7 dmesg Dokokin don Shirya matsala da Tarin Bayanin Tsarin Linux
Umurnin ''dmesg' yana nuna saƙon daga ma'aunin zobe na kernel. Tsarin yana wucewa da yawa runlevel daga inda za mu iya samun bayanai da yawa kamar tsarin gine-gine, CPU, na'urar da aka haɗe, RAM da sauransu. Lokacin da kwamfutar ta tashi, ana loda kernel (jigon tsarin aiki) zuwa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. A wannan lokacin ana nuna adadin saƙonnin inda za mu iya ganin na'urorin hardware da kernel ya gano.
Karanta Hakanan: Dokokin Linux 10 don Tattara Bayanin Tsari da Hardware
Saƙonnin suna da matuƙar mahimmanci ta fuskar gano maƙasudi a yanayin gazawar na'urar. Lokacin da muka haɗa ko cire haɗin na'urar hardware akan tsarin, tare da taimakon umarnin dmesg za mu iya sanin bayanan da aka gano ko yanke akan tashi. Ana samun umarnin dmesg akan mafi yawan Linux da Unix bisa tsarin aiki.
Bari mu ba da haske kan shahararrun kayan aiki da ake kira umarnin 'dmesg' tare da misalan su masu amfani kamar yadda aka tattauna a ƙasa. Madaidaicin ma'anar dmesg kamar haka.
# dmseg [options...]
1. Lissafin duk Direbobin da aka ɗora a cikin Kernel
Za mu iya amfani da kayan aikin sarrafa rubutu wato 'more', ' wutsiya', 'ƙasa' ko 'grep ' tare da umarnin dmesg. Kamar yadda fitarwa na dmesg log ba zai dace da shafi ɗaya ba, ta amfani da dmesg tare da bututu fiye ko žasa umarni zai nuna rajistan ayyukan a cikin shafi ɗaya.
dmesg | more dmesg | less
[ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct [ 0.000000] Linux version 3.11.0-13-generic ([email ) (gcc version 4.8.1 (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.8.1-10ubuntu8) ) #20-Ubuntu SMP Wed Oct 23 17:26:33 UTC 2013 (Ubuntu 3.11.0-13.20-generic 3.11.6) [ 0.000000] KERNEL supported cpus: [ 0.000000] Intel GenuineIntel [ 0.000000] AMD AuthenticAMD [ 0.000000] NSC Geode by NSC [ 0.000000] Cyrix CyrixInstead [ 0.000000] Centaur CentaurHauls [ 0.000000] Transmeta GenuineTMx86 [ 0.000000] Transmeta TransmetaCPU [ 0.000000] UMC UMC UMC UMC [ 0.000000] e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map: [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000f0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000007dc08bff] usable [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc08c00-0x000000007dc5cbff] ACPI NVS [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5cc00-0x000000007dc5ebff] ACPI data [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5ec00-0x000000007fffffff] reserved [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000e0000000-0x00000000efffffff] reserved [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fec00000-0x00000000fed003ff] reserved [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fed20000-0x00000000fed9ffff] reserved [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fee00000-0x00000000feefffff] reserved [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000ffb00000-0x00000000ffffffff] reserved [ 0.000000] NX (Execute Disable) protection: active .....
Karanta Hakanan: Sarrafa Fayilolin Linux da kyau ta amfani da umarni kai, wutsiya da cat
2. Lissafin duk na'urorin da aka gano
Don gano ko wane rumbun kwaya aka gano ta kernel, zaku iya nemo kalmar sda tare da grep kamar yadda aka nuna a kasa.
dmesg | grep sda [ 1.280971] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] 488281250 512-byte logical blocks: (250 GB/232 GiB) [ 1.281014] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Write Protect is off [ 1.281016] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00 [ 1.281039] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA [ 1.359585] sda: sda1 sda2 < sda5 sda6 sda7 sda8 > [ 1.360052] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI disk [ 2.347887] EXT4-fs (sda1): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) [ 22.928440] Adding 3905532k swap on /dev/sda6. Priority:-1 extents:1 across:3905532k FS [ 23.950543] EXT4-fs (sda1): re-mounted. Opts: errors=remount-ro [ 24.134016] EXT4-fs (sda5): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) [ 24.330762] EXT4-fs (sda7): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) [ 24.561015] EXT4-fs (sda8): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
NOTE: The 'sda' farko SATA rumbun kwamfutarka, 'sdb' shi ne na biyu SATA rumbun kwamfutarka da sauransu. Bincika tare da 'hda' ko 'hdb' a cikin yanayin rumbun kwamfutarka na IDE.
3. Buga Layi 20 na Farko kawai na Fitarwa
'Kai' tare da dmesg zai nuna layin farawa watau 'dmesg | head -20' zai buga layi 20 kawai daga wurin farawa.
dmesg | head -20 [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct [ 0.000000] Linux version 3.11.0-13-generic ([email ) (gcc version 4.8.1 (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.8.1-10ubuntu8) ) #20-Ubuntu SMP Wed Oct 23 17:26:33 UTC 2013 (Ubuntu 3.11.0-13.20-generic 3.11.6) [ 0.000000] KERNEL supported cpus: [ 0.000000] Intel GenuineIntel [ 0.000000] AMD AuthenticAMD [ 0.000000] NSC Geode by NSC [ 0.000000] Cyrix CyrixInstead [ 0.000000] Centaur CentaurHauls [ 0.000000] Transmeta GenuineTMx86 [ 0.000000] Transmeta TransmetaCPU [ 0.000000] UMC UMC UMC UMC [ 0.000000] e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map: [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000f0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000007dc08bff] usable [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc08c00-0x000000007dc5cbff] ACPI NVS [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5cc00-0x000000007dc5ebff] ACPI data [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5ec00-0x000000007fffffff] reserved
4. Buga Layi 20 na Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe kawai
' wutsiya' tare da umarnin dmesg za su buga layi 20 na ƙarshe kawai, wannan yana da amfani idan muka saka na'urar cirewa.
dmesg | tail -20 parport0: PC-style at 0x378, irq 7 [PCSPP,TRISTATE] ppdev: user-space parallel port driver EXT4-fs (sda1): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode Adding 2097144k swap on /dev/sda2. Priority:-1 extents:1 across:2097144k readahead-disable-service: delaying service auditd ip_tables: (C) 2000-2006 Netfilter Core Team nf_conntrack version 0.5.0 (16384 buckets, 65536 max) NET: Registered protocol family 10 lo: Disabled Privacy Extensions e1000: eth0 NIC Link is Up 1000 Mbps Full Duplex, Flow Control: None Slow work thread pool: Starting up Slow work thread pool: Ready FS-Cache: Loaded CacheFiles: Loaded CacheFiles: Security denies permission to nominate security context: error -95 eth0: no IPv6 routers present type=1305 audit(1398268784.593:18630): audit_enabled=0 old=1 auid=4294967295 ses=4294967295 res=1 readahead-collector: starting delayed service auditd readahead-collector: sorting readahead-collector: finished
5. Bincika Na'urar da Aka Gano ko Na'urar Musamman
Yana da wahala a bincika takamaiman kirtani saboda tsayin fitarwar dmesg. Don haka, tace layin da ke da suna da kirtani kamar 'usb' 'dma' 'tty' da 'memory' da dai sauransu. Zaɓin '-i' yana ba da umarnin grep don yin watsi da shari'ar (haruffa babba ko ƙarami).
dmesg | grep -i usb dmesg | grep -i dma dmesg | grep -i tty dmesg | grep -i memory
[ 0.000000] Scanning 1 areas for low memory corruption [ 0.000000] initial memory mapped: [mem 0x00000000-0x01ffffff] [ 0.000000] Base memory trampoline at [c009b000] 9b000 size 16384 [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x00000000-0x000fffff] [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x37800000-0x379fffff] [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x34000000-0x377fffff] [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x00100000-0x33ffffff] [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x37a00000-0x37bfdfff] [ 0.000000] Early memory node ranges [ 0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x0009f000-0x000effff] [ 0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x000f0000-0x000fffff] [ 0.000000] please try 'cgroup_disable=memory' option if you don't want memory cgroups [ 0.000000] Memory: 2003288K/2059928K available (6352K kernel code, 607K rwdata, 2640K rodata, 880K init, 908K bss, 56640K reserved, 1146920K highmem) [ 0.000000] virtual kernel memory layout: [ 0.004291] Initializing cgroup subsys memory [ 0.004609] Freeing SMP alternatives memory: 28K (c1a3e000 - c1a45000) [ 0.899622] Freeing initrd memory: 23616K (f51d0000 - f68e0000) [ 0.899813] Scanning for low memory corruption every 60 seconds [ 0.946323] agpgart-intel 0000:00:00.0: detected 32768K stolen memory [ 1.360318] Freeing unused kernel memory: 880K (c1962000 - c1a3e000) [ 1.429066] [drm] Memory usable by graphics device = 2048M
6. Share rajistan ayyukan buffer dmesg
Ee, za mu iya share rajistan ayyukan dmesg idan an buƙata tare da umarnin ƙasa. Zai share rajistan ayyukan buffer na dmesg har sai kun aiwatar da umarnin da ke ƙasa. Har yanzu kuna iya duba rajistan ayyukan da aka adana a cikin fayilolin '/var/log/dmesg'. Idan kun haɗa kowace na'ura za ta haifar da fitarwar dmesg.
dmesg -c
7. Kula da dmesg a cikin Real Time
Wasu distro suna ba da izinin umarni 'wutsiya -f /var/log/dmesg' haka nan don saka idanu na dmesg na ainihi.
watch "dmesg | tail -20"
Ƙarshe: Umurnin dmesg yana da amfani yayin da dmesg ke rubuta duk canje-canjen tsarin da aka yi ko faruwa a ainihin lokaci. Kamar koyaushe kuna iya man dmesg don samun ƙarin bayani.