Yadda ake Kashe/Kulle ko Sabunta Kunshin Baƙaƙe ta amfani da Apt Tool

APT na nufin Babban kayan tattarawa shine wani manajan fakitin da aka samo akan tsarin tushen Linux. Da farko an tsara shi azaman gaba-gaba don dpkg don yin aiki tare da fakitin .deb, apt ya yi nasarar nuna ganuwansa akan Mac OS, Open Solaris da dai sauransu.

Kuna son koyo da ƙwarewa game da umarnin APT da DPKG don sarrafa sarrafa fakitin Debian, sannan ku yi amfani da zurfafan labaranmu waɗanda zasu rufe sama da misalan 30+ akan kayan aikin biyu.

A cikin wannan labarin za mu ga dabaru daban-daban don musaki/kulle kunshin daga shigarwa, haɓakawa da cirewa a cikin Debian Linux da abubuwan da suka samo asali kamar Ubuntu da Linux Mint.

1. Kashe/Kulle Kunshin Amfani da 'apt-mark' tare da zaɓin riƙewa/tsagewa

Alamar dacewa ta umarni za ta yi alama ko cire alamar fakitin software kamar yadda ake shigar da ita ta atomatik kuma ana amfani da ita tare da zaɓin riƙe ko cirewa.

  1. riƙe – wannan zaɓin da ake amfani da shi don yiwa kunshin alama kamar yadda aka riƙe baya, wanda zai toshe fakitin daga shigarwa, haɓakawa ko cirewa.
  2. unhold – wannan zaɓin da ake amfani da shi don cire riƙon da aka saita a baya akan kunshin da ba da damar shigarwa, haɓakawa da cire fakitin.

Misali, don yin fakiti a ce apache2 babu don shigarwa, haɓakawa ko cirewa, kuna iya amfani da umarni mai zuwa a tashar tare da gata na tushen:

# apt-mark hold apache2

Don samar da wannan fakitin don sabuntawa, kawai maye gurbin 'riƙe' tare da 'cirewa'.

# apt-mark unhold apache2

Kashe Sabunta Fakitin Amfani da Fayil na Zaɓuɓɓukan APT

Wata hanyar toshe sabuntawa ta takamaiman fakiti ita ce ƙara shigarwa cikin /etc/apt/preferences ko /etc/apt/preferences.d/official-package-repositories.pref fayil. Wannan fayil ɗin yana ɗaukar alhakin ɗaukakawa ko toshe wasu sabuntawar fakiti bisa ga fifiko da mai amfani ya kayyade.

Don toshe kunshin, kawai kuna buƙatar shigar da sunansa, ƙarin fasalin, da wane fifiko kuke son ɗauka. Anan, fifiko 1 zai toshe fakitin.

Don toshe kowane fakiti, kawai shigar da bayanansa a cikin fayil /etc/apt/preferences kamar haka:

Package: <package-name> (Here, '*' means all packages)
Pin: release *
Pin-Priority: <less than 0>

Misali don toshe sabuntawa don fakitin apache2 ƙara shigarwa kamar yadda aka nuna:

Package: apache2
Pin: release o=Ubuntu
Pin-Priority: 1

Za mu iya amfani da wasu zaɓuɓɓuka tare da maɓallin maɓallin saki don ƙarin gano fakitin da muke amfani da fifikon Pin. Waɗannan kalmomin sune:

  1. a -> Taskar Labarai
  2. c -> Bangaren
  3. o -> Asalin
  4. l -> Label
  5. n -> Architecture

kamar:

Pin: release o=Debian,a=Experimental

Yana nufin cire fakitin da aka bayyana daga rumbun gwaji na Debian.

Baƙaƙen Sabunta Kunshin ta amfani da APT Fayil Cire Kai

Wata hanya ta baƙaƙen kunshin daga shigarwa ita ce sabunta shigarwar sa a cikin ɗayan fayilolin da ke cikin /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/ directory wanda shine 01autoremove.

Ana nuna samfurin fayil a ƙasa:

APT
{
  NeverAutoRemove
  {
        "^firmware-linux.*";
        "^linux-firmware$";
  };

  VersionedKernelPackages
  {
        # linux kernels
        "linux-image";
        "linux-headers";
        "linux-image-extra";
        "linux-signed-image";
        # kfreebsd kernels
        "kfreebsd-image";
        "kfreebsd-headers";
        # hurd kernels
        "gnumach-image";
        # (out-of-tree) modules
        ".*-modules";
        ".*-kernel";
        "linux-backports-modules-.*";
        # tools
        "linux-tools";
  };

  Never-MarkAuto-Sections
  {
        "metapackages";
        "restricted/metapackages";
        "universe/metapackages";
        "multiverse/metapackages";
        "oldlibs";
        "restricted/oldlibs";
        "universe/oldlibs";
        "multiverse/oldlibs";
  };
};

Yanzu, don yin baƙaƙen kowane fakiti, kawai kuna buƙatar shigar da suna a cikin Kada-MarkAuto-Sections. Kawai shigar da sunan kunshin a karshen a cikin Kada-MarkAuto-Section kuma Ajiye da Rufe fayil ɗin. Wannan zai toshe dacewa don neman ƙarin sabuntawa na wannan fakitin.

Misali, don baƙar lissafin fakiti daga sabuntawa ƙara shigarwa kamar yadda aka nuna:

Never-MarkAuto-Sections
  {
        "metapackages";
        "restricted/metapackages";
        "universe/metapackages";
        "multiverse/metapackages";
        "oldlibs";
        "restricted/oldlibs";
        "universe/oldlibs";
        "multiverse/oldlibs";
        "apache2*";
  };
};

Zaɓin Kunshin na Musamman don Sabuntawa

Wani madadin wannan shine zaɓin abin da kuke son ɗaukakawa. Kayan aikin da ya dace yana ba ku 'yanci don zaɓar abin da kuke son sabuntawa, amma saboda wannan yakamata ku sami ilimi game da abubuwan da ke akwai duk fakiti don haɓakawa.

Don irin wannan abu, bin tsarin umarni na iya zama taimako:

a. Don Lissafin abubuwan fakitin suna da sabuntawa suna jiran.

# apt-get -u -V upgrade

b. Don shigar da fakitin zaɓi kawai.

# apt-get --only-upgrade install <package-name>

Kammalawa

A cikin wannan labarin, mun bayyana ƴan hanyoyin da za a kashe/toshe ko sabunta fakitin baƙar fata ta amfani da hanyar APT. Idan kun san wata hanyar da aka fi so, sanar da mu ta hanyar sharhi ko kuma idan kuna neman yum umarni don musaki/kulle sabunta fakitin, sannan karanta wannan labarin da ke ƙasa.