Jerin RHCSA: Gudanar da Kunshin Yum, Aiki Automating tare da Cron da Rajistar Tsarin Kulawa - Kashi na 10


A cikin wannan labarin za mu sake nazarin yadda ake shigarwa, sabuntawa, da kuma cire fakiti a cikin Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7. Za mu kuma rufe yadda ake sarrafa ayyuka ta amfani da cron, kuma za mu gama wannan jagorar yana bayanin yadda ake ganowa da fassara fayilolin rajistan ayyukan tare da mayar da hankali. na koya muku dalilin da yasa duk waɗannan mahimman ƙwarewa ne ga kowane mai sarrafa tsarin.

Sarrafa Fakiti ta hanyar Yum

Don shigar da fakiti tare da duk abubuwan dogaro da ba a riga an shigar dasu ba, zaku yi amfani da:

# yum -y install package_name(s)

Inda package_name(s) ke wakiltar aƙalla sunan fakiti guda ɗaya.

Misali, don shigar da httpd da mlocate (a cikin wannan tsari), rubuta.

# yum -y install httpd mlocate

Lura: Cewa harafin y a cikin misalin da ke sama ya ketare alamar tabbatarwa da yum ke gabatarwa kafin aiwatar da ainihin zazzagewa da shigar da shirye-shiryen da ake buƙata. Kuna iya barin shi idan kuna so.

Ta hanyar tsohuwa, yum zai shigar da kunshin tare da gine-ginen da ya dace da tsarin gine-ginen OS, sai dai idan an shafe shi ta hanyar sanya tsarin gine-ginen da sunansa.

Misali, akan tsarin 64 bit, yum install package zai shigar da nau'in kunshin x86_64, yayin da yum shigar kunshin.x86 (idan akwai) zai shigar da na 32-bit.

Akwai lokutan da kuke son shigar da kunshin amma ba ku san ainihin sunan sa ba. Binciken duka ko zaɓuɓɓukan bincike na iya bincika wuraren da aka kunna a halin yanzu don takamaiman kalma a cikin sunan fakitin da/ko a cikin bayaninsa, bi da bi.

Misali,

# yum search log

zai bincika ma'ajiyar da aka sanya don kunshin tare da kalmar log a cikin sunayensu da taƙaitaccen bayani, alhali

# yum search all log

zai nemi kalma guda ɗaya a cikin bayanin fakitin da filayen url kuma.

Da zarar binciken ya dawo da jerin fakiti, kuna iya nuna ƙarin bayani game da wasu daga cikinsu kafin sakawa. Wannan shine lokacin da zaɓin bayanin zai zo da amfani:

# yum info logwatch

Kuna iya bincika sabuntawa akai-akai tare da umarni mai zuwa:

# yum check-update

Umurnin da ke sama zai dawo da duk fakitin da aka shigar wanda akwai sabuntawa don su. A cikin misalin da aka nuna a hoton da ke ƙasa, kawai rhel-7-server-rpms yana da sabuntawa:

Kuna iya sabunta wannan fakitin kadai da,

# yum update rhel-7-server-rpms

Idan akwai fakiti da yawa waɗanda za a iya sabunta su, yum update zai sabunta su gaba ɗaya.

Yanzu me zai faru idan kun san sunan mai aiwatarwa, kamar ps2pdf, amma ba ku san wane fakitin ya samar da shi ba? Kuna iya ganowa tare da yum whatprovides \*/[executable] :

# yum whatprovides “*/ps2pdf”

Yanzu, idan ana batun cire kunshin, zaku iya yin hakan tare da yum cire kunshin. Sauki, eh? Wannan yana nuna cewa yum cikakke ne kuma mai sarrafa fakiti mai ƙarfi.

# yum remove httpd

Karanta Hakanan: Dokokin Yum 20 don Sarrafa Gudanar da Kunshin RHEL 7

Kyakkyawan Old Plain RPM

Hakanan ana iya amfani da RPM (wanda aka fi sani da RPM Package Manager, ko asalin RedHat Package Manager) don girka ko sabunta fakitin lokacin da suka zo cikin nau'ikan fakiti na tsaye .rpm.

Ana amfani da shi sau da yawa tare da alamun -Uvh don nuna cewa yakamata ya shigar da kunshin idan bai riga ya kasance ba ko ƙoƙarin sabunta shi idan an shigar da shi (-U) , yana samarwa. fitowar kalmomi (-v) da sandar ci gaba mai alamar zanta (-h) yayin da ake aikin. Misali,

# rpm -Uvh package.rpm

Wani amfani na yau da kullun na rpm shine don samar da jerin fakitin da aka shigar a halin yanzu tare da lambar>rpm -qa(gajeren tambaya duka):

# rpm -qa

Karanta Hakanan: Umarnin RPM 20 don Shigar da fakiti a cikin RHEL 7

Tsara Ayyuka ta amfani da Cron

Linux da sauran tsarin aiki kamar Unix sun haɗa da kayan aiki da ake kira cron wanda ke ba ku damar tsara ayyuka (watau umarni ko rubutun harsashi) don gudana akai-akai. Cron yana bincika kowane minti/var/spool/cron directory don fayilolin da aka sanya wa suna bayan asusun a /etc/passwd.

Lokacin aiwatar da umarni, ana aika duk wani fitarwa zuwa ga mai crontab (ko zuwa ga mai amfani da aka ƙayyade a cikin ma'auni na MAILTO a cikin /etc/crontab, idan akwai).

Fayilolin Crontab (waɗanda aka ƙirƙira su ta hanyar buga crontab -e da latsa Shigar) suna da tsari mai zuwa:

Don haka, idan muna son sabunta bayanan fayil ɗin gida (wanda ake amfani da wurin wurin nemo fayiloli ta suna ko tsari) kowace rana ta biyu na wata a 2:15 na safe, muna buƙatar ƙara shigarwar crontab mai zuwa:

15 02 2 * * /bin/updatedb

Shigar crontab na sama yana karanta, \Run /bin/updatedb a rana ta biyu ga wata, kowane wata na shekara, ba tare da la'akari da ranar mako ba, da karfe 2:15 na safe. , ana amfani da alamar tauraro azaman halin kati.

Bayan ƙara aikin cron, za ku ga cewa an ƙara fayil mai suna tushen a cikin /var/spool/cron, kamar yadda muka ambata a baya. Fayil ɗin ya lissafa duk ayyukan da crond daemon yakamata ya gudanar:

# ls -l /var/spool/cron

A cikin hoton da ke sama, ana iya nuna crontab na mai amfani na yanzu ko dai ta amfani da cat/var/spool/cron/tushen ko,

# crontab -l

Idan kuna buƙatar gudanar da ɗawainiya akan ingantaccen tsari (misali, sau biyu a rana ko sau uku kowane wata), cron kuma zai iya taimaka muku yin hakan.

Misali, don gudanar da /my/script a ranar 1st da 15 ga kowane wata kuma aika kowane fitarwa zuwa /dev/null, zaku iya ƙara shigarwar crontab guda biyu kamar haka:

01 00 1 * * /myscript > /dev/null 2>&1
01 00 15 * * /my/script > /dev/null 2>&1

Amma don aikin ya kasance da sauƙi don kiyayewa, kuna iya haɗa abubuwan shigarwa biyu zuwa ɗaya:

01 00 1,15 * *  /my/script > /dev/null 2>&1

Ta bin misalin da ya gabata, za mu iya gudu /my/other/script a karfe 1:30 na safe a ranar farko ta wata kowane wata uku:

30 01 1 1,4,7,10 * /my/other/script > /dev/null 2>&1

Amma idan kuna maimaita wani aiki kowane minti, sa'o'i, kwanaki, ko watanni, zaku iya raba wurin da ya dace ta mitar da ake so. Shigar da crontab mai zuwa yana da ma'ana ɗaya daidai da na baya:

30 01 1 */3 * /my/other/script > /dev/null 2>&1

Ko wataƙila kuna buƙatar gudanar da wani aiki akan ƙayyadaddun mitoci ko bayan takalmin tsarin, alal misali. Kuna iya amfani da ɗayan waɗannan kirtani maimakon filayen biyar don nuna ainihin lokacin da kuke son aikinku ya gudana:

@reboot    	Run when the system boots.
@yearly    	Run once a year, same as 00 00 1 1 *.
@monthly   	Run once a month, same as 00 00 1 * *.
@weekly    	Run once a week, same as 00 00 * * 0.
@daily     	Run once a day, same as 00 00 * * *.
@hourly    	Run once an hour, same as 00 * * * *.

Karanta Hakanan: Dokokin 11 don Tsara Ayyuka na Cron a cikin RHEL 7

Ganowa da Duba Logs

Ana samun rajistan ayyukan tsarin (kuma suna juyawa) a cikin /var/log directory. Bisa ga Ma'auni na Lissafin Fayil na Linux, wannan jagorar ya ƙunshi fayilolin log iri daban-daban, waɗanda aka rubuta zuwa gare shi ko kuma wani babban littafin da ya dace (kamar duba, httpd, ko samba a cikin hoton da ke ƙasa) ta hanyar daemons masu dacewa yayin aikin tsarin:

# ls /var/log

Sauran rajistan ayyukan masu ban sha'awa sune dmesg (ya ƙunshi duk saƙonni daga majinin zobe na kernel), amintacce (yunkurin haɗin rajistan ayyukan da ke buƙatar tabbatar da mai amfani), saƙonni (saƙonni masu faɗin tsarin) da wtmp (rikodin duk shiga mai amfani da kuma fita).

Logs suna da matukar mahimmanci don suna ba ku damar hango abubuwan da ke faruwa a kowane lokaci a cikin tsarin ku, da abin da ya faru a baya. Suna wakiltar kayan aiki mara tsada don warwarewa da saka idanu kan uwar garken Linux, don haka galibi ana amfani da su tare da umarnin wutsiya -f don nuna abubuwan da suka faru, a ainihin lokacin, kamar yadda suke faruwa kuma ana yin rikodin su a cikin log.

Misali, idan kana son nuna abubuwan da suka shafi kwaya, rubuta umarni mai zuwa:

# tail -f /var/log/dmesg

Hakanan idan kuna son duba damar shiga sabar gidan yanar gizon ku:

# tail -f /var/log/httpd/access.log

Takaitawa

Idan kun san yadda ake sarrafa fakiti da kyau, tsara ayyuka, da kuma inda za ku nemo bayanai game da aiki na yanzu da na baya za ku iya tabbatar da cewa ba za ku shiga cikin abubuwan mamaki ba sau da yawa. Ina fatan wannan labarin ya taimaka muku koyo ko sabunta ilimin ku game da waɗannan ƙwarewar asali.

Kada ku yi jinkiri don sauke mana layi ta amfani da fom ɗin tuntuɓar da ke ƙasa idan kuna da wasu tambayoyi ko sharhi.