Dabaru 10 Masu Amfani da Layin Layin Linux don Sabbin - Kashi na 2
Na tuna lokacin da na fara amfani da Linux kuma an yi amfani da ni zuwa yanayin ƙirar Windows, na ƙi jinin Linux ɗin da gaske. A lokacin na kasance ina samun umarni da wuya a tuna da amfani da kowane ɗayansu daidai. Da lokaci na gane kyawun sauƙi, sassauci da kuma amfani na tashar Linux kuma a gaskiya wata rana ba ta wucewa ba tare da amfani da ita ba. A yau, Ina so in raba wasu dabaru masu amfani da nasiha ga sabbin masu shigowa Linux don sauƙaƙe canjin su zuwa Linux ko kuma kawai taimaka musu su koyi sabon abu (da fatan).
- 5 Sha'awa Layin Umurni Nasiha da Dabaru a cikin Linux - Sashe na 1
- 5 Umarni masu amfani don Sarrafa Nau'in Fayil na Linux - Sashe na 3
Wannan labarin yana nufin nuna muku wasu dabaru masu amfani yadda ake amfani da tashar Linux kamar pro tare da mafi ƙarancin ƙwarewa. Duk abin da kuke buƙata shine tashar Linux da wasu lokutan kyauta don gwada waɗannan umarni.
1. Nemo umarnin da ya dace
Aiwatar da madaidaicin umarni na iya zama mahimmanci ga tsarin ku. Koyaya a cikin Linux akwai layukan umarni daban-daban waɗanda galibi suna da wahalar tunawa. Don haka ta yaya kuke nemo madaidaicin umarnin da kuke buƙata? Amsar ita ce shawara. Duk abin da kuke buƙatar gudu shine:
# apropos <description>
Inda ya kamata ku canza bayani tare da ainihin bayanin umarnin da kuke nema. Ga misali mai kyau:
# apropos "list directory" dir (1) - list directory contents ls (1) - list directory contents ntfsls (8) - list directory contents on an NTFS filesystem vdir (1) - list directory contents
A gefen hagu zaka iya ganin umarnin kuma a gefen dama bayanin su.
2. Kashe Umurni na Baya
Sau da yawa kuna buƙatar aiwatar da umarni iri ɗaya akai-akai. Yayin da zaka iya maimaita maɓallin Up akan madannai naka, zaka iya amfani da umarnin tarihi maimakon. Wannan umarnin zai jera duk umarnin da kuka shigar tun lokacin da kuka ƙaddamar da tashar:
# history
1 fdisk -l
2 apt-get install gnome-paint
3 hostname linux-console.net
4 hostnamectl linux-console.net
5 man hostnamectl
6 hostnamectl --set-hostname linux-console.net
7 hostnamectl -set-hostname linux-console.net
8 hostnamectl set-hostname linux-console.net
9 mount -t "ntfs" -o
10 fdisk -l
11 mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/sda5 /mnt
12 mount -t rw ntfs-3g /dev/sda5 /mnt
13 mount -t -rw ntfs-3g /dev/sda5 /mnt
14 mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/sda5 /mnt
15 mount man
16 man mount
17 mount -t -o ntfs-3g /dev/sda5 /mnt
18 mount -o ntfs-3g /dev/sda5 /mnt
19 mount -ro ntfs-3g /dev/sda5 /mnt
20 cd /mnt
...
Kamar yadda zaku gani daga abubuwan da aka fitar a sama, zaku sami jerin duk umarnin da kuka gudanar. A kowane layi kuna da lamba da ke nuna layin da kuka shigar da umarnin. Kuna iya tuna wannan umarni ta amfani da:
!#
Inda ya kamata a canza # tare da ainihin lambar umarnin. Don ƙarin fahimta, duba misalin da ke ƙasa:
!501
Yayi daidai da:
# history
3. Yi amfani da kwamandan tsakar dare
Idan baku saba amfani da umarni irin su cd, cp, mv, rm fiye da yadda zaku iya amfani da umarnin tsakar dare ba. Yana da sauƙi don amfani da harsashi na gani wanda kuma zaka iya amfani da linzamin kwamfuta:
Godiya ga maɓallan F1 – F12, kuna iya sauƙin aiwatar da ayyuka daban-daban. Kawai duba almara a ƙasa. Don zaɓar fayil ko babban fayil danna maɓallin Saka.
A takaice ana kiran umarnin tsakiyar dare mc. Don shigar da mc a kan na'urar ku kawai ku yi:
$ sudo apt-get install mc [On Debian based systems]
# yum install mc [On Fedora based systems]
Ga misali mai sauƙi na amfani da kwamandan tsakar dare. Bude mc ta hanyar bugawa kawai:
# mc
Yanzu yi amfani da maɓallin TAB don canzawa tsakanin windows - hagu da dama. Ina da fayil na LibreOffice wanda zan matsa zuwa babban fayil Software:
Don matsar da fayil ɗin a cikin sabon kundin adireshi danna maɓallin F6 akan madannai naka. Yanzu MC zai tambaye ku tabbaci:
Da zarar an tabbatar, za a matsar da fayil ɗin a cikin sabon kundin adireshi.
Kara karantawa: Yadda ake Amfani da Mai sarrafa Fayil na Tsakar dare a cikin Linux
4. Kashe Computer a takamaiman Lokaci
Wani lokaci za ku buƙaci kashe kwamfutarka bayan wasu sa'o'i bayan kammala aikin ku. Kuna iya saita kwamfutarka don rufewa a takamaiman lokaci ta amfani da:
$ sudo shutdown 21:00
Wannan zai gaya wa kwamfutar ku ta rufe a takamaiman lokacin da kuka bayar. Hakanan zaka iya gaya wa tsarin ya rufe bayan takamaiman adadin mintuna:
$ sudo shutdown +15
Ta haka tsarin zai rufe a cikin mintuna 15.
5. Nuna Bayani game da Sanin Masu Amfani
Kuna iya amfani da umarni mai sauƙi don jera masu amfani da tsarin Linux ɗinku da wasu mahimman bayanai game da su. Amfani kawai:
# lslogins
Wannan ya kamata ya kawo muku fitarwa mai zuwa:
UID USER PWD-LOCK PWD-DENY LAST-LOGIN GECOS 0 root 0 0 Apr29/11:35 root 1 bin 0 1 bin 2 daemon 0 1 daemon 3 adm 0 1 adm 4 lp 0 1 lp 5 sync 0 1 sync 6 shutdown 0 1 Jul19/10:04 shutdown 7 halt 0 1 halt 8 mail 0 1 mail 10 uucp 0 1 uucp 11 operator 0 1 operator 12 games 0 1 games 13 gopher 0 1 gopher 14 ftp 0 1 FTP User 23 squid 0 1 25 named 0 1 Named 27 mysql 0 1 MySQL Server 47 mailnull 0 1 48 apache 0 1 Apache ...
6. Bincika Fayiloli
Neman fayiloli wani lokaci ba zai zama da sauƙi kamar yadda kuke tunani ba. Kyakkyawan misali don neman fayiloli shine:
# find /home/user -type f
Wannan umarnin zai nemo duk fayilolin da ke cikin /home/user. Umurnin nemo yana da ƙarfi sosai kuma kuna iya ba da ƙarin zaɓuɓɓuka zuwa gare shi don yin binciken ku dalla-dalla. Idan kuna son nemo fayiloli mafi girma fiye da girman da aka bayar, zaku iya amfani da:
# find . -type f -size 10M
Umurnin da ke sama zai bincika daga kundin adireshi na yanzu don duk fayilolin da suka fi 10 MB girma. Tabbatar cewa kar a gudanar da umarni daga tushen tsarin Linux ɗin ku saboda wannan na iya haifar da babban I/O akan injin ku.
Ofaya daga cikin haɗe-haɗe da aka fi amfani da su akai-akai waɗanda nake amfani da su samu tare da shine zaɓin “exec”, wanda a zahiri yana ba ku damar aiwatar da wasu ayyuka akan sakamakon binciken nemo.
Misali, bari mu ce muna son nemo duk fayiloli a cikin kundin adireshi kuma mu canza izininsu. Ana iya yin hakan cikin sauƙi tare da:
# find /home/user/files/ -type f -exec chmod 644 {} \;
Umurnin da ke sama zai bincika duk fayiloli a cikin ƙayyadadden kundin adireshi akai-akai kuma zai aiwatar da umarnin chmod akan fayilolin da aka samo. Na tabbata za ku sami ƙarin amfani da yawa akan wannan umarni nan gaba, don yanzu karanta Misalai 35 na Linux 'nemo' Umurni da Amfani.
7. Gina Bishiyoyin Rubutu da Umarni ɗaya
Wataƙila kun san cewa zaku iya ƙirƙirar sabbin kundayen adireshi ta amfani da umarnin mkdir. Don haka idan kuna son ƙirƙirar sabon babban fayil za ku gudanar da wani abu kamar haka:
# mkdir new_folder
Amma menene, idan kuna son ƙirƙirar manyan fayiloli 5 a cikin wannan babban fayil ɗin? Gudun mkdir sau 5 a jere ba shine mafita mai kyau ba. Madadin haka zaku iya amfani da zaɓi -p kamar haka:
# mkdir -p new_folder/{folder_1,folder_2,folder_3,folder_4,folder_5}
A ƙarshe yakamata ku sami manyan fayiloli guda 5 dake cikin new_folder:
# ls new_folder/ folder_1 folder_2 folder_3 folder_4 folder_5
8. Kwafi Fayil zuwa Hanyoyi da yawa
Ana yin kwafin fayil yawanci tare da umarnin cp. Kwafi fayil yawanci yayi kama da haka:
# cp /path-to-file/my_file.txt /path-to-new-directory/
Yanzu yi tunanin cewa kana buƙatar kwafin wancan fayil a cikin kundayen adireshi da yawa:
# cp /home/user/my_file.txt /home/user/1 # cp /home/user/my_file.txt /home/user/2 # cp /home/user/my_file.txt /home/user/3
Wannan dan banza ne. Madadin haka zaku iya magance matsalar tare da umarnin layi ɗaya mai sauƙi:
# echo /home/user/1/ /home/user/2/ /home/user/3/ | xargs -n 1 cp /home/user/my_file.txt
9. Share Manyan Fayiloli
Wani lokaci fayiloli na iya girma da girma sosai. Na ga lokuta inda fayil guda ɗaya ya wuce 250 GB babba saboda rashin ƙwarewar gudanarwa. Cire fayil ɗin tare da utility rm bazai isa ba a irin waɗannan lokuta saboda gaskiyar cewa akwai babban adadin bayanai da ke buƙatar cirewa. Aikin zai zama nauyi kuma ya kamata a kauce masa. Madadin haka, zaku iya tafiya tare da mafita mai sauƙi:
# > /path-to-file/huge_file.log
Inda ba shakka za ku buƙaci canza hanyar da sunayen fayiloli tare da ainihin waɗanda zasu dace da shari'ar ku. Umurnin da ke sama kawai zai rubuta fitarwa mara kyau zuwa fayil ɗin. A cikin mafi sauƙi kalmomi zai kwashe fayil ɗin ba tare da haifar da babban I/O akan tsarin ku ba.
10. Gudun Umarni ɗaya akan Sabar Linux da yawa
Kwanan nan ɗaya daga cikin masu karatunmu ya tambaya a dandalinmu na LinuxSay, yadda ake aiwatar da umarni ɗaya zuwa akwatunan Linux da yawa a lokaci ɗaya ta amfani da SSH. Yana da adiresoshin IP na injinsa kamar haka:
10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.3 10.0.0.4 10.0.0.5
Don haka ga mafita mai sauƙi na wannan batu. Tattara adiresoshin IP na sabobin a cikin fayil ɗaya da ake kira list.txt ɗaya ƙarƙashin wani kamar yadda aka nuna a sama. Sannan zaku iya gudu:
# for in $i(cat list.txt); do ssh [email $i 'bash command'; done
A cikin misalin da ke sama kuna buƙatar canza “mai amfani” tare da ainihin mai amfani da shi wanda zaku yi rajista da “bash order” tare da ainihin umarnin bash da kuke son aiwatarwa. Hanyar ta fi aiki yayin da kuke amfani da ingantaccen kalmar sirri tare da maɓallin SSH zuwa injin ku saboda haka ba za ku buƙaci shigar da kalmar wucewa ga mai amfani akai-akai ba.
Lura cewa ƙila za ku buƙaci wuce wasu ƙarin sigogi zuwa umarnin SSH dangane da saitin akwatunan Linux ɗinku.
Kammalawa
Misalan da ke sama suna da sauƙi masu sauƙi kuma ina fata sun taimake ku don nemo wasu kyawawan Linux da kuma yadda zaku iya aiwatar da ayyuka daban-daban cikin sauƙi waɗanda zasu iya ɗaukar lokaci mai yawa akan sauran tsarin aiki.