Dokokin Linux 11 Ƙananan Sananni Masu Amfani


Layin umarni na Linux yana jan hankalin mafi yawan masu sha'awar Linux. Mai amfani da Linux na yau da kullun yana da ƙamus na kusan umarni 50-60 don aiwatar da ayyukansu na yau da kullun. Umurnin Linux da masu sauya su sun kasance mafi daraja taska ga mai amfani da Linux, Shell-script programmer da Administrator. Akwai wasu Dokokin Linux waɗanda ba a san su ba, duk da haka suna da fa'ida kuma masu amfani ba tare da la'akari da gaskiyar ko kai novice ne ko Babban Mai amfani ba.

Wannan labarin yana nufin yin haske akan wasu ƙananan sanannun umarnin Linux waɗanda tabbas zasu taimaka muku wajen sarrafa Desktop/Server ɗin ku da kyau.

1. sudo!! umarni

Gudun umarni ba tare da ƙayyade umarnin sudo ba zai ba ku izinin hana kuskuren kuskure. Don haka, ba kwa buƙatar sake rubuta duk umarnin kawai kawai sanya ''!!'zai kama umarni na ƙarshe.

$ apt-get update

E: Could not open lock file /var/lib/apt/lists/lock - open (13: Permission denied) 
E: Unable to lock directory /var/lib/apt/lists/ 
E: Could not open lock file /var/lib/dpkg/lock - open (13: Permission denied) 
E: Unable to lock the administration directory (/var/lib/dpkg/), are you root?
$ sudo !!

sudo apt-get update 
[sudo] password for server: 
…
..
Fetched 474 kB in 16s (28.0 kB/s) 
Reading package lists... Done 
[email :~$

2. Python umurnin

Umurnin da ke ƙasa yana haifar da sauƙi shafin yanar gizo akan HTTP don tsarin tsarin tsarin kuma ana iya samun dama ga tashar tashar jiragen ruwa 8000 a cikin mai bincike har sai an aika siginar katse.

# python -m SimpleHTTPServer

3. mtr Umurni

Yawancin mu mun saba da ping da traceroute. Yaya game da haɗa ayyukan duka umarnin zuwa ɗaya tare da umarnin mtr. Idan ba a shigar da mtr a cikin injin ku ba, dace ko yum kunshin da ake buƙata.

$ sudo apt-get install mtr (On Debian based Systems)
# yum install mtr (On Red Hat based Systems)

Yanzu gudanar da umurnin mtr don fara binciken haɗin yanar gizo tsakanin mai watsa shiri mtr yana gudana da google.com.

# mtr google.com

4. Ctrl+x+e Command

Wannan umarnin yana da matukar amfani ga mai gudanarwa da masu haɓakawa. Don sarrafa aikin yau da kullun mai gudanarwa yana buƙatar buɗe edita ta hanyar buga vi, vim, nano, da sauransu. Yaya game da korar editan nan take (daga tasha).

Kawai danna Ctrl-x-e daga tashar tashar kuma fara aiki a edita.

5. nl Umurni

Umurnin nl yana lamba layin fayil. Lamba layin fayil a ce 'one.txt' tare da faɗin layi (Fedora, Debian, Arch, Slack da Suse). Da farko jera abubuwan da ke cikin fayil “one.txt” ta amfani da umarnin cat.

# cat one.txt 

fedora 
debian 
arch 
slack 
suse

Yanzu gudanar da nl umurnin don jera su a cikin tsari mai lamba.

# nl one.txt 

1 fedora 
2 debian 
3 arch 
4 slack 
5 suse

6. umarnin shuf

Umurnin shuf ba da gangan ya zaɓi layi/fayiloli/babban fayil daga fayil/babban fayil ba. Da farko jera abubuwan da ke cikin babban fayil ta amfani da umarnin ls.

# ls 

Desktop  Documents  Downloads  Music  Pictures  Public  Templates  Videos
#  ls | shuf (shuffle Input)

Music 
Documents 
Templates 
Pictures 
Public 
Desktop 
Downloads 
Videos
#  ls | shuf -n1 (pick on random selection)

Public
# ls | shuf -n1 

Videos
# ls | shuf -n1 

Templates
# ls | shuf -n1 

Downloads

Lura: Kuna iya koyaushe maye gurbin 'n1' tare da 'n2' don zaɓar zaɓin bazuwar biyu ko kowane adadin zaɓin bazuwar ta amfani da n3, n4.…

7. ss Umarni

ss yana nufin ƙididdiga na soket. Umurnin yana bincika soket kuma yana nuna bayanai kama da umarnin netstat. Yana iya nuna ƙarin TCP da bayanan jihohi fiye da sauran kayan aikin.

# ss 

State      Recv-Q Send-Q      Local Address:Port          Peer Address:Port   
ESTAB      0      0           192.168.1.198:41250        *.*.*.*:http    
CLOSE-WAIT 1      0               127.0.0.1:8000             127.0.0.1:41393   
ESTAB      0      0           192.168.1.198:36239        *.*.*.*:http    
ESTAB      310    0               127.0.0.1:8000             127.0.0.1:41384   
ESTAB      0      0           192.168.1.198:41002       *.*.*.*:http    
ESTAB      0      0               127.0.0.1:41384            127.0.0.1:8000

8. Umarni na ƙarshe

Umurnin ƙarshe yana nuna tarihin masu amfani da suka shiga na ƙarshe. Wannan umarnin yana bincika ta cikin fayil ɗin /var/log/wtmp kuma yana nuna jerin masu amfani da shiga da fita tare da tty's.

#  last 
server   pts/0        :0               Tue Oct 22 12:03   still logged in   
server   tty8         :0               Tue Oct 22 12:02   still logged in   
…
...
(unknown tty8         :0               Tue Oct 22 12:02 - 12:02  (00:00)    
server   pts/0        :0               Tue Oct 22 10:33 - 12:02  (01:29)    
server   tty7         :0               Tue Oct 22 10:05 - 12:02  (01:56)    
(unknown tty7         :0               Tue Oct 22 10:04 - 10:05  (00:00)    
reboot   system boot  3.2.0-4-686-pae  Tue Oct 22 10:04 - 12:44  (02:39)    

wtmp begins Fri Oct  4 14:43:17 2007

9. curl ifconfig.me

Don haka ta yaya kuke samun adireshin IP na waje? Amfani da google?. Da kyau umarnin yana fitar da adireshin IP na waje kai tsaye cikin tashar ku.

# curl ifconfig.me

Lura: Wataƙila ba ku shigar da kunshin curl ba, dole ne ku dace/yum don shigar da kunshin.

10. umarnin itace

Samu tsarin shugabanci na yanzu a cikin bishiya kamar tsari.

# tree
. 
|-- Desktop 
|-- Documents 
|   `-- 37.odt 
|-- Downloads 
|   |-- attachments.zip 

|   |-- ttf-indic-fonts_0.5.11_all.deb 
|   |-- ttf-indic-fonts_1.1_all.deb 
|   `-- wheezy-nv-install.sh 
|-- Music 
|-- Pictures 
|   |-- Screenshot from 2013-10-22 12:03:49.png 
|   `-- Screenshot from 2013-10-22 12:12:38.png 
|-- Public 
|-- Templates 
`-- Videos 

10 directories, 23 files

11. tsafi

Wannan umarni yana nuna duk hanyoyin da ke gudana a halin yanzu tare da tsarin yara masu alaƙa, a cikin bishiya kamar tsari mai kama da fitarwa na 'itace'.

# pstree 
init─┬─NetworkManager───{NetworkManager} 
     ├─accounts-daemon───{accounts-daemon} 
     ├─acpi_fakekeyd 
     ├─acpid 
     ├─apache2───10*[apache2] 
     ├─at-spi-bus-laun───2*[{at-spi-bus-laun}] 
     ├─atd 
     ├─avahi-daemon───avahi-daemon 
     ├─bluetoothd 
     ├─colord───{colord} 
     ├─colord-sane───2*[{colord-sane}] 
     ├─console-kit-dae───64*[{console-kit-dae}] 
     ├─cron 
     ├─cupsd 
     ├─2*[dbus-daemon] 
     ├─dbus-launch 
     ├─dconf-service───2*[{dconf-service}] 
     ├─dovecot─┬─anvil 
     │         ├─config 
     │         └─log 
     ├─exim4 
     ├─gconfd-2 
     ├─gdm3─┬─gdm-simple-slav─┬─Xorg 
     │      │                 ├─gdm-session-wor─┬─x-session-manag─┬─evolution-a+ 
     │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gdu-notific+ 
     │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gnome-scree+ 
     │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gnome-setti+ 
     │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gnome-shell+++ 
     │      │                 │                 │                 ├─nm-applet──+++ 
     │      │                 │                 │                 ├─ssh-agent 
     │      │                 │                 │                 ├─tracker-min+ 
     │      │                 │                 │                 ├─tracker-sto+ 
     │      │                 │                 │                 └─3*[{x-sessi+ 
     │      │                 │                 └─2*[{gdm-session-wor}] 
     │      │                 └─{gdm-simple-slav} 
     │      └─{gdm3} 
     ├─6*[getty] 
     ├─gnome-keyring-d───9*[{gnome-keyring-d}] 
     ├─gnome-shell-cal───2*[{gnome-shell-cal}] 
     ├─goa-daemon───{goa-daemon} 
     ├─gsd-printer───{gsd-printer} 
     ├─gvfs-afc-volume───{gvfs-afc-volume}

Shi ke nan a yanzu. A cikin labarin nawa na gaba zan rufe wasu ƙananan sanannun dokokin Linux waɗanda zasu zama abin daɗi. Har sai a saurara kuma ku haɗa zuwa Tecment. Like da share mu kuma a taimaka mana mu yada.

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