  7. Sake haifar da ayyukan da suka mutu ba zato ba tsammani da ƙari mai yawa

Ziyarci Shafin Gida: http://upstart.ubuntu.com/index.html

4. Bude RC

OpenRC tsari ne na tushen dogaro don tsarin aiki kamar Unix, yana dacewa da SysV init. Duk da yake yana kawo wasu haɓakawa ga Sys V, dole ne ku tuna cewa OpenRC ba cikakken maye gurbin/sbin/init fayil ba ne.

Yana ba da wasu abubuwan ban mamaki kuma waɗannan sun haɗa da:

  1. Yana iya gudana akan sauran rabawa Linux da yawa gami da Gentoo da kuma akan BSD
  2. Tallafawa kayan aikin da aka fara rubutun init
  3. yana goyan bayan fayil ɗin daidaitawa guda ɗaya
  4. Ba a goyan bayan saitin kowane sabis
  5. Yana gudana azaman daemon
  6. Farkon sabis na layi ɗaya da ƙari mai yawa

Ziyarci Shafin Gida: https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/OpenRC

5. gudu

runit kuma tsarin init ne na giciye wanda zai iya gudana akan GNU/Linux, Solaris, *BSD da Mac OS X kuma shine madadin SysV init, wanda ke ba da kulawar sabis.

Ya zo tare da wasu fa'idodi da abubuwan ban mamaki waɗanda ba a samo su a cikin SysV init da yuwuwar sauran tsarin init a cikin Linux kuma waɗannan sun haɗa da:

  1. Sabiyar sabis, inda kowane sabis ke da alaƙa da adireshin sabis
  2. Tsaftace yanayin tsari, yana ba da tabbacin kowane tsari tsaftataccen yanayi
  3. Yana da ingantaccen wurin yin katako
  4. Shigar da tsarin aiki mai sauri da rufewa
  5. Hakanan yana da šaukuwa
  6. Marufi na sada zumunci
  7. Ƙaramin girman lambar da ƙari mai yawa

Ziyarci Shafin Gida: http://smarden.org/runit/

Kamar yadda na ambata a baya, tsarin init yana farawa kuma yana sarrafa duk sauran matakai akan tsarin Linux. Bugu da ƙari, SysV shine tsarin shigar farko akan tsarin aiki na Linux, amma saboda wasu raunin aiki, masu shirye-shiryen tsarin sun ƙirƙiri wasu maye gurbinsa da yawa.

Kuma a nan, mun kalli kaɗan daga cikin waɗancan maye gurbin, amma za a iya samun wasu tsarin init waɗanda kuke tsammanin sun cancanci ambata a cikin wannan jeri. Kuna iya sanar da mu su ta sashin sharhin da ke ƙasa.