Cikakken Jagora don Amfani da umarnin mai amfani - 15 Misalai masu Aiki tare da hotunan kariyar allo

A cikin rarraba Unix/Linux, ana amfani da umurnin ''usermod' don gyara ko canza kowane sifa na asusun mai amfani da aka riga aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar layin umarni. Umurnin 'usermod' yayi kama da waccan 'useradd' ko 'adduser' amma an ba da shiga ga mai amfani da yake.

Ana amfani da umarnin 'useradd' ko 'adduser' don ƙirƙirar asusun mai amfani a cikin tsarin Linux. Don ƙarin sani kan yadda ake ƙirƙirar masu amfani da tsarin, karanta cikakken jagorarmu a:

  1. Cikakken Jagora zuwa Umurnin \useradd a cikin Linux

Bayan ƙirƙirar asusun mai amfani, a wasu yanayi inda muke buƙatar canza halayen mai amfani kamar, canza adireshin gida na mai amfani, sunan shiga, harsashin shiga, ranar ƙarewar kalmar sirri, da sauransu, inda a irin wannan yanayin ana amfani da umarnin 'usermod'.

Lokacin da muka aiwatar da umarnin 'usermod' a cikin tasha, ana amfani da fayiloli masu zuwa kuma ana shafa su.

  1. /etc/passwd – Bayanin asusun mai amfani.
  2. /etc/shadow - Amintaccen bayanin asusu.
  3. /etc/group – Bayanin asusu na rukuni.
  4. /etc/gshadow - Amintaccen bayanin asusun rukuni.
  5. /etc/login.defs – Shadow kalmar sirri suite sanyi..

Asalin tsarin umarni shine:

usermod [options] username

  1. Dole ne mu sami asusun mai amfani da ke akwai don aiwatar da umarnin usermod.
  2. Superuser (tushen) ne kawai aka yarda ya aiwatar da umarnin mai amfani.
  3. Ana iya aiwatar da umarnin mai amfani akan kowane rarraba Linux.
  4. Dole ne ya sami ilimin asali na umarnin mai amfani tare da zaɓuɓɓuka

Umurnin 'usermod' abu ne mai sauƙi don amfani tare da zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don yin canje-canje ga mai amfani da yake. Bari mu ga yadda ake amfani da umarnin mai amfani ta hanyar canza wasu masu amfani da ke cikin akwatin Linux tare da taimakon zaɓuɓɓuka masu zuwa.

  1. -c = Za mu iya ƙara filin sharhi don mai amfani.
  2. -d = Don gyara kundin adireshi na kowane asusun mai amfani.
  3. -e = Yin amfani da wannan zaɓi za mu iya sa asusun ya ƙare a takamaiman lokaci.
  4. -g = Canja rukunin farko don Mai amfani.
  5. -G = Don ƙara ƙarin ƙungiyoyi.
  6. -a = Don ƙara kowa na ƙungiyar zuwa rukuni na biyu.
  7. -l = Don canza sunan shiga daga tecmint zuwa tecmint_admin.
  8. -L = Don kulle asusun mai amfani. Wannan zai kulle kalmar sirri ta yadda ba za mu iya amfani da asusun ba.
  9. -m = matsar da abubuwan da ke cikin kundin adireshin gida daga dirkokin gida na yanzu zuwa sabon dir.
  10. -p = Don amfani da kalmar sirrin da ba a ɓoye ba don sabuwar kalmar sirri. (Ba a Amince ba).
  11. -s = Ƙirƙiri takamaiman harsashi don sababbin asusu.
  12. -u = Ana amfani da shi don Sanya UID don asusun mai amfani tsakanin 0 zuwa 999.
  13. -U = Don buɗe asusun mai amfani. Wannan zai cire makullin kalmar sirri kuma ya bamu damar amfani da asusun mai amfani.

A cikin wannan labarin za mu ga '15 usermod umarni' tare da misalan su masu amfani da amfani a cikin Linux, wanda zai taimake ka ka koyi da haɓaka ƙwarewar layin umarni ta amfani da waɗannan zaɓuɓɓuka.

1. Ƙara Bayani zuwa Asusun Mai amfani

Ana amfani da zaɓin ''-c' don saita taƙaitaccen bayani (bayani) game da asusun mai amfani. Misali, bari mu ƙara bayani akan mai amfani da 'tecmint', ta amfani da umarni mai zuwa.

# usermod -c "This is Tecmint" tecmint

Bayan ƙara bayani akan mai amfani, ana iya duba sharhi iri ɗaya a cikin /etc/passwd fayil.

# grep -E --color 'tecmint' /etc/passwd

tecmint:x:500:500:This is Tecmint:/home/tecmint:/bin/sh

2. Canja Jagorar Gidan Mai Amfani

A cikin mataki na sama za mu iya ganin cewa kundin adireshin gidanmu yana ƙarƙashin /home/tecmint/, Idan muna buƙatar canza shi zuwa wani kundin adireshi za mu iya canza shi ta amfani da -d zaɓi tare da umarnin mai amfani.

Misali, Ina so in canza kundin adireshin gidanmu zuwa /var/www/, amma kafin mu canza, bari mu bincika kundin adireshin gida na yanzu, ta amfani da umarni mai zuwa.

# grep -E --color '/home/tecmint' /etc/passwd

tecmint:x:500:500:This is Tecmint:/home/tecmint:/bin/sh

Yanzu, canza tsarin gida daga/gida/tecmint zuwa /var/www/ kuma tabbatar da darektan gida bayan canzawa.

# usermod -d /var/www/ tecmint
# grep -E --color '/var/www/' /etc/passwd

tecmint:x:500:500:This is Tecmint:/var/www:/bin/sh

3. Saita Kwanan Wata Ƙarshen Asusun Mai Amfani

Ana amfani da zaɓin '-e' don saita ranar ƙarewa akan asusun mai amfani tare da tsarin kwanan wata YYYY-MM-DD. Kafin, saita ranar ƙarewa akan mai amfani, bari mu fara bincika matsayin ƙarewar asusun na yanzu ta amfani da umarnin 'chage' (canza bayanin ƙarewar kalmar sirri).

# chage -l tecmint

Last password change					: Nov 02, 2014
Password expires					: never
Password inactive					: never
Account expires						: Dec 01, 2014
Minimum number of days between password change		: 0
Maximum number of days between password change		: 99999
Number of days of warning before password expires	: 7

Matsayin ƙarewar mai amfani 'tecmint' shine Dec 1 2014, bari mu canza shi zuwa Nuwamba 1 2014 ta amfani da zaɓin 'usermod-e' kuma tabbatar da ranar ƙarewar tare da 'chage 'umarni.

# usermod -e 2014-11-01 tecmint
# chage -l tecmint

Last password change					: Nov 02, 2014
Password expires					: never
Password inactive					: never
Account expires						: Nov 01, 2014
Minimum number of days between password change		: 0
Maximum number of days between password change		: 99999
Number of days of warning before password expires	: 7

4. Canja Rukunin Farko na Mai Amfani

Don saita ko canza rukunin farko na mai amfani, muna amfani da zaɓi '-g' tare da umarnin mai amfani. Kafin, canza rukunin farko na mai amfani, da farko tabbatar da bincika rukunin na yanzu don mai amfani tecmint_test.

# id tecmint_test

uid=501(tecmint_test) gid=502(tecmint_test) groups=502(tecmint_test)

Yanzu, saita ƙungiyar babin azaman rukunin farko zuwa mai amfani tecmint_test kuma tabbatar da canje-canje.

# usermod -g babin tecmint_test
# id tecmint_test

uid=501(tecmint_test) gid=502(babin) groups=502(tecmint_test)

5. Ƙara Ƙungiya zuwa Mai Amfani

Idan kuna son ƙara sabon rukuni mai suna 'tecmint_test0'zuwa'tecmint'mai amfani, zaku iya amfani da zaɓi'-G' tare da umarnin mai amfani kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa.

# usermod -G tecmint_test0 tecmint
# id tecmint

Lura: Yi hankali, yayin ƙara sabbin ƙungiyoyi zuwa mai amfani da ke da zaɓin '-G' kaɗai, zai cire duk ƙungiyoyin da suke da su. Don haka, koyaushe ƙara '-a' (append) tare da zaɓi '-G' don ƙara ko ƙara sabbin ƙungiyoyi.

6. Ƙara Ƙungiya da Ƙungiya ta Farko zuwa Mai Amfani

Idan kana buƙatar ƙara mai amfani ga kowane ɗayan ƙarin rukunin, zaku iya amfani da zaɓuɓɓukan '-a' da '-G'. Misali, a nan za mu ƙara asusun mai amfani tecmint_test0 tare da mai amfani da wheel.

# usermod -a -G wheel tecmint_test0
# id tecmint_test0

Don haka, mai amfani tecmint_test0 ya kasance a rukunin sa na farko da kuma cikin rukuni na biyu (wheel). Wannan zai sa asusun mai amfani na na yau da kullun don aiwatar da kowane tushen gata umarni a cikin akwatin Linux.

eg : sudo service httpd restart

7. Canja Sunan Shiga Mai Amfani

Don canza kowane sunan shiga mai amfani, za mu iya amfani da zaɓi '-l' (sabon shiga). A cikin misalin da ke ƙasa, muna canza sunan shiga tecmint zuwa tecmint_admin. Don haka an canza sunan mai amfani tecmint tare da sabon suna tecmint_admin.

# usermod -l tecmint_admin tecmint

Yanzu bincika mai amfani da tecmint, Ba zai kasance ba saboda mun canza shi zuwa tecmint_admin.

# id tecmint

Bincika asusun tecmint_admin zai kasance tare da UID iri ɗaya kuma tare da rukunin da muka ƙara a baya.

# id tecmint_admin

8. Kulle User Account

Don Kulle kowane asusun mai amfani da tsarin, za mu iya amfani da zaɓi na '-L' (kulle), Bayan an kulle asusun ba za mu iya shiga ta amfani da kalmar sirri ba kuma za ku ga ! da aka ƙara kafin ɓoyewa. kalmar sirri a cikin /etc/shadow file, yana nufin kalmar sirri a kashe.

# usermod -L babin

Bincika asusun kulle.

# grep -E --color 'babin' cat /etc/shadow

9. Buɗe Asusun mai amfani

Ana amfani da zaɓin '-U' don buɗe kowane mai amfani da aka kulle, wannan zai cire ! kafin rufaffen kalmar sirri.

# grep -E --color 'babin' /etc/shadow
# usermod -U babin

Tabbatar da mai amfani bayan buɗewa.

# grep -E --color 'babin' /etc/shadow

10. Matsar da Directory Home mai amfani zuwa sabon wuri

Bari mu ce kuna da asusun mai amfani azaman 'pinky' tare da kundin adireshi na gida'/ gida/ruwan hoda', kuna son matsawa zuwa sabon wuri faɗi'/var/piny'. Kuna iya amfani da zaɓuɓɓukan '-d' da '-m' don matsar da fayilolin mai amfani da ake dasu daga gidan kundi na yanzu zuwa sabon kundin gida.

Bincika asusun kuma kundin adireshin gida na yanzu.

# grep -E --color 'pinky' /etc/passwd

Sannan jera fayilolin wanda mai amfani pinky ya mallaka.

# ls -l /home/pinky/

Yanzu dole mu matsar da littafin gida daga /home/pinky zuwa /var/pinky.

# usermod -d /var/pinky/ -m pinky

Na gaba, tabbatar da canjin shugabanci.

# grep -E --color 'pinky' /etc/passwd

Bincika fayilolin a ƙarƙashin '/ gida/piny'. Anan mun matsar da fayilolin ta amfani da zaɓi -m don haka ba za a sami fayiloli ba. Fayilolin mai amfani da ruwan hoda yanzu za su kasance ƙarƙashin /var/pinky.

# ls -l /home/pinky/
# ls -l /var/pinky/

11. Ƙirƙiri kalmar sirri da ba a ɓoye don mai amfani ba

Don ƙirƙirar kalmar sirrin da ba a ɓoye ba, muna amfani da zaɓi '-p' (kalmar sirri). Don manufar nunawa, Ina saita sabon kalmar sirri ce 'redhat' akan mai amfani da ruwan hoda.

# usermod -p redhat pinky

Bayan saita kalmar sirri, yanzu duba fayil ɗin inuwa don ganin ko a cikin rufaffen tsari ko ba a ɓoye shi ba.

# grep -E --color 'pinky' /etc/shadow

Note: Shin kun gani a hoton da ke sama, kalmar sirri a bayyane take ga kowa. Don haka, ba a ba da shawarar yin amfani da wannan zaɓi ba, saboda kalmar sirri za ta kasance ga duk masu amfani.

12. Canza Shell mai amfani

Ana iya canza harsashin shiga mai amfani ko bayyana yayin ƙirƙirar mai amfani tare da umarnin useradd ko canza tare da umarnin 'usermod' ta amfani da zaɓi' -s' (harsashi). Misali, mai amfani 'babin' yana da harsashi/bin/bash ta tsohuwa, yanzu ina so in canza shi zuwa /bin/sh.

# grep -E --color 'babin' /etc/passwd
# usermod -s /bin/sh babin

Bayan canza harsashin mai amfani, tabbatar da harsashin mai amfani ta amfani da umarni mai zuwa.

# grep -E --color 'babin' /etc/passwd

13. Canja ID mai amfani (UID)

A cikin misalin da ke ƙasa, zaku iya ganin cewa asusun mai amfani na 'babin' yana riƙe da UID na 502, yanzu ina so in canza shi zuwa 888 a matsayin UID na. Za mu iya sanya UID tsakanin 0 zuwa 999.

# grep -E --color 'babin' /etc/passwd
OR
# id babin

Yanzu, bari mu canza UID don babin mai amfani ta amfani da zaɓin '-u' (uid) kuma mu tabbatar da canje-canje.

# usermod -u 888 babin
# id babin

14. Gyara Asusun Mai amfani tare da Zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa

Anan muna da mai amfani jack kuma yanzu ina so in canza kundin adireshin gidansa, harsashi, ranar ƙarewa, lakabin, UID da rukuni a lokaci ɗaya ta amfani da umarni guda ɗaya tare da duk zaɓuɓɓuka kamar yadda muka tattauna a sama.

Mai amfani Jack yana da tsohuwar kundin adireshin gida /gida/jack, Yanzu ina so in canza shi zuwa /var/www/html in sanya nasa. harsashi kamar bash, saita ranar ƙarewa kamar 10 ga Disamba 2014, ƙara sabon lakabi kamar Wannan jack, canza UID zuwa 555 kuma zai kasance memba na rukunin apple.

Bari mu ga yadda ake canza asusun jack ta amfani da zaɓi da yawa a yanzu.

# usermod -d /var/www/html/ -s /bin/bash -e 2014-12-10 -c "This is Jack" -u 555 -aG apple jack

Sannan duba canje-canjen UID & directory na gida.

# grep -E --color 'jack' /etc/passwd

rajistan shiga ya ƙare.

# chage -l jack

Bincika ƙungiyar da duk jack ya kasance memba.

# grep -E --color 'jack' /etc/group

15. Canja UID da GID na Mai amfani

Za mu iya canza UID da GID na mai amfani na yanzu. Don canzawa zuwa Sabon GID muna buƙatar ƙungiyar data kasance. Anan an riga an sami asusu mai suna orange tare da GID na 777.

Yanzu asusun mai amfani na jack yana so a sanya shi tare da UID na 666 da GID na Orange (777).

Bincika UID da GID na yanzu kafin gyara.

# id jack

Gyara UID da GID.

# usermod -u 666 -g 777 jack

Duba ga canje-canje.

# id jack

Kammalawa

Anan mun ga yadda ake amfani da umarnin usermod tare da zaɓuɓɓukan sa cikin cikakken salo, Kafin sanin umarnin usermod, yakamata mutum ya san umarnin 'useradd' da zaɓuɓɓukan sa don amfani da usermod. Idan na rasa wani batu a cikin labarin to ku sanar da ni ta hanyar sharhi kuma kar ku manta da ƙara maganganun ku masu mahimmanci.