Umarni 5 masu fa'ida don Sarrafa Nau'in Fayil da Lokacin Tsari a Linux - Sashe na 3
Daidaita amfani da layin umarni ko tasha na iya zama da wahala ga masu farawa waɗanda ke son koyon Linux. Saboda tashar tasha tana ba da ƙarin iko akan tsarin Linux fiye da shirye-shiryen GUI, dole ne mutum ya yi amfani da shi don gudanar da umarni akan tashar. Don haka don haddace umarni daban-daban a cikin Linux, yakamata ku yi amfani da tasha a kullun don fahimtar yadda ake amfani da umarni tare da zaɓuɓɓuka da muhawara daban-daban.
Da fatan za a shiga cikin sassanmu na baya na wannan jerin Dabarun Linux.
- 5 Sha'awa Layin Umurni Nasiha da Dabaru a cikin Linux - Sashe na 1
- 10 Dabaru Masu Amfani Don Sabunta - Kashi na 2
A cikin wannan labarin, za mu dubi wasu shawarwari da dabaru na yin amfani da umarni 10 don aiki tare da fayiloli da lokaci akan tashar.
Nau'in Fayil a cikin Linux
A cikin Linux, ana ɗaukar komai azaman fayil, na'urorin ku, kundayen adireshi da fayilolin yau da kullun ana ɗaukarsu azaman fayiloli.
Akwai nau'ikan fayiloli daban-daban a cikin tsarin Linux:
- Fayloli na yau da kullun waɗanda ƙila sun haɗa da umarni, takardu, fayilolin kiɗa, fina-finai, hotuna, wuraren ajiya da sauransu.
- Faylolin na'ura: waɗanda tsarin ke amfani da su don samun damar abubuwan haɗin kayan aikin ku.
Fayilolin na'ura iri biyu suna toshe fayilolin da ke wakiltar na'urorin ajiya irin su harddisk, suna karanta bayanai a cikin tubalan kuma fayilolin haruffa suna karanta bayanai a cikin hali ta hali.
- Hardlinks da softlinks: ana amfani da su don samun damar fayiloli daga kowane wuri a cikin tsarin fayil na Linux.
- Bututun mai suna da kwasfa: ba da damar matakai daban-daban don sadarwa tare da juna.
Kuna iya ƙayyade nau'in fayil ta amfani da umarnin fayil kamar haka. Hoton hoton da ke ƙasa yana nuna misalai daban-daban na amfani da umarnin fayil don tantance nau'ikan fayiloli daban-daban.
[email ~/Linux-Tricks $ dir BACKUP master.zip crossroads-stable.tar.gz num.txt EDWARD-MAYA-2011-2012-NEW-REMIX.mp3 reggea.xspf Linux-Security-Optimization-Book.gif tmp-link [email ~/Linux-Tricks $ file BACKUP/ BACKUP/: directory [email ~/Linux-Tricks $ file master.zip master.zip: Zip archive data, at least v1.0 to extract [email ~/Linux-Tricks $ file crossroads-stable.tar.gz crossroads-stable.tar.gz: gzip compressed data, from Unix, last modified: Tue Apr 5 15:15:20 2011 [email ~/Linux-Tricks $ file Linux-Security-Optimization-Book.gif Linux-Security-Optimization-Book.gif: GIF image data, version 89a, 200 x 259 [email ~/Linux-Tricks $ file EDWARD-MAYA-2011-2012-NEW-REMIX.mp3 EDWARD-MAYA-2011-2012-NEW-REMIX.mp3: Audio file with ID3 version 2.3.0, contains: MPEG ADTS, layer III, v1, 192 kbps, 44.1 kHz, JntStereo [email ~/Linux-Tricks $ file /dev/sda1 /dev/sda1: block special [email ~/Linux-Tricks $ file /dev/tty1 /dev/tty1: character special
Wata hanyar tantance nau'in fayil ita ce ta yin dogon jeri ta amfani da umarnin dir.
Yin amfani da ls-l don ƙayyade nau'in fayil.
Lokacin da kuka duba izinin fayil ɗin, harafin farko yana nuna nau'in fayil ɗin kuma sauran haruffa suna nuna izinin fayil ɗin.
[email ~/Linux-Tricks $ ls -l total 6908 drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 Sep 9 11:46 BACKUP -rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 1075620 Sep 9 11:47 crossroads-stable.tar.gz -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 5916085 Sep 9 11:49 EDWARD-MAYA-2011-2012-NEW-REMIX.mp3 -rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 42122 Sep 9 11:49 Linux-Security-Optimization-Book.gif -rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 17627 Sep 9 11:46 master.zip -rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 5 Sep 9 11:48 num.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 0 Sep 9 11:46 reggea.xspf -rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 5 Sep 9 11:47 tmp-link
Yin amfani da ls-l don ƙayyade toshe da fayilolin haruffa.
[email ~/Linux-Tricks $ ls -l /dev/sda1 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 1 Sep 9 10:53 /dev/sda1 [email ~/Linux-Tricks $ ls -l /dev/tty1 crw-rw---- 1 root tty 4, 1 Sep 9 10:54 /dev/tty1
Yin amfani da dir-l don ƙayyade nau'in fayil.
[email ~/Linux-Tricks $ dir -l total 6908 drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 Sep 9 11:46 BACKUP -rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 1075620 Sep 9 11:47 crossroads-stable.tar.gz -rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 5916085 Sep 9 11:49 EDWARD-MAYA-2011-2012-NEW-REMIX.mp3 -rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 42122 Sep 9 11:49 Linux-Security-Optimization-Book.gif -rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 17627 Sep 9 11:46 master.zip -rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 5 Sep 9 11:48 num.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 0 Sep 9 11:46 reggea.xspf -rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 5 Sep 9 11:47 tmp-link
Na gaba za mu duba tukwici akan kirga adadin fayiloli na takamaiman nau'in a cikin kundin da aka bayar ta amfani da umarnin ls, wc. Ana samun sadarwa tsakanin umarni ta hanyar bututu mai suna.
- grep – umarni don bincika bisa ga tsarin da aka bayar ko magana na yau da kullun.
- wc – umarni don kirga layi, kalmomi da haruffa.
A cikin Linux, fayiloli na yau da kullun ana wakilta ta alamar –.
[email ~/Linux-Tricks $ ls -l | grep ^- | wc -l 7
A cikin Linux, kundayen adireshi suna wakilta ta alamar d.
[email ~/Linux-Tricks $ ls -l | grep ^d | wc -l 1
A cikin Linux, alamar alamar l ana wakilta ta hanyar haɗin kai da masu wuya.
[email ~/Linux-Tricks $ ls -l | grep ^l | wc -l 0
A cikin Linux, toshe fayilolin haruffa suna wakilta ta alamun b da c bi da bi.
[email ~/Linux-Tricks $ ls -l /dev | grep ^b | wc -l 37 [email ~/Linux-Tricks $ ls -l /dev | grep ^c | wc -l 159
A gaba za mu kalli wasu umarni da mutum zai iya amfani da shi don nemo fayiloli akan tsarin Linux, waɗannan sun haɗa da wurin, gano, whatis da kuma umarni.
A cikin abubuwan da aka fitar a ƙasa, ina ƙoƙarin nemo saitunan uwar garken Samba don tsarina.
[email ~/Linux-Tricks $ locate samba.conf /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/samba.conf /var/lib/dpkg/info/samba.conffiles
Don koyon yadda ake amfani da umarnin nemo a cikin Linux, zaku iya karanta labarinmu na gaba wanda ke nuna sama da misalan 30+ da amfani da umarnin nema a Linux.
- 35 Misalan Umurnin 'nemo' a cikin Linux
An fi amfani da whatis umurnin don gano umarni kuma yana da na musamman saboda yana ba da bayanai game da umarni, yana kuma nemo fayilolin daidaitawa da shigarwar hannu don umarni.
[email ~/Linux-Tricks $ whatis bash bash (1) - GNU Bourne-Again SHell [email ~/Linux-Tricks $ whatis find find (1) - search for files in a directory hierarchy [email ~/Linux-Tricks $ whatis ls ls (1) - list directory contents
Wanne umarni ake amfani da shi don nemo umarni akan tsarin fayil.
[email ~/Linux-Tricks $ which mkdir /bin/mkdir [email ~/Linux-Tricks $ which bash /bin/bash [email ~/Linux-Tricks $ which find /usr/bin/find [email ~/Linux-Tricks $ $ which ls /bin/ls
Lokacin aiki a cikin mahallin hanyar sadarwa, yana da kyau al'ada don kiyaye daidai lokacin akan tsarin Linux ɗin ku. Akwai wasu ayyuka akan tsarin Linux waɗanda ke buƙatar daidai lokacin aiki da inganci akan hanyar sadarwa.
Za mu duba umarnin da za ku iya amfani da su don sarrafa lokaci akan injin ku. A cikin Linux, ana sarrafa lokaci ta hanyoyi biyu: lokacin tsarin da lokacin hardware.
Ana sarrafa lokacin tsarin ta agogon tsarin kuma lokacin hardware ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar agogon kayan aiki.
Don duba lokacin tsarin ku, kwanan wata da yankin lokaci, yi amfani da umarnin kwanan wata kamar haka.
[email ~/Linux-Tricks $ date Wed Sep 9 12:25:40 IST 2015
Saita lokacin tsarin ku ta amfani da date -s ko date –set=”STRING” kamar haka.
[email ~/Linux-Tricks $ sudo date -s "12:27:00" Wed Sep 9 12:27:00 IST 2015 [email ~/Linux-Tricks $ sudo date --set="12:27:00" Wed Sep 9 12:27:00 IST 2015
Hakanan zaka iya saita lokaci da kwanan wata kamar haka.
[email ~/Linux-Tricks $ sudo date 090912302015 Wed Sep 9 12:30:00 IST 2015
Duba kwanan wata daga kalanda ta amfani da umarnin cal.
[email ~/Linux-Tricks $ cal
September 2015
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30
Duba lokacin agogon hardware ta amfani da umarnin hwclock.
[email ~/Linux-Tricks $ sudo hwclock Wednesday 09 September 2015 06:02:58 PM IST -0.200081 seconds
Don saita lokacin agogon hardware, yi amfani da hwclock –set –date=”STRING” kamar haka.
[email ~/Linux-Tricks $ sudo hwclock --set --date="09/09/2015 12:33:00" [email ~/Linux-Tricks $ sudo hwclock Wednesday 09 September 2015 12:33:11 PM IST -0.891163 seconds
An saita lokacin tsarin ta agogon kayan aiki yayin booting kuma lokacin da tsarin ke rufewa, an sake saita lokacin hardware zuwa lokacin tsarin.
Don haka lokacin da kuka duba lokacin tsarin da lokacin hardware, iri ɗaya ne sai idan kun canza lokacin tsarin. Lokacin kayan aikin ku na iya zama kuskure lokacin da batirin CMOS ya yi rauni.
Hakanan zaka iya saita lokacin tsarin ku ta amfani da lokaci daga agogon kayan aiki kamar haka.
$ sudo hwclock --hctosys
Hakanan yana yiwuwa a saita lokacin agogon hardware ta amfani da lokacin agogon tsarin kamar haka.
$ sudo hwclock --systohc
Don duba tsawon lokacin da tsarin Linux ɗin ku ke gudana, yi amfani da umarnin lokacin aiki.
[email ~/Linux-Tricks $ uptime 12:36:27 up 1:43, 2 users, load average: 1.39, 1.34, 1.45 [email ~/Linux-Tricks $ uptime -p up 1 hour, 43 minutes [email ~/Linux-Tricks $ uptime -s 2015-09-09 10:52:47
Takaitawa
Fahimtar nau'ikan fayil shine Linux kyakkyawan aiki ne ga masu farawa, kuma sarrafa lokaci yana da mahimmanci musamman akan sabobin don sarrafa ayyuka cikin dogaro da inganci. Fata ku sami wannan jagorar mai taimako. Idan kuna da ƙarin bayani, kar ku manta da yin sharhi. Ci gaba da haɗi zuwa Tecment.