20 Kayan Aikin Layin Umurni don Kula da Ayyukan Linux
Haƙiƙa aiki ne mai wahala ga kowane Tsari ko mai gudanar da hanyar sadarwa don saka idanu da gyara matsalolin Ayyukan Tsarin Linux kowace rana.
Bayan kasancewa Mai Gudanarwa na Linux na shekaru 10 a cikin masana'antar IT, na zo sanin cewa wahalar kulawa da ci gaba da aiki.
Don wannan dalili, mun tattara jerin manyan kayan aikin sa ido na layin umarni 20 akai-akai waɗanda zasu iya zama da amfani ga kowane Mai Gudanar da Tsarin Linux/Unix.
Hakanan kuna iya son: 16 Kayan aikin Kula da Bandwidth masu Amfani don Binciken Amfani da hanyar sadarwa a Linux
Ana samun waɗannan umarni a ƙarƙashin kowane dandano na Linux kuma suna iya zama masu amfani don saka idanu da gano ainihin abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalolin aiki. Wannan jerin umarni da aka nuna anan ya ishe ku don zaɓar wanda ya dace da yanayin sa ido.
Babban umarni na Linux shirin ne na saka idanu akan ayyuka wanda yawancin masu gudanar da tsarin ke amfani dashi akai-akai don saka idanu akan ayyukan Linux kuma ana samunsa ƙarƙashin yawancin tsarin aiki na Linux/Unix.
Ana amfani da babban umarni don nuna duk matakai masu gudana da aiki a cikin jerin da aka ba da oda da sabunta shi akai-akai. Yana nuna amfani da CPU, Amfanin Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, Ƙwaƙwalwar Musanya, Girman Cache, Girman Buffer, Tsarin PID, Mai amfani, Umarni, da ƙari mai yawa.
Hakanan yana nuna babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da amfani da CPU na tafiyar matakai. Babban umarnin yana da amfani sosai ga masu gudanar da tsarin don saka idanu da ɗaukar matakin gyara lokacin da ake buƙata. Bari mu ga babban umarni a cikin aiki.
# top
Don ƙarin misalan Babban umarni karanta: 12 TOP Command Examples in Linux
Ana amfani da umarnin Linux VmStat don nuna ƙididdiga na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, zaren kwaya, fayafai, tsarin tsarin, toshe I/O, katsewa, ayyukan CPU, da ƙari mai yawa.
Ta hanyar tsoho umarnin vmstat ba ya samuwa a ƙarƙashin tsarin Linux kana buƙatar shigar da kunshin da ake kira sysstat (kayan aiki mai ƙarfi) wanda ya haɗa da shirin vmstat.
$ sudo yum install sysstat [On Older CentOS/RHEL & Fedora] $ sudo dnf install sysstat [On CentOS/RHEL/Fedora/Rocky Linux & AlmaLinux] $ sudo apt-get install sysstat [On Debian/Ubuntu & Mint] $ sudo pacman -S sysstat [On Arch Linux]
Yawan amfani da tsarin umarnin vmstat shine.
# vmstat procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ------cpu----- r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st 1 0 43008 275212 1152 561208 4 16 100 105 65 113 0 1 96 3 0
Don ƙarin amfani da misalai, karanta: 6 Misalin Umurnin Vmstat a cikin Linux
Ana amfani da umarnin lsof a yawancin tsarin Linux/Unix-kamar don nuna jerin duk buɗaɗɗen fayiloli da matakai. Fayilolin da aka buɗe sun haɗa da fayilolin faifai, soket ɗin cibiyar sadarwa, bututu, na'urori, da matakai.
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan amfani da wannan umarni shine lokacin da faifai ba za a iya cirewa ba kuma ya nuna kuskuren cewa ana amfani da fayiloli ko buɗewa. Tare da wannan umarnin, zaku iya gano fayilolin da ake amfani da su cikin sauƙi.
Mafi yawan tsari na lsof shine.
# lsof COMMAND PID TID TASKCMD USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME systemd 1 root cwd DIR 8,2 224 128 / systemd 1 root rtd DIR 8,2 224 128 / systemd 1 root txt REG 8,2 1567768 134930842 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd systemd 1 root mem REG 8,2 2714928 134261052 /usr/lib64/libm-2.28.so systemd 1 root mem REG 8,2 628592 134910905 /usr/lib64/libudev.so.1.6.11 systemd 1 root mem REG 8,2 969832 134261204 /usr/lib64/libsepol.so.1 systemd 1 root mem REG 8,2 1805368 134275205 /usr/lib64/libunistring.so.2.1.0 systemd 1 root mem REG 8,2 355456 134275293 /usr/lib64/libpcap.so.1.9.0 systemd 1 root mem REG 8,2 145984 134261219 /usr/lib64/libgpg-error.so.0.24.2 systemd 1 root mem REG 8,2 71528 134270542 /usr/lib64/libjson-c.so.4.0.0 systemd 1 root mem REG 8,2 371736 134910992 /usr/lib64/libdevmapper.so.1.02 systemd 1 root mem REG 8,2 26704 134275177 /usr/lib64/libattr.so.1.1.2448 systemd 1 root mem REG 8,2 3058736 134919279 /usr/lib64/libcrypto.so.1.1.1c ...
Don ƙarin amfani da misalai, karanta: 10 lsof Misalin Umurni a cikin Linux
Umurnin tcpdump yana ɗaya daga cikin fakitin fakitin hanyar sadarwa na layin umarni da aka fi amfani da shi ko shirye-shiryen sniffer fakiti waɗanda ake amfani da su don kamawa ko tace fakitin TCP/IP waɗanda aka karɓa ko canjawa wuri akan takamaiman hanyar sadarwa akan hanyar sadarwa.
Hakanan yana ba da zaɓi don adana fakitin da aka kama a cikin fayil don bincike na gaba. tcpdump kusan yana samuwa a cikin duk manyan rarrabawar Linux.
# tcpdump -i enp0s3 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on enp0s3, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 262144 bytes 10:19:34.635893 IP tecmint.ssh > 192.168.0.124.45611: Flags [P.], seq 2840044824:2840045032, ack 4007244093 10:19:34.636289 IP 192.168.0.124.45611 > tecmint.ssh: Flags [.], ack 208, win 11768, options 10:19:34.873060 IP _gateway.57682 > tecmint.netbios-ns: NBT UDP PACKET(137): QUERY; REQUEST; UNICAST 10:19:34.873104 IP tecmint > _gateway: ICMP tecmint udp port netbios-ns unreachable, length 86 10:19:34.895453 IP _gateway.48953 > tecmint.netbios-ns: NBT UDP PACKET(137): QUERY; REQUEST; UNICAST 10:19:34.895501 IP tecmint > _gateway: ICMP tecmint udp port netbios-ns unreachable, length 86 10:19:34.992693 IP 142.250.4.189.https > 192.168.0.124.38874: UDP, length 45 10:19:35.010127 IP 192.168.0.124.38874 > 142.250.4.189.https: UDP, length 33 10:19:35.135578 IP _gateway.39383 > 192.168.0.124.netbios-ns: NBT UDP PACKET(137): QUERY; REQUEST; UNICAST 10:19:35.135586 IP 192.168.0.124 > _gateway: ICMP 192.168.0.124 udp port netbios-ns unreachable, length 86 10:19:35.155827 IP _gateway.57429 > 192.168.0.124.netbios-ns: NBT UDP PACKET(137): QUERY; REQUEST; UNICAST 10:19:35.155835 IP 192.168.0.124 > _gateway: ICMP 192.168.0.124 udp port netbios-ns unreachable, length 86 ...
Don ƙarin amfani da misalai, karanta: 12 Tcpdump Command Misalai a Linux
Netstat kayan aiki ne na layin umarni don sa ido kan ƙididdigan fakitin cibiyar sadarwa mai shigowa da mai fita da kuma ƙididdiga masu dubawa. Kayan aiki ne mai matukar amfani ga kowane mai gudanar da tsarin don saka idanu akan ayyukan cibiyar sadarwa da magance matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da hanyar sadarwa.
# netstat -a | more Active Internet connections (servers and established) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:sunrpc 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 tecmint:domain 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:ssh 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost:postgres 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 tecmint:ssh 192.168.0.124:45611 ESTABLISHED tcp6 0 0 [::]:sunrpc [::]:* LISTEN tcp6 0 0 [::]:ssh [::]:* LISTEN tcp6 0 0 localhost:postgres [::]:* LISTEN udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:mdns 0.0.0.0:* udp 0 0 localhost:323 0.0.0.0:* udp 0 0 tecmint:domain 0.0.0.0:* udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:bootps 0.0.0.0:* udp 0 0 tecmint:bootpc _gateway:bootps ESTABLISHED ...
Don ƙarin amfani da misalai, karanta – 20 Misalan Umurnin Netstat a cikin Linux.
Duk da yake a halin yanzu netstat an soke shi don goyon bayan umarnin ss, kuna iya gano netstat a cikin kayan aikin sadarwar ku.
htop wani kayan aiki ne mai haɓakawa da haɓaka tsarin Linux na gaske, wanda yayi kama da babban umarni na Linux amma yana da wasu fasalulluka masu arziƙi kamar ƙirar abokantaka mai amfani don sarrafa matakai, maɓallan gajerun hanyoyi, ra'ayoyi na tsaye da kwance na tafiyar matakai, da dai sauransu.
# htop
htop kayan aiki ne na ɓangare na uku, wanda baya zuwa tare da tsarin Linux, kuna buƙatar shigar da shi ta amfani da kayan aikin sarrafa fakitin ku. Don ƙarin bayani game da shigarwa na hottop karanta labarinmu - Shigar Htop ( Kulawa da Tsarin Linux ) a cikin Linux.
iotop shima yayi kama da babban umarni da shirin htop, amma yana da aikin lissafin kudi don saka idanu da nuna diski na I/O na ainihi da matakai.
Iotop kayan aiki yana da amfani da yawa don gano ainihin tsari da babban amfani da faifai karanta/rubuta ayyukan.
Ta hanyar tsoho, ba a samun umarnin iotop a ƙarƙashin Linux kuma kuna buƙatar shigar da shi kamar yadda aka nuna.
$ sudo yum install iotop [On Older CentOS/RHEL & Fedora] $ sudo dnf install iotop [On CentOS/RHEL/Fedora/Rocky Linux & AlmaLinux] $ sudo apt-get install iotop [On Debian/Ubuntu & Mint] $ sudo pacman -S iotop [On Arch Linux]
Yawan amfani da tsarin umarni na iotop shine.
# iotop
Don ƙarin amfani da misalai, karanta - Iotop - Saka idanu Ayyukan I/O na Linux da Tushen Tsarin-Tsarin Amfani.
iostat kayan aiki ne mai sauƙi wanda zai tattara da nuna shigarwar tsarin da ƙididdiga na na'urar ajiyar kayan aiki. Ana amfani da wannan kayan aikin sau da yawa don gano al'amuran aikin na'urar ajiya gami da na'urori, fayafai na gida, fayafai masu nisa kamar NFS.
Don samun umarnin iostat, kuna buƙatar shigar da kunshin da ake kira sysstat kamar yadda aka nuna.
$ sudo yum install sysstat [On Older CentOS/RHEL & Fedora] $ sudo dnf install sysstat [On CentOS/RHEL/Fedora/Rocky Linux & AlmaLinux] $ sudo apt-get install sysstat [On Debian/Ubuntu & Mint] $ sudo pacman -S sysstat [On Arch Linux]
Yawan amfani da tsarin umarnin iostat shine.
# iostat
Linux 4.18.0-193.el8.x86_64 (tecmint) 04/05/2021 _x86_64_ (1 CPU)
avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
0.21 0.03 0.59 2.50 0.00 96.67
Device tps kB_read/s kB_wrtn/s kB_read kB_wrtn
sda 3.95 83.35 89.63 1782431 1916653
Don ƙarin amfani da misalai, karanta – 6 Iostat Command Misalai a cikin Linux.
IPTraf babbar hanyar sadarwa ce ta tushen kayan wasan bidiyo ta hanyar sadarwa ta ainihi (IP LAN) mai amfani da sa ido don Linux. Yana tattara bayanai iri-iri kamar duban zirga-zirgar ababen hawa na IP wanda ke wucewa akan hanyar sadarwa, gami da bayanan tuta na TCP, cikakkun bayanan ICMP, rugujewar zirga-zirgar TCP/UDP, fakitin haɗin TCP, da ƙididdigar byte.
Hakanan yana tattara bayanai na gabaɗaya da cikakkun ƙididdiga na mu'amala na TCP, UDP, IP, ICMP, waɗanda ba IP ba, kurakuran bincike na IP, ayyukan dubawa, da sauransu.
Don ƙarin bayani game da shigarwa da amfani, karanta – Real-Time Interactive IP LAN Monitoring with IPTraf Tool.
psacct ko acct kayan aikin suna da amfani sosai don saka idanu akan ayyukan kowane mai amfani akan tsarin. Dukansu daemons suna gudana a bango kuma suna sa ido sosai kan ayyukan kowane mai amfani akan tsarin da kuma irin albarkatun da suke cinyewa.
Wadannan kayan aikin suna da matukar amfani ga masu gudanar da tsarin don bin diddigin ayyukan kowane mai amfani kamar abin da suke yi, menene umarnin da suka bayar, adadin albarkatun da suke amfani da su, tsawon lokacin da suke aiki akan tsarin da sauransu.
Don shigarwa da misalin amfani da umarni karanta labarin akan Ayyukan Mai Amfani da Kulawa tare da psacct ko acct
Monit shine tushen buɗewa kyauta da kayan aikin sa ido na tushen yanar gizo wanda ke sa ido kai tsaye da sarrafa tsarin tsarin, shirye-shirye, fayiloli, kundayen adireshi, izini, ƙididdigar rajista, da tsarin fayil.
Yana kula da ayyuka kamar Apache, MySQL, Mail, FTP, ProFTP, Nginx, SSH, da sauransu. Ana iya duba matsayin tsarin daga layin umarni ko ta amfani da mahallin gidan yanar gizon sa.
Don shigarwa da daidaitawa, karanta labarinmu - Yadda ake Shigarwa da Saita Shirin Monit (Tsarin Linux da Sabis na Sabis).
NetHogs babban ƙaramin shiri ne mai buɗe ido (mai kama da babban umarni na Linux) wanda ke kiyaye shafi akan kowane ayyukan cibiyar sadarwa akan tsarin ku. Har ila yau, yana kiyaye hanyar zirga-zirgar hanyar sadarwa na lokaci-lokaci ta hanyar kowane shiri ko aikace-aikace.
# nethogs
Don shigarwa da amfani, karanta labarinmu: Kula da bandwidth na hanyar sadarwa ta Linux Amfani da NetHogs
iftop wani kayan aiki ne na tsarin buɗe tushen kyauta na tushen kyauta wanda ke nuna jerin abubuwan da aka sabunta akai-akai na amfani da bandwidth na cibiyar sadarwa (tushe da runduna masu zuwa) waɗanda ke wucewa ta hanyar sadarwar hanyar sadarwa akan tsarin ku.
iftop ana la'akari da amfani da hanyar sadarwa, menene 'saman' yayi don amfanin CPU. iftop shine 'saman' kayan aikin dangi wanda ke lura da zaɓin dubawa kuma yana nuna amfani da bandwidth na yanzu tsakanin runduna biyu.
# iftop
Don shigarwa da amfani, karanta labarinmu: iftop - Kula da Amfani da Bandwidth na hanyar sadarwa
Monitorix wani kayan aiki mai nauyi ne na kyauta wanda aka ƙera don gudanarwa da saka idanu akan tsarin da albarkatun cibiyar sadarwa gwargwadon yiwuwa a cikin sabar Linux/Unix.
Yana da ginanniyar sabar gidan yanar gizo ta HTTP wacce ke tattara bayanai akai-akai da tsarin da cibiyar sadarwa tare da nuna su a cikin hotuna. Yana Kula da tashar jiragen ruwa na cibiyar sadarwa, kididdigar wasiku (Sendmail, Postfix, Dovecot, da sauransu), ƙididdigar MySQL, da ƙari mai yawa.
An ƙera shi don saka idanu akan aikin tsarin gabaɗaya kuma yana taimakawa wajen gano gazawa, ƙwanƙwasa, ayyuka marasa kyau, da sauransu.
Don shigarwa da amfani, karanta labarinmu: Monitorix a System and Network Monitoring Tool for Linux
Arpwatch wani nau'i ne na shirin da aka ƙera don saka idanu Resolution na Adireshin (MAC da canje-canjen adireshin IP) na zirga-zirgar hanyar sadarwar Ethernet akan hanyar sadarwar Linux.
Yana ci gaba da sa ido akan zirga-zirgar Ethernet kuma yana samar da log na IP da adireshin adireshin MAC guda biyu tare da tambarin lokaci akan hanyar sadarwa. Hakanan yana da fasalin aika faɗakarwar imel zuwa masu gudanarwa, lokacin da aka ƙara ko canje-canje. Yana da matukar amfani wajen gano ɓarnar ARP akan hanyar sadarwa.
Don shigarwa da amfani, karanta labarinmu: Arpwatch don Kula da Ayyukan Ethernet
Suricata babban babban aiki ne na Tsaron Sadarwar Sadarwar Yanar Gizo da Gano Kutse da Tsarin Kula da Rigakafi don Linux, FreeBSD, da Windows.
Wata gidauniya mai zaman kanta OISF (Open Information Security Foundation) ta tsara ta kuma mallakarta.
Don shigarwa da amfani, karanta labarinmu: Suricata - Tsarin Gano Kutse na hanyar sadarwa da Tsarin Kariya
VnStat PHP shine aikace-aikacen gaba na tushen yanar gizo don mashahurin kayan aikin sadarwar da ake kira vnstat. VnStat PHP yana sa ido kan yadda ake amfani da zirga-zirgar hanyar sadarwa a cikin yanayin hoto mai kyau.
Yana nuna jimlar IN da OUT amfani da zirga-zirgar hanyar sadarwa a cikin sa'a, yau da kullun, kowane wata, da cikakkun rahotannin taƙaitaccen bayani.
Don shigarwa da amfani, karanta labarinmu: Sa Ido da Amfani da Bandwidth na hanyar sadarwa
Nagios shine babban tushen bude tushen tsarin sa ido mai ƙarfi wanda ke bawa masu gudanar da hanyar sadarwa damar ganowa da warware matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da uwar garken kafin su shafi manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci.
Tare da tsarin Nagios, masu gudanarwa za su iya saka idanu akan Linux mai nisa, Windows, Sauyawa, Rubutu, da Firintoci akan taga guda. Yana nuna faɗakarwa mai mahimmanci kuma yana nuna idan wani abu ya ɓace a cikin hanyar sadarwar ku/uwar garken wanda a kaikaice yana taimaka muku fara ayyukan gyara kafin su faru.
Don shigarwa, daidaitawa da amfani, karanta labarinmu - Shigar da Tsarin Kula da Nagios don Kula da Mai watsa shiri na Linux/Windows
19. Nmon: Kula da Ayyukan Linux
Nmon (yana nufin aikin Nigel Monitor Monitor) kayan aiki, wanda ake amfani dashi don saka idanu akan duk albarkatun Linux kamar CPU, Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, Amfani da Disk, Network, Manyan matakai, NFS, Kernel, da ƙari mai yawa. Wannan kayan aiki yana zuwa ta hanyoyi biyu: Yanayin Kan layi da Yanayin ɗaukar hoto.
Ana amfani da Yanayin Kan layi don saka idanu na ainihi kuma ana amfani da Yanayin Ɗaukarwa don adana kayan aiki a cikin tsarin CSV don aiki daga baya.
Don shigarwa da amfani, karanta labarinmu: Shigar da kayan aikin Nmon (Ayyukan Kulawa) a cikin Linux
20. Tattara: Kayan aikin Kula da Ayyukan Duk-in-Ɗaya
Collectl har yanzu wani abu ne mai ƙarfi kuma mai fa'ida mai amfani da tushen umarni, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don tattara bayanai game da albarkatun tsarin Linux kamar amfani da CPU, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, cibiyar sadarwa, inodes, matakai, nfs, TCP, soket, da ƙari mai yawa.
Don shigarwa da amfani, karanta labarinmu: Shigar da Kayan aiki (Duk-in-Ɗaya na Kula da Ayyukan Aiki) a cikin Linux
Za mu so mu san irin shirye-shiryen sa ido da kuke amfani da su don saka idanu kan ayyukan sabar Linux ɗin ku? Idan mun rasa wani muhimmin kayan aiki da kuke so mu saka a cikin wannan jerin, da fatan za a sanar da mu ta hanyar sharhi, kuma da fatan kar a manta da raba shi.
[Za ku iya kuma so: 13 Linux Performance Monitoring Tools – Part 2]