Kafa Caching DNS Server a cikin Ubuntu Server 14.04
Sabis ɗin Sunan yanki (DNS) sabis ne na suna wanda ke tsara adiresoshin IP da cikakkun sunayen yanki ga juna. Kwamfutocin da ke gudanar da DNS ana kiran su sunan sabar.
Anan na shigar kuma na saita uwar garken cache ta amfani da mai turawa, duba gaba da duban ajiya. A mafi yawan wuraren, muna buƙatar wuraren bincike. Sabar caching ba za ta riƙe kowane sunaye na yanki ba, zai yi aiki ne kawai azaman uwar garken Nuni. Kafin mu zurfafa tunani muna buƙatar sanin game da uwar garken DNS da yadda yake aiki.
Anan hanya ce mai sauƙi don fahimtar DNS da yadda yake aiki.
Idan muna buƙatar samun dama ga linux-console.net a cikin burauzar, tsarin zai nemi linux-console.net. Anan a karshen .com za a yi (.) to menene wannan?.
(.) yana wakiltar sabar sunan Tushen uwar garken, akwai jimillar tushen sabar guda 13 a duniya. Yayin da muke shiga linux-console.net zai nemi sunan uwar garken kamar yadda tsarin tsarin aiki yake. A cikin Ubuntu, mun kasance muna saita uwar garken suna a cikin /etc/resolv.conf, yayin shiga linux-console.net mai bincike na zai nemi tushen sabar-sabar, idan tushen sunan uwar garke bai yi ba. Ina da bayanan yanki na da aka nema zai adana bayanan da na nema sannan in tura bukatara zuwa (TLD) Sabis na babban matakin, har ma a cikin sunan uwar garken TLD buƙatata ba ta kasance ba. akwai za a adana shi kuma a tura shi zuwa Mai izini uwar garken suna.
Yayin rajistar yankin, mai rijistar yankin mu zai ayyana wanne uwar garken suna mai iko ya kamata yankin mu yayi amfani da shi. Don haka, sabobin suna suna da bayanan yankin mu, yayin da buƙatarmu ta isa ANS za ta amsa tambayar cewa linux-console.net suna da 111.111.222.1 a lokaci guda zai kasance. cache a cikin uwar garken suna mai izini kuma aika buƙatun zuwa mai bincike. Ana yin kowane matakan da ke sama a cikin millise seconds.
Da fatan kun sami abin da yake DNS yanzu, da yadda yake aiki. Yanzu bari mu saita Sabar DNS mai caching a cikin Ubuntu Server 14.04 LTS.
Mataki 1: Shigar da uwar garken DNS
Da farko, duba bayanan uwar garken DNS na gida kamar adireshin IP na tsaye da sunan mai masauki, wanda ake amfani da shi don wannan dalilin.
IP Address: 192.168.0.100 Hostname: dns.tecmintlocal.com
Don tabbatar da cewa saitunan da ke sama daidai ne, za mu iya amfani da 'hostnamectl' da 'ifconfig' umarni.
$ hostnamectl $ ifconfig eth0 | grep inet
Bayan haka, muna sabunta ma'ajin ajiya na tsoho kuma muna yin haɓaka tsarin, kafin saita uwar garken cache na DNS.
$ sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade -y
Yanzu, shigar da Fakitin DNS bind da dnsutils ta amfani da umarni mai zuwa.
$ sudo apt-get install bind9 dnsutils -y
Da zarar an shigar da dns, matsa zuwa kundin tsarin daidaitawa, ƙarƙashin /etc/bind.
$ /etc/bind/ $ ls -l
Mataki 2: Saita uwar garken cache na DNS
Da farko, muna saitin kuma muna saita uwar garken caching anan. Buɗe kuma shirya fayil ɗin mai suna.conf.options ta amfani da editan vim.
$ sudo vim named.conf.options
Yanzu, a nan ana amfani da kalmar ''forwarders' don adana buƙatun sunan yanki. Don haka, a nan za mu yi amfani da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa a matsayin mai turawa. Ba da amsa ga/gaban layin kamar yadda aka nuna a hoton.
forwarders {
192.168.0.1;
};
Ajiye ku fita fayil ta amfani da wq!. Yanzu lokaci ya yi da za a fara daure uwar garken don ƙaramin gwaji.
$ sudo /etc/init.d/bind9 start
Idan muna buƙatar gwada ko caching yana aiki, za mu iya amfani da umarnin tono kuma duba ko cache yana aiki ko a'a.
Misali, za mu tono ubuntu.com yanzu, da farko, ba zai zama cache ba, don haka yana iya ɗaukar wasu millisecond, da zarar an adana shi zai kasance cikin saurin walƙiya.
$ dig @127.0.0.1 ubuntu.com
Umurnin tono kayan aiki ne don duban DNS. Don ƙarin sani game da umarnin Dig karanta abin da ke ƙasa.
- 10 Misalan Umurnin Tono Mai Amfani
Anan, zamu iya gani a cikin hoton da ke sama da farko ya ɗauki 1965 millise seconds don tambayata kuma ya nuna wanne ipaddress aka ɗaure zuwa ubuntu.com.
Bari mu gwada don ƙarin tono mu ga lokacin tambaya.
Cool!, A cikin gwaji na biyu mun sami tambaya a cikin 5 millise seconds. Da fatan kun san menene uwar garken caching yanzu. Hoton da ke sama ya nuna, jimlar 13 tushen sabobin suna caching Ubuntu.com, saboda miliyoyin mutane sun riga sun shiga shafin yanar gizon Ubuntu.
Mataki 3: Saita Master DNS Server
Ƙirƙirar Sabar DNS na MASTER, Anan ina ma'anar sunan yankin a matsayin tecmintlocal.com, gyara fayil ɗin named.conf.local ta amfani da editan vim.
$ sudo vim /etc/bind/named.conf.local
Shigar da DNS-Master kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa.
zone "tecmintlocal.com" {
type master;
file "/etc/bind/db.tecmintlocal.com";
};
- yanki: Mai ba da cikakken bayani a Domain
- nau'in: Jagoran DNS.
- fayil: wurin da za a adana bayanin yanki.
.
Ƙirƙiri fayil ɗin yankin db.tecmintlocal.com (Duba gaba) daga yin kwafi daga db.local.
$ sudo cp db.local db.tecmintlocal.com
Yanzu buɗe kuma gyara fayil ɗin yankin da aka kwafi ta amfani da editan vim.
$ sudo vim db.tecmintlocal.com
Na gaba, ƙara shigarwar misali mai zuwa, wanda na yi amfani da shi don manufar koyawa. Ina amfani da iri ɗaya don sauran saitunan injin kama-da-wane kuma. Gyara shigarwar da ke ƙasa gwargwadon buƙatun ku.
;
; BIND data file for local loopback interface
;
$TTL 604800
@ IN SOA tecmintlocal.com. root.tecmintlocal.com. (
2014082801 ; Serial
604800 ; Refresh
86400 ; Retry
2419200 ; Expire
604800 ) ; Negative Cache TTL
;
@ IN NS ns.tecmintlocal.com.
ns IN A 192.168.0.100
clt1 IN A 192.168.0.111
ldap IN A 192.168.0.200
ldapc IN A 192.168.0.211
mail IN CNAME clt1.tecmintlocal.com.
Ajiye ku fita fayil ta amfani da wq!.
A ƙarshe, sake kunna sabis na ɗaure DNS ta amfani da umarnin ƙasa.
$ sudo service bind9 restart
Muna buƙatar tabbatarwa, ko saitin yankin mu na sama yana aiki. Bari mu bincika ta amfani da umarnin digo. Gudun umarni kamar haka daga tambayar localhost.
$ dig @127.0.0.1 mail.tecmintlocal.com
Bari mu ping kuma mu gwada clt1.tecmintlocal.com, kafin haka muna buƙatar canza shigarwar uwar garken dns zuwa localhost a cikin injin sabar dns ɗin mu kuma sake kunna hanyar sadarwa don samun tasiri. .
Buɗe kuma shirya saitunan haɗin Intanet kuma shigar da shigarwar DNS.
$ sudo vim /etc/network/interfaces
Canja shigarwar DNS a cikin dubawa kamar yadda ke ƙasa.
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
address 192.168.0.100
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 192.168.0.1
network 192.168.0.0
broadcast 192.168.0.255
dns-nameservers 127.0.0.1
dns-search tecmintlocal.com
Bayan ƙara shigarwa, sake kunna hanyar sadarwa ta amfani da umarni mai zuwa.
$ sudo ifdown eth0 && sudo ifup eth0
Idan sake kunna cibiyar sadarwa bai yi tasiri ba, Dole ne mu sake farawa. Yanzu bari mu yi ping mu duba clt1.tecmintlocal.com, yayin da yake ba da amsa, muna buƙatar samun adireshin ip abin da muka ayyana don sunan mai masaukin baki clt1.
$ ping clt1.tecmintlocal.com -c 3
Saitin Duban DNS na baya
Sake buɗe kuma shirya fayil ɗin name.conf.local.
$ sudo vim /etc/bind/named.conf.local
Yanzu ƙara shigarwar binciken dns mai zuwa kamar yadda aka nuna.
zone "0.168.192.in-addr.arpa" {
type master;
notify no;
file "/etc/bind/db.tecmintlocal192";
};
Ajiye ku fita fayil ta amfani da wq!. Yanzu ƙirƙiri fayil ɗin db.tecmintlocal192, kamar yadda na ambata a babban fayil ɗin da ke sama don duba baya, kwafi db.127 zuwa db.tecmintlocal192 ta amfani da umarni mai zuwa.
$ sudo cp db.127 db.tecmintlocal192
Yanzu, buɗe kuma shirya fayil db.tecmintlocal192 don saita binciken baya.
$ sudo vim db.tecmintlocal192
Shigar da shigarwar mai zuwa kamar ƙasa, gyara shigarwar da ke ƙasa kamar yadda ake buƙata.
;
; BIND reverse data file for local loopback interface
;
$TTL 604800
@ IN SOA ns.tecmintlocal.com. root.tecmintlocal.com. (
2014082802 ; Serial
604800 ; Refresh
86400 ; Retry
2419200 ; Expire
604800 ) ; Negative Cache TTL
;
@ IN NS ns.
100 IN PTR ns.tecmintlocal.com.
111 IN PTR ctl1.tecmintlocal.com.
200 IN PTR ldap.tecmintlocal.com.
211 IN PTR ldapc.tecmintlocal.com.
Sake kunna sabis ɗin ɗaure ta amfani da.
Yanzu, tabbatar da shigarwar neman ajiyar ajiya.
$ host 192.168.0.111
Yayin da muke yin binciken baya ta amfani da adireshin IP kamar yadda aka nuna a sama, tana son amsa suna kamar yadda hoton da ke sama ya nuna.
Bari mu yi rajista ta amfani da umarnin digo kuma.
$ dig clt1.tecmintlocal.com
Anan, zamu iya ganin Amsa don Tambaya a Sashen Amsa a matsayin sunan yankin clt1.tecmintlocal.com yana da adireshin ip 192.168.0.111.
Mataki 4: Saita Injin Abokin Ciniki
Kawai canza adireshin IP da shigarwar dns a cikin injin abokin ciniki zuwa uwar garken dns na gida 192.168.0.100, idan haka ne injin abokin cinikinmu za a sanya sunan mai masauki daga uwar garken DNS na gida.
Bari mu bincika sunan mai watsa shiri na abokin cinikinmu ta amfani da jerin umarni masu zuwa.
$ ifconfig eth0 | grep inet $ hostname $ dig -x 192.168.0.100
Fahimtar shigarwar fayil ɗin yankin a cikin dns, Wannan hoton zai ba ku ɗan bayani abin da muka ayyana a shigarwar fayil ɗin yankin.
Shi ke nan! a cikin wannan labarin, mun ga yadda ake saita uwar garken DNS na gida don ofishinmu ko amfani da gida.
Ba da da ewa ba za ka iya karanta game da labarin yadda za a warware matsalar uwar garken DNS ta amfani da kayan aiki daban-daban kuma gyara shi. Akwai kayan aikin da yawa waɗanda ake amfani da su don magance sabar DNS. Karanta labarin da ke ƙasa don sanin game da wasu shawarwarin magance matsala.
Umarnin Nslookup 8 don magance matsalar DNS