Ƙirƙirar RAID 5 (Striping with Distributed Parity) a Linux - Part 4
A cikin RAID 5, bayanan da ke ƙetare faifai da yawa tare da rarrabawa daidai gwargwado. Rarraba tare da daidaitawar rarraba yana nufin zai raba bayanin daidaito da kuma bayanan ratsin a kan faifai masu yawa, waɗanda za su sami ingantaccen bayanan bayanai.
Don Matsayin RAID ya kamata ya sami aƙalla rumbun kwamfyuta uku ko fiye. Ana amfani da RAID 5 a cikin babban yanayin samar da kayan aiki inda ya dace da farashi kuma yana ba da aiki tare da sakewa.
Parity shine hanya mafi sauƙi gama gari don gano kurakurai a cikin ma'ajin bayanai. Parity yana adana bayanai a cikin kowane faifai, Bari mu ce muna da diski 4, a cikin faifai 4 za a raba sararin diski ɗaya zuwa duk diski don adana bayanan daidaito. Idan kowane ɗayan diski ɗin ya gaza har yanzu muna iya samun bayanan ta hanyar sake ginawa daga bayanan daidaici bayan maye gurbin faifan da ya gaza.
- Yana ba da kyakkyawan aiki
- Tallafawa Maimaituwa da Haƙurin Laifi.
- Goyon bayan zabukan kayan abinci masu zafi.
- Zai rasa iyawar faifai guda ɗaya don amfani da bayanin daidaito.
- Babu asarar bayanai idan diski ɗaya ya gaza. Za mu iya sake ginawa ta hanyar daidaitawa bayan maye gurbin faifan da ya gaza.
- Ya dace da yanayin da ya dace da ciniki saboda karatun zai yi sauri.
- Saboda girman kai, rubutu zai kasance a hankali.
- Sake ginawa yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo.
Ana buƙatar mafi ƙarancin faifai 3 don ƙirƙirar Raid 5, amma kuna iya ƙara ƙarin fayafai, kawai idan kuna da keɓantaccen mai sarrafa hare-hare na hardware tare da tashoshin jiragen ruwa da yawa. Anan, muna amfani da software RAID da kunshin 'mdadm' don ƙirƙirar hari.
mdadm kunshin ne wanda ke ba mu damar daidaitawa da sarrafa na'urorin RAID a cikin Linux. Ta hanyar tsoho babu fayil ɗin sanyi yana samuwa don RAID, dole ne mu adana fayil ɗin sanyi bayan ƙirƙira da daidaita saitin RAID a cikin wani fayil daban da ake kira mdadm.conf.
Kafin ci gaba, Ina ba da shawarar ku bi ta cikin labarai masu zuwa don fahimtar tushen tushen RAID a cikin Linux.
- Basic Concepts of RAID in Linux – Part 1
- Ƙirƙirar RAID 0 (Stripe) a cikin Linux - Kashi na 2
- Kafa RAID 1 (Mirroring) a cikin Linux – Sashe na 3
Operating System : CentOS 6.5 Final IP Address : 192.168.0.227 Hostname : rd5.tecmintlocal.com Disk 1 [20GB] : /dev/sdb Disk 2 [20GB] : /dev/sdc Disk 3 [20GB] : /dev/sdd
Wannan labarin shine Sashe na 4 na jerin RAID 9-tutorial, a nan za mu kafa software RAID 5 tare da rarrabawa a cikin tsarin Linux ko sabobin ta amfani da diski na 20GB guda uku mai suna/dev/sdb,/dev/sdc, da/dev /sdd.
Mataki 1: Sanya mdadm da Tabbatar da Drives
1. Kamar yadda muka fada a baya, cewa muna amfani da CentOS 6.5 saki na ƙarshe don wannan saitin hare-haren, amma ana iya bin matakan guda ɗaya don saitin RAID a kowane rarraba tushen Linux.
# lsb_release -a # ifconfig | grep inet
2. Idan kuna bin jerin hare-haren mu, muna ɗauka cewa kun riga kun shigar da kunshin 'mdadm', idan ba haka ba, yi amfani da umarni mai zuwa bisa ga rarraba Linux don shigar da kunshin.
# yum install mdadm [on RedHat systems] # apt-get install mdadm [on Debain systems]
3. Bayan shigar da kunshin 'mdadm', bari mu jera faifan diski guda uku 20GB waɗanda muka ƙara zuwa tsarinmu ta amfani da umarnin 'fdisk'.
# fdisk -l | grep sd
4. Yanzu lokaci ya yi da za a bincika faifai guda uku da aka haɗe don kowane RAID tubalan da ke kan waɗannan tafiyarwa ta amfani da umarni mai zuwa.
# mdadm -E /dev/sd[b-d] # mdadm --examine /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd
Lura: Daga hoton da ke sama an kwatanta cewa babu wani babban toshe da aka gano tukuna. Don haka, babu wani RAID da aka ayyana a cikin dukkan tutocin guda uku. Bari mu fara ƙirƙirar ɗaya yanzu.
Mataki 2: Rarraba Disks don RAID
5. Da farko dai, dole ne mu raba diski (/dev/sdb, /dev/sdc, da /dev/sdd) kafin mu ƙara zuwa RAID, don haka bari mu ayyana ɓangaren ta amfani da umarnin 'fdisk', kafin turawa. shi zuwa matakai na gaba.
# fdisk /dev/sdb # fdisk /dev/sdc # fdisk /dev/sdd
Da fatan za a bi umarnin da ke ƙasa don ƙirƙirar bangare a kan drive /dev/sdb.
- Latsa 'n' don ƙirƙirar sabon bangare.
- Sannan zaɓi 'P' don ɓangaren Farko. Anan muna zabar Firamare saboda babu wani yanki da aka ayyana tukuna.
- Sannan a zabi ‘1’ don zama bangare na farko. Ta hanyar tsoho, zai zama 1.
- A nan don girman Silinda, ba lallai ne mu zaɓi ƙayyadadden girman ba saboda muna buƙatar duka ɓangaren don RAID don haka kawai danna Shigar sau biyu don zaɓar cikakken girman tsoho.
- Na gaba danna 'p' don buga ɓangaren da aka ƙirƙira.
- Canza Nau'in, Idan muna buƙatar sanin kowane nau'in da ke akwai Latsa 'L'.
- A nan, muna zaɓar 'fd' kamar yadda nau'in nawa shine RAID.
- Na gaba latsa 'p' don buga ɓangarorin da aka ƙayyade.
- Sai kuma a sake amfani da 'p' don buga canje-canjen da muka yi.
- Yi amfani da 'w' don rubuta canje-canje.
Lura: Dole ne mu bi matakan da aka ambata a sama don ƙirƙirar ɓangarori don sdc & sdd drive kuma.
Yanzu raba sdc da sdd drives ta bin matakan da aka bayar a cikin hoton allo ko kuma kuna iya bin matakan da ke sama.
# fdisk /dev/sdc
# fdisk /dev/sdd
6. Bayan ƙirƙirar partitions, duba don canje-canje a cikin duk drives sdb, sdc, & sdd guda uku.
# mdadm --examine /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd or # mdadm -E /dev/sd[b-d]
Lura: A cikin hoton da ke sama. nuna nau'in fd ne watau na RAID.
7. Yanzu Duba ga RAID tubalan a cikin sabon halitta partitions. Idan ba a gano manyan tubalan ba to za mu iya ci gaba don ƙirƙirar sabon saitin RAID 5 akan waɗannan abubuwan tafiyarwa.
Mataki na 3: Ƙirƙirar na'urar md md0
8. Yanzu ƙirƙirar na'urar Raid 'md0' (watau/dev/md0) kuma haɗa matakin hari akan duk sabbin sassan da aka ƙirƙira (sdb1, sdc1, da sdd1) ta amfani da umarnin da ke ƙasa.
# mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=5 --raid-devices=3 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 or # mdadm -C /dev/md0 -l=5 -n=3 /dev/sd[b-d]1
9. Bayan ƙirƙirar na'urar hari, duba kuma tabbatar da RAID, na'urorin da aka haɗa, da RAID Level daga fitowar mdstat.
# cat /proc/mdstat
Idan kuna son saka idanu akan tsarin ginin na yanzu, zaku iya amfani da umarnin 'watch', kawai ku wuce cikin 'cat /proc/mdstat' tare da umarnin agogo wanda zai sabunta allon kowane sakan 1.
# watch -n1 cat /proc/mdstat
10. Bayan ƙirƙirar harin, Tabbatar da na'urorin kai hari ta amfani da umarni mai zuwa.
# mdadm -E /dev/sd[b-d]1
Lura: Fitar da umarnin da ke sama zai ɗan daɗe kaɗan yayin da yake buga bayanan duka guda uku.
11. Na gaba, tabbatar da tsararrun RAID don ɗauka cewa na'urorin da muka haɗa a cikin matakin RAID suna gudana kuma sun fara sake daidaitawa.
# mdadm --detail /dev/md0
Mataki 4: Ƙirƙirar tsarin fayil don md0
12. Ƙirƙiri tsarin fayil don na'urar 'md0' ta amfani da ext4 kafin hawa.
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0
13. Yanzu ƙirƙirar directory a ƙarƙashin '/mnt' sannan ku hau tsarin fayil ɗin da aka ƙirƙira a ƙarƙashin /mnt/raid5 kuma ku duba fayilolin da ke ƙarƙashin mount point, zaku ga directory ɗin da aka rasa + samu.
# mkdir /mnt/raid5 # mount /dev/md0 /mnt/raid5/ # ls -l /mnt/raid5/
14. Ƙirƙirar ƴan fayiloli a ƙarƙashin mount point /mnt/raid5 kuma saka wasu rubutu a kowane ɗayan fayilolin don tabbatar da abun ciki.
# touch /mnt/raid5/raid5_tecmint_{1..5}
# ls -l /mnt/raid5/
# echo "tecmint raid setups" > /mnt/raid5/raid5_tecmint_1
# cat /mnt/raid5/raid5_tecmint_1
# cat /proc/mdstat
15. Muna buƙatar ƙara shigarwa a fstab, in ba haka ba ba zai nuna ma'anar mu ba bayan sake kunna tsarin. Don ƙara shigarwa, ya kamata mu gyara fayil ɗin fstab kuma mu saka layi mai zuwa kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa. Wurin dutsen zai bambanta gwargwadon yanayin ku.
# vim /etc/fstab /dev/md0 /mnt/raid5 ext4 defaults 0 0
16. Na gaba, gudanar da umurnin 'mount -av' don bincika ko wasu kurakurai a cikin shigarwar fstab.
# mount -av
Mataki 5: Ajiye Kanfigareshan Raid 5
17. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya a cikin sashin buƙata, ta hanyar tsoho RAID ba shi da fayil ɗin saiti. Dole ne mu ajiye shi da hannu. Idan ba a bi wannan matakin na'urar RAID ba za ta kasance a cikin md0 ba, zai kasance a cikin wata lambar bazuwar.
Don haka, dole ne mu adana sanyi kafin tsarin sake yi. Idan an adana saitin za'a loda shi zuwa kernel yayin sake kunna tsarin kuma RAID shima za'a loda shi.
# mdadm --detail --scan --verbose >> /etc/mdadm.conf
Lura: Ajiye saitin zai kiyaye matakin RAID a cikin na'urar md0.
Mataki na 6: Ƙara Kayan Wuta
18. Menene amfanin ƙara kayan aiki? yana da matukar amfani idan muna da spare drive, idan daya daga cikin faifan diski ya gaza a cikin array ɗinmu, wannan kayan aikin zai fara aiki kuma ya sake gina tsarin kuma ya daidaita bayanan daga sauran faifan, don haka za mu iya ganin sakewa anan.
Don ƙarin umarni kan yadda ake ƙara fasinjan fasinja da duba haƙurin kuskuren Raid 5, karanta # Mataki na 6 da # Mataki na 7 a cikin labarin mai zuwa.
- Ƙara Kayan Wuta zuwa Saitin Raid 5
Kammalawa
Anan, a cikin wannan labarin, mun ga yadda ake saita RAID 5 ta amfani da diski uku. Daga baya a cikin labarai na masu zuwa, za mu ga yadda za a magance matsala lokacin da diski ya kasa a RAID 5 da kuma yadda za a maye gurbin shi don farfadowa.