Umarnin fdisk 10 don Sarrafa sassan Disk na Linux
fdisk yana tsaye (don kafaffen faifai ko tsarin faifai) shine mafi yawan amfani da kayan amfani da sarrafa diski na tushen umarni don tsarin Linux/Unix. Tare da taimakon umarnin fdisk zaka iya dubawa, ƙirƙira, sake girman girman, sharewa, canza, kwafi da matsar da ɓangarori akan rumbun kwamfutarka ta amfani da nasa tsarin rubutu na abokantaka na tushen menu.
Wannan kayan aiki yana da matukar amfani wajen ƙirƙirar sararin samaniya don sabbin ɓangarori, tsara sararin samaniya don sabbin faifai, sake tsara tsoffin faifai da kwafi ko matsar da bayanai zuwa sabbin faifai. Yana ba ku damar ƙirƙira matsakaicin sabon bangare huɗu na farko da adadin ɓangarori masu ma'ana (Extended), dangane da girman faifan diski da kuke da shi a cikin tsarin ku.
Wannan labarin yana bayanin ainihin umarnin fdisk guda 10 don sarrafa tebur bangare a cikin tsarin tushen Linux. Dole ne ku zama tushen mai amfani don gudanar da umarnin fdisk, in ba haka ba za ku sami kuskuren umarnin da ba a samo ba.
1. Duba duk sassan Disk a cikin Linux
Babban umarni mai zuwa yana lissafin duk ɓangaren faifai da ke kan tsarin ku. Ana amfani da gardamar '-l' don (jerin duk ɓangarori) tare da umarnin fdisk don duba duk ɓangarorin da ke kan Linux. Ana nuna sassan da sunayen na'urarsu. Misali: /dev/sda, /dev/sdb ko /dev/sdc.
fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 637.8 GB, 637802643456 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 77541 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux /dev/sda2 14 2624 20972857+ 83 Linux /dev/sda3 2625 4582 15727635 83 Linux /dev/sda4 4583 77541 586043167+ 5 Extended /dev/sda5 4583 5887 10482381 83 Linux /dev/sda6 5888 7192 10482381 83 Linux /dev/sda7 7193 7845 5245191 83 Linux /dev/sda8 7846 8367 4192933+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda9 8368 77541 555640123+ 8e Linux LVM
2. Duba Specific Disk Partition a Linux
Don duba duk ɓangarori na takamaiman faifan diski yi amfani da zaɓi '-l' tare da sunan na'ura. Misali, umarni mai zuwa zai nuna duk sassan diski na na'urar /dev/sda. Idan kuna da sunayen na'urori daban-daban, sauƙin rubuta sunan na'urar kamar /dev/sdb ko /dev/sdc.
fdisk -l /dev/sda Disk /dev/sda: 637.8 GB, 637802643456 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 77541 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux /dev/sda2 14 2624 20972857+ 83 Linux /dev/sda3 2625 4582 15727635 83 Linux /dev/sda4 4583 77541 586043167+ 5 Extended /dev/sda5 4583 5887 10482381 83 Linux /dev/sda6 5888 7192 10482381 83 Linux /dev/sda7 7193 7845 5245191 83 Linux /dev/sda8 7846 8367 4192933+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda9 8368 77541 555640123+ 8e Linux LVM
3. Duba duk Dokokin fdisk Akwai
Idan kuna son duba duk umarni waɗanda ke akwai don fdisk. Yi amfani da umarni mai zuwa kawai ta ambaton sunan rumbun diski kamar /dev/sda kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa. Umurnin da ke gaba zai ba ku fitarwa mai kama da na ƙasa.
fdisk /dev/sda
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help):Buga 'm' don ganin jerin duk da akwai umarnin fdisk waɗanda za a iya sarrafa su akan /dev/sda hard disk. Bayan, na shigar da 'm' akan allon, zaku ga duk zaɓuɓɓukan da ake da su don fdisk waɗanda za a iya amfani da ku akan na'urar/dev/sda.
fdisk /dev/sda
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help):4. Buga duk Table Partition a Linux
Don buga duk tebur na babban faifai, dole ne ku kasance kan yanayin umarni na takamaiman rumbun diski say /dev/sda.
fdisk /dev/sda
Daga yanayin umarni, shigar da 'p' maimakon 'm' kamar yadda muka yi a baya. Yayin da na shigar da 'p', zai buga takamaiman /dev/sda partition table.
Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 637.8 GB, 637802643456 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 77541 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux /dev/sda2 14 2624 20972857+ 83 Linux /dev/sda3 2625 4582 15727635 83 Linux /dev/sda4 4583 77541 586043167+ 5 Extended /dev/sda5 4583 5887 10482381 83 Linux /dev/sda6 5888 7192 10482381 83 Linux /dev/sda7 7193 7845 5245191 83 Linux /dev/sda8 7846 8367 4192933+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda9 8368 77541 555640123+ 8e Linux LVM Command (m for help):
5. Yadda ake Share Partition a Linux
Idan kuna son share takamaiman bangare (watau /dev/sda9) daga takamaiman rumbun diski kamar /dev/sda. Dole ne ku kasance cikin yanayin umarnin fdisk don yin wannan.
fdisk /dev/sda
Na gaba, shigar da 'd' don share kowane sunan bangare da aka bayar daga tsarin. Yayin da na shigar da 'd', zai sa ni shigar da lambar ɓangaren da nake son gogewa daga /dev/sda hard disk. A ce na shigar da lamba '4' a nan, to, zai share lambar ɓangaren' 4' (watau/dev/sda4) faifai kuma yana nuna sarari kyauta a cikin tebur partition. Shigar da 'w' don rubuta tebur zuwa faifai kuma fita bayan yin sabon gyare-gyare zuwa teburin bangare. Sabbin canje-canjen zasu faru ne kawai bayan sake kunna tsarin na gaba. Ana iya fahimtar wannan cikin sauƙi daga fitowar da ke ƙasa.
fdisk /dev/sda
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-4): 4
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/rootGargaɗi : Yi hankali, yayin aiwatar da wannan matakin, saboda yin amfani da zaɓi 'd' zai share ɓangaren gaba ɗaya daga tsarin kuma yana iya rasa duk bayanan da ke cikin partition.
6. Yadda ake Ƙirƙirar Sabon Partition a Linux
Idan kana da sarari kyauta akan ɗayan na'urarka faɗi /dev/sda kuma kuna son ƙirƙirar sabon bangare a ƙarƙashinsa. Sannan dole ne ku kasance cikin yanayin umarnin fdisk na /dev/sda. Buga umarni mai zuwa don shigar da yanayin umarni na takamaiman faifan diski.
fdisk /dev/sda
Bayan shigar da yanayin umarni, yanzu danna umarnin n don ƙirƙirar sabon bangare a ƙarƙashin /dev/sda tare da takamaiman girman. Ana iya nuna wannan tare da taimakon abubuwan da aka bayar.
fdisk /dev/sda
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
eYayin ƙirƙirar sabon bangare, zai tambaye ku zaɓuɓɓuka biyu 'tsara' ko 'firamare' ƙirƙirar ɓangaren. Danna 'e' don tsawaita bangare da 'p' don bangare na farko. Sa'an nan zai tambaye ku shigar da wadannan bayanai guda biyu.
- Lambar Silinda ta farko na ɓangaren da za a ƙirƙira.
- Lambar Silinda ta ƙarshe na ɓangaren da za a ƙirƙira (Silinda ta ƙarshe, + Silinda ko + size).
Kuna iya shigar da girman silinda ta ƙara +5000M a cikin silinda ta ƙarshe. Anan, '+' yana nufin ƙari kuma 5000M yana nufin girman sabon bangare (watau 5000MB). Da fatan za a tuna cewa bayan ƙirƙirar sabon bangare, yakamata ku gudanar da umarnin 'w' don canzawa da adana sabbin canje-canje zuwa teburin ɓangaren kuma a ƙarshe sake kunna tsarin ku don tabbatar da sabon ɓangaren da aka ƙirƙira.
Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy. The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8) Syncing disks.
7. Yadda ake tsara Partition a Linux
Bayan an ƙirƙiri sabon ɓangaren, kar a tsallake don tsara sabon ɓangaren da aka ƙirƙira ta amfani da umarnin 'mkfs'. Buga umarni mai zuwa a cikin tashar don tsara bangare. Anan /dev/sda4 shine sabon bangare na da aka kirkira.
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda4
8. Yadda Ake Duba Girman Partition a Linux
Bayan tsara sabon bangare, duba girman wannan bangare ta amfani da tutar ''s'(girman nuni a cikin tubalan) tare da umarnin fdisk. Ta wannan hanyar zaku iya duba girman kowace takamaiman na'ura.
fdisk -s /dev/sda2 5194304
9. Yadda ake Gyara odar Tebura
Idan kun share bangare na ma'ana kuma kuka sake ƙirƙira shi, zaku iya lura da matsalar 'bangare ba tare da tsari ba' ko saƙon kuskure kamar 'Shigarwar tebur ɗin ba ta cikin tsari'.
Misali, lokacin da aka share sassa uku masu ma'ana kamar (sda4, sda5 da sda6), kuma an ƙirƙiri sabon bangare, kuna iya tsammanin sabon sunan ɓangaren zai zama sda4. Amma, tsarin zai ƙirƙira shi azaman sda5. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda, bayan an share ɓangaren, an matsar da ɓangaren sda7 azaman sda4 da kuma motsi sarari kyauta zuwa ƙarshe.
Don gyara irin waɗannan matsalolin odar ɓangarorin, kuma sanya sda4 zuwa sabon ɓangaren da aka ƙirƙira, ba da 'x'don shigar da ƙarin sashin ayyuka sannan shigar da 'f' umarnin ƙwararru don gyara tsarin tebur ɗin kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa.
fdisk /dev/sda
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): x
Expert command (m for help): f
Done.
Expert command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.Bayan, gudanar da umurnin 'f', kar a manta da gudanar da 'w' umarni don adanawa da fita daga yanayin umarnin fdisk. Da zarar an gyara tsarin tebur na bangare, ba za ku ƙara samun saƙonnin kuskure ba.
10. Yadda ake kashe Tutar Boot (*) na Partition
Ta hanyar tsoho, umarnin fdisk yana nuna alamar taya (watau ''*') akan kowane bangare. Idan kuna son kunna ko kashe tutar taya akan takamaiman bangare, yi matakai masu zuwa.
fdisk /dev/sda
Danna 'p' don duba teburin bangare na yanzu, kun ga akwai alamar taya (*) alamar a cikin launi orange) akan diski/dev/sda1 kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa.
fdisk /dev/sda
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 637.8 GB, 637802643456 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 77541 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 14 2624 20972857+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 2625 4582 15727635 83 Linux
/dev/sda4 4583 77541 586043167+ 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 4583 5887 10482381 83 Linux
/dev/sda6 5888 7192 10482381 83 Linux
/dev/sda7 7193 7845 5245191 83 Linux
/dev/sda8 7846 8367 4192933+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda9 8368 77541 555640123+ 8e Linux LVM
Na gaba shigar da umarni 'a' don kashe tutar taya, sannan shigar da lambar bangare '1' kamar yadda (watau/dev/sda1) a cikin akwati na. Wannan zai kashe tutar taya akan bangare /dev/sda1. Wannan zai cire alamar alamar (*).
Command (m for help): a Partition number (1-9): 1 Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 637.8 GB, 637802643456 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 77541 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 1 13 104391 83 Linux /dev/sda2 14 2624 20972857+ 83 Linux /dev/sda3 2625 4582 15727635 83 Linux /dev/sda4 4583 77541 586043167+ 5 Extended /dev/sda5 4583 5887 10482381 83 Linux /dev/sda6 5888 7192 10482381 83 Linux /dev/sda7 7193 7845 5245191 83 Linux /dev/sda8 7846 8367 4192933+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda9 8368 77541 555640123+ 8e Linux LVM Command (m for help):
Na yi iya ƙoƙarina don haɗa kusan duk ainihin umarnin fdisk, amma har yanzu fdisk yana ƙunshe da wasu umarni na ƙwararru iri-iri da zaku iya amfani da su ta shigar da 'x'. Don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai, duba umarnin 'man fdisk' daga tashar. Idan na rasa kowane muhimmin umarni, da fatan za a raba tare da ni ta sashin sharhi.
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