Gudanar da Kunshin Linux tare da Yum, RPM, Apt, Dpkg, Ƙarfafawa da Zypper - Kashi na 9
A watan Agustan da ya gabata, Gidauniyar Linux ta sanar da LFCS takaddun shaida (Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin), wata dama mai haske ga masu gudanar da tsarin a ko'ina don nunawa, ta hanyar jarrabawar aiki, cewa sun suna iya yin nasara a gaba ɗaya tallafin aiki don tsarin Linux. A Linux Foundation Certified Sysadmin yana da gwaninta don tabbatar da ingantaccen tsarin tallafi, warware matsalar matakin farko da saka idanu, gami da haɓaka fitowar ƙarshe, lokacin da ake buƙata, ga ƙungiyoyin tallafin injiniya.
Kalli bidiyon mai zuwa wanda yayi bayani game da Shirin Takaddar Gidauniyar Linux.
Wannan labarin shine Sashe na 9 na jerin tsayin koyarwa 10, a yau a cikin wannan labarin za mu jagorance ku game da Gudanar da Kunshin Linux, waɗanda ake buƙata don gwajin takaddun shaida na LFCS.
Gudanar da Kunshin
A cikin ƴan kalmomi, sarrafa fakiti hanya ce ta sakawa da kiyayewa (wanda ya haɗa da sabuntawa da ƙila cirewa shima) software akan tsarin.
A farkon Linux, an rarraba shirye-shirye azaman lambar tushe, tare da shafukan mutum da ake buƙata, fayilolin daidaitawa masu mahimmanci, da ƙari. A zamanin yau, yawancin masu rarraba Linux suna amfani da tsoffin shirye-shiryen da aka riga aka gina ko tsarin shirye-shiryen da ake kira fakiti, waɗanda aka gabatar ga masu amfani da ke shirye don shigarwa akan wannan rarraba. Koyaya, ɗayan abubuwan al'ajabi na Linux har yanzu shine yuwuwar samun lambar tushe na shirin da za a bincika, haɓakawa, da kuma haɗa su.
Idan wani fakitin yana buƙatar takamaiman kayan aiki kamar ɗakin karatu da aka raba, ko wani fakitin, an ce yana da abin dogaro. Duk tsarin sarrafa fakiti na zamani suna ba da wasu hanyoyin ƙudirin dogaro don tabbatar da cewa lokacin da aka shigar da kunshin, an shigar da duk abubuwan da suka dogara da shi.
Kusan dukkan manhajojin da aka sanya akan tsarin Linux na zamani za a samu su a Intanet. Ana iya ba da shi ta hanyar mai siyar da rarraba ta hanyar ma'ajiyar tsakiya (wanda zai iya ƙunsar dubban fakiti, kowannensu an gina shi musamman, an gwada shi, da kuma kiyaye shi don rarrabawa) ko kuma yana samuwa a cikin lambar tushe wanda za'a iya saukewa kuma shigar da hannu da hannu. .
Domin iyalai daban-daban suna amfani da tsarin marufi daban-daban (Debian: *.deb/CentOS: *.rpm/openSUSE: *.rpm an gina shi musamman don openSUSE), kunshin da aka yi niyya don rarraba ɗaya ba zai dace da wani rarraba ba. Koyaya, ana iya yiwuwa yawancin rabawa za su faɗo cikin ɗaya daga cikin iyalai masu rarraba uku waɗanda takaddun shaida na LFCS ke rufewa.
Domin aiwatar da aikin sarrafa fakitin yadda ya kamata, kuna buƙatar sani cewa za ku sami nau'ikan abubuwan amfani iri biyu: ƙananan kayan aikin (waɗanda ke riƙe da ainihin shigarwa, haɓakawa, da haɓakawa a cikin bangon baya. cire fayilolin kunshin), da kayan aikin high-level (waɗanda ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa ayyukan ƙudurin dogaro da binciken metadata - “bayanai game da bayanan”- ana yin su).
Bari mu ga kwatancin ƙananan kayan aiki da ƙananan matakan.
dpkg babban mai sarrafa fakiti ne don tsarin tushen Debian. Yana iya shigarwa, cirewa, samar da bayanai game da kuma gina fakitin * .deb amma ba zai iya saukewa ta atomatik kuma shigar da abubuwan da suka dace ba.
Ƙari: 15 dpkg Misalan Umurni
apt-get babban manajan fakiti ne na Debian da abubuwan haɓakawa, kuma yana ba da hanya mai sauƙi don dawo da shigar da fakiti, gami da ƙudurin dogaro, daga tushe da yawa ta amfani da layin umarni. Ba kamar dpkg ba, apt-get baya aiki kai tsaye tare da * .deb fayiloli, amma tare da sunan da ya dace na kunshin.
Ƙari: 25 apt-samun Misalin Umurni
ƙwaƙwalwa wani babban mai sarrafa fakiti ne don tsarin tushen Debian, kuma ana iya amfani dashi don aiwatar da ayyukan gudanarwa (sakawa, haɓakawa, da cire fakiti, da sarrafa ƙudurin dogaro ta atomatik) cikin sauri da sauƙi. . Yana ba da ayyuka iri ɗaya kamar apt-samun da ƙari, kamar ba da dama ga nau'ikan fakiti da yawa.
rpm shine tsarin sarrafa fakitin da Linux Standard Base (LSB) ke amfani da shi - rabawa masu dacewa don sarrafa fakitin ƙananan matakai. Kamar dpkg, yana iya tambaya, shigar, tabbatarwa, haɓakawa, da cire fakiti, kuma ana amfani dashi akai-akai ta hanyar rarraba tushen Fedora, kamar RHEL da CentOS.
Ƙari: Misalan Umurni na 20rpm
yum yana ƙara ayyukan sabuntawa ta atomatik da sarrafa fakiti tare da sarrafa dogaro ga tsarin tushen RPM. A matsayin babban kayan aiki, kamar apt-get ko aptitude, yum yana aiki tare da wuraren ajiya.
Ƙari: 20 yum Misalan Umurni
Yawan Amfani da Ƙananan Kayan Aikin Kaya
Mafi yawan ayyuka da za ku yi tare da ƙananan kayan aiki sune kamar haka:
Asalin wannan hanyar shigarwa shine cewa ba a samar da ƙudurin dogaro ba. Wataƙila za ku zaɓi shigar da fakiti daga fayil ɗin da aka haɗa lokacin da ba a samun irin wannan fakitin a cikin ma'ajiyar rarraba don haka ba za a iya saukewa da shigar da shi ta hanyar babban kayan aiki ba. Tun da ƙananan kayan aikin ba sa yin ƙudurin dogaro, za su fita tare da kuskure idan muka yi ƙoƙarin shigar da fakiti tare da abubuwan dogaro da ba su dace ba.
# dpkg -i file.deb [Debian and derivative] # rpm -i file.rpm [CentOS / openSUSE]
Lura: Kada kayi ƙoƙarin shigar akan CentOS fayil * .rpm wanda aka gina don buɗe SUSE, ko akasin haka!
Bugu da ƙari, za ku haɓaka fakitin da aka shigar kawai da hannu lokacin da babu shi a cikin ma'ajiya ta tsakiya.
# dpkg -i file.deb [Debian and derivative] # rpm -U file.rpm [CentOS / openSUSE]
Lokacin da ka fara samun hannunka akan tsarin da ya riga ya yi aiki, da alama za ka so sanin abubuwan da aka shigar.
# dpkg -l [Debian and derivative] # rpm -qa [CentOS / openSUSE]
Idan kuna son sanin ko an shigar da takamaiman kunshin, zaku iya buga fitar da umarnin da ke sama zuwa grep, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin sarrafa fayiloli a cikin Linux - Sashe na 1 na wannan jerin. Ace muna buƙatar tabbatarwa idan an shigar da kunshin mysql-common akan tsarin Ubuntu.
# dpkg -l | grep mysql-common
Wata hanya don ƙayyade idan an shigar da kunshin.
# dpkg --status package_name [Debian and derivative] # rpm -q package_name [CentOS / openSUSE]
Misali, bari mu gano ko an shigar da kunshin sysdig akan tsarin mu.
# rpm -qa | grep sysdig
# dpkg --search file_name # rpm -qf file_name
Misali, wanne fakiti ne aka shigar pw_dict.hwm?
# rpm -qf /usr/share/cracklib/pw_dict.hwm
Yawan Amfani da Kayan Aikin Babban Matsayi
Mafi yawan ayyuka da za ku yi tare da manyan kayan aiki sune kamar haka.
sabuntawa zai sabunta jerin fakitin da ake da su, kuma neman basira zai yi ainihin neman package_name.
# aptitude update && aptitude search package_name
A cikin binciken duk wani zaɓi, yum zai bincika package_name ba kawai a cikin sunayen fakiti ba, har ma a cikin bayanin fakitin.
# yum search package_name # yum search all package_name # yum whatprovides “*/package_name”
Bari mu ɗauka muna buƙatar fayil wanda sunansa sysdig. Don sanin fakitin dole ne mu shigar, bari mu gudu.
# yum whatprovides “*/sysdig”
whatprovides yana gaya wa yum don bincika fakitin zai samar da fayil ɗin da ya dace da bayanin yau da kullun na sama.
# zypper refresh && zypper search package_name [On openSUSE]
Yayin shigar da fakiti, ƙila a sa ku tabbatar da shigarwar bayan mai sarrafa fakitin ya warware duk abin dogaro. Lura cewa sabunta sabuntawa ko sabuntawa (bisa ga mai sarrafa fakitin da ake amfani da shi) ba lallai ba ne mai mahimmanci, amma adana fakitin da aka shigar har zuwa yau kyakkyawan aikin sysadmin ne don dalilai na tsaro da dogaro.
# aptitude update && aptitude install package_name [Debian and derivatives] # yum update && yum install package_name [CentOS] # zypper refresh && zypper install package_name [openSUSE]
Zaɓin cire zai cire kunshin amma yana barin fayilolin daidaitawa ba daidai ba, yayin da tsaftacewa zai shafe kowane alamar shirin daga tsarin ku.
# gwanintar cire/share sunan kunshin
# yum goge sunan kunshin
---Notice the minus sign in front of the package that will be uninstalled, openSUSE --- # zypper remove -package_name
Yawancin (idan ba duka ba) manajan fakiti za su ba ku, ta tsohuwa, idan kun tabbata game da ci gaba da cirewa kafin a zahiri aiwatar da shi. Don haka karanta saƙonnin akan allon a hankali don guje wa shiga cikin matsala mara amfani!
Umurni mai zuwa zai nuna bayani game da kunshin ranar haihuwa.
# aptitude show birthday # yum info birthday # zypper info birthday
Takaitawa
Gudanar da fakitin wani abu ne da ba za ku iya sharewa ba a ƙarƙashin ruga a matsayin mai gudanar da tsarin. Ya kamata ku kasance a shirye don amfani da kayan aikin da aka bayyana a cikin wannan labarin a ɗan lokaci kaɗan. Da fatan za ku sami amfani a shirye-shiryenku don jarrabawar LFCS da kuma ayyukanku na yau da kullun. Jin kyauta don barin sharhi ko tambayoyinku a ƙasa. Za mu yi farin cikin dawowa gare ku da wuri-wuri.