Yadda ake Samar da Isar da Rahoton Ayyukan Tsari Ta Amfani da Kayan Aikin Linux - Sashe na 3


A matsayinka na injiniyan tsarin, sau da yawa za ka buƙaci samar da rahotannin da ke nuna yadda ake amfani da albarkatun tsarin ku don tabbatar da cewa: 1) Ana amfani da su da kyau, 2) hana kwalabe, da 3) tabbatar da haɓaka, a tsakanin wasu dalilai.

Bayan sanannun kayan aikin Linux na asali waɗanda ake amfani da su don bincika faifai, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da kuma amfani da CPU - don sunaye ƴan misalai, Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 yana ba da ƙarin kayan aiki guda biyu don haɓaka bayanan da zaku iya tattarawa don rahotanninku: sysstat da dstat .

A cikin wannan labarin za mu bayyana duka biyun, amma bari mu fara farawa ta hanyar nazarin amfani da kayan aikin gargajiya.

Kayan aikin Linux na asali

Tare da df, zaku iya ba da rahoton sararin diski da rashin amfani da tsarin fayil. Kuna buƙatar saka idanu duka biyu saboda rashin sarari zai hana ku samun damar adana ƙarin fayiloli (kuma yana iya haifar da tsarin rushewa), kamar yadda ya ɓace daga inodes yana nufin ba za ku iya haɗa ƙarin fayiloli tare da bayanan da suka dace ba. Tsarin, don haka yana haifar da tasiri iri ɗaya: ba za ku iya adana waɗannan fayilolin zuwa faifai ba.

# df -h 		[Display output in human-readable form]
# df -h --total         [Produce a grand total]
# df -i 		[Show inode count by filesystem]
# df -i --total 	[Produce a grand total]

Tare da du, zaku iya ƙididdige amfanin sararin fayil ta kowane fayil, kundin adireshi, ko tsarin fayil.

Misali, bari mu ga yawan sarari da kundin adireshin gida/gida ke amfani da shi, wanda ya haɗa da duk fayilolin sirri na mai amfani. Umurni na farko zai dawo da sararin sararin samaniya a halin yanzu ana amfani da shi gaba ɗaya/gida directory, yayin da na biyu kuma zai nuna jerin abubuwan da ba a haɗa su ta hanyar babban kundin adireshi kuma:

# du -sch /home
# du -sch /home/*

Kar a rasa:

  1. 12 'df' Misalai na Umurni don Duba Amfani da Sararin Samaniya na Linux
  2. 10 'du' Misalai na Umurni don Nemo Amfani da Fayilolin Fayiloli/Kudiritoci

Wani abin amfani da ba zai iya ɓacewa daga kayan aikin ku ba shine vmstat. Zai ba ka damar gani da sauri bayani game da matakai, CPU da amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ayyukan faifai, da ƙari.

Idan an gudu ba tare da gardama ba, vmstat zai dawo da matsakaita tun sake yi na ƙarshe. Yayin da zaku iya amfani da wannan nau'i na umarnin sau ɗaya a cikin ɗan lokaci, zai zama mafi taimako don ɗaukar takamaiman adadin samfuran amfani da tsarin, ɗaya bayan ɗaya, tare da ƙayyadadden lokacin rabuwa tsakanin samfuran.

Misali,

# vmstat 5 10

zai dawo da samfurori 10 da aka ɗauka kowane 5 seconds:

Kamar yadda kuke gani a cikin hoton da ke sama, an raba fitar da vmstat ta ginshiƙai: procs (tsari), ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, swap, io, system, da cpu. Ana iya samun ma'anar kowane filin a cikin sassan BAYANIN FIELD a cikin shafin mutum na vmstat.

A ina vmstat zai iya zuwa da amfani? Bari mu bincika halayen tsarin kafin da lokacin sabuntawar yum:

# vmstat -a 1 5

Lura cewa yayin da ake canza fayiloli akan faifai, adadin ƙwaƙwalwar aiki yana ƙaruwa kuma haka adadin tubalan da aka rubuta zuwa faifai (bo) da lokacin CPU wanda aka keɓe ga tsarin mai amfani (mu).

Ko yayin aikin adana babban fayil kai tsaye zuwa faifai (wanda dsync ya jawo):

# vmstat -a 1 5
# dd if=/dev/zero of=dummy.out bs=1M count=1000 oflag=dsync

A wannan yanayin, za mu iya ganin yawan adadin tubalan da aka rubuta zuwa faifai (bo), wanda za a sa ran, amma kuma karuwar adadin lokacin CPU wanda zai jira ayyukan I/O don kammalawa kafin. aiki ayyuka (wa).

Kar a rasa: Vmstat - Kulawa da Ayyukan Linux

Sauran Kayan aikin Linux

Kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin gabatarwar wannan babi, akwai wasu kayan aikin da za ku iya amfani da su don duba matsayin tsarin da kuma amfani da su (ba wai kawai Red Hat ne ke ba su ba har ma da wasu manyan rarrabawa daga wuraren ajiyar kuɗin da aka ba su a hukumance).

Kunshin sysstat ya ƙunshi abubuwan amfani masu zuwa:

  1. sar (tattara, ba da rahoto, ko adana bayanan ayyukan tsarin).
  2. sadf (bayanan nunin da sar ya tattara a cikin nau'i-nau'i da yawa).
  3. mpstat (ƙididdiga masu alaƙa da masu sarrafawa).
  4. iostat (bayar da kididdigar CPU da ƙididdiga na I/O na na'urori da ɓangarori).
  5. pidstat (ƙididdigar rahoton ayyukan Linux).
  6. nfsiostat (ƙididdigar shigarwa/ƙididdigar fitarwa na NFS)
  7. cifsiostat (ƙididdigar CIFS rahoton) da
  8. sa1 (tattara kuma adana bayanan binary a cikin tsarin ayyukan yau da kullun na fayil ɗin bayanan.
  9. sa2 (rubuta rahoton yau da kullun a cikin /var/log/sa directory) kayan aikin.

alhali dstat yana ƙara wasu ƙarin fasaloli zuwa ayyukan da waɗannan kayan aikin ke bayarwa, tare da ƙarin ƙididdiga da sassauƙa. Kuna iya samun cikakken bayanin kowane kayan aiki ta hanyar tafiyar da yum info sysstat ko yum info dstat, bi da bi, ko duba shafukan mutum ɗaya bayan shigarwa.

Don shigar da fakiti biyu:

# yum update && yum install sysstat dstat

Babban fayil ɗin daidaitawa don sysstat shine /etc/sysconfig/sysstat. Za ku sami sigogi masu zuwa a cikin waccan fayil:

# How long to keep log files (in days).
# If value is greater than 28, then log files are kept in
# multiple directories, one for each month.
HISTORY=28
# Compress (using gzip or bzip2) sa and sar files older than (in days):
COMPRESSAFTER=31
# Parameters for the system activity data collector (see sadc manual page)
# which are used for the generation of log files.
SADC_OPTIONS="-S DISK"
# Compression program to use.
ZIP="bzip2"

Lokacin da aka shigar da sysstat, ana ƙara ayyukan cron guda biyu kuma ana kunna su a /etc/cron.d/sysstat. Aikin farko yana gudanar da kayan aikin lissafin ayyukan tsarin kowane minti 10 kuma yana adana rahotanni a /var/log/sa/saXX inda XX shine ranar wata.

Don haka, /var/log/sa/sa05 zai ƙunshi duk rahoton ayyukan tsarin daga 5 ga wata. Wannan yana ɗaukan cewa muna amfani da ƙimar tsoho a cikin madaidaicin HISTORY a cikin fayil ɗin daidaitawa a sama:

*/10 * * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa1 1 1

Aiki na biyu yana haifar da taƙaitaccen lissafin tsari na yau da kullun a 11:53 pm kowace rana kuma yana adana shi a cikin fayilolin /var/log/sa/sarXX, inda XX yana da ma'ana iri ɗaya kamar a cikin misalin da ya gabata:

53 23 * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa2 -A

Misali, kuna iya fitar da kididdigar tsarin daga karfe 9:30 na safe zuwa 5:30 na yamma na shida ga wata zuwa fayil .csv wanda za a iya gani cikin sauki ta amfani da LibreOffice Calc ko Microsoft Excel (wannan tsarin zai kuma ba ku damar. ƙirƙira zane-zane ko zane-zane):

# sadf -s 09:30:00 -e 17:30:00 -dh /var/log/sa/sa06 -- | sed 's/;/,/g' > system_stats20150806.csv

Kuna iya amfani da tutar -j maimakon -d a cikin umarnin sadf da ke sama don fitar da ƙididdigar tsarin a tsarin JSON, wanda zai iya zama da amfani idan kuna buƙatar cinye bayanan a cikin aikace-aikacen yanar gizo, misali.

A ƙarshe, bari mu ga abin da dstat ke bayarwa. Lura cewa idan an gudu ba tare da gardama ba, dstat yana ɗauka -cdngy ta tsohuwa (gajeren CPU, faifai, cibiyar sadarwa, shafukan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da ƙididdigar tsarin, bi da bi), kuma yana ƙara layi ɗaya kowane daƙiƙa (ana iya katse aiwatarwa kowane lokaci tare da Ctrl + C) :

# dstat

Don fitar da ƙididdiga zuwa fayil .csv, yi amfani da tutar –output da sunan fayil ya biyo baya. Bari mu ga yadda wannan ke kallon LibreOffice Calc:

Ina ba ku shawara mai ƙarfi da ku bincika shafin mutum na sysstat a cikin tsarin PDF don sauƙin karantawa. Za ku sami wasu zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa waɗanda zasu taimaka muku ƙirƙirar al'ada da cikakkun rahotannin ayyukan tsarin.

Kar a Afi: Sysstat - Kayan aikin Kula da Ayyukan Amfani da Linux

Takaitawa

A cikin wannan jagorar mun bayyana yadda ake amfani da kayan aikin Linux na asali da takamaiman abubuwan amfani da aka bayar tare da RHEL 7 don samar da rahotanni kan amfani da tsarin. A wani lokaci ko wani, za ku dogara ga waɗannan rahotanni a matsayin abokai mafi kyau.

Wataƙila kun yi amfani da wasu kayan aikin da ba mu rufe su a cikin wannan koyawa ba. Idan haka ne, jin daɗin raba su tare da sauran jama'a tare da wasu shawarwari/tambayoyi/sharhi waɗanda za ku iya samu ta amfani da fom ɗin da ke ƙasa.

Muna jiran ji daga gare ku.