Yadda ake Canza Littafin Gida/Gida zuwa Rarraba a cikin Linux


Wannan batu na iya zama kamar na musamman. Ina nufin, me ya sa za ku canza kundin adireshin gidanku zuwa wani bangare daban?

A duk lokacin da kake shigar da Linux, mai sakawa ya riga ya zaɓi ɓangaren 'shirya' ta tsohuwa. Lokacin da kuka tafi tare da wannan zaɓi, mai sakawa yana sanya littafin gida tare da duk sauran kundayen adireshi a ƙarƙashin tushen (/) bangare.

Duk da yake wannan saitin yana aiki sosai, yana ba da babbar haɗari. Idan tsarin ku ya rushe ko wani abu ya lalata tushen ɓangaren, duk fayilolinku na sirri da ke zaune a cikin kundin gida sun ɓace.

Saboda wannan dalili, yana da mahimmanci don ƙirƙirar ɓangaren gida daban yayin shigarwa. Wannan yana ba da garantin amincin fayilolin keɓaɓɓen ku yayin sake shigar da tsarin aiki ko kuma idan tushen ɓangaren ya yi karo.

Idan kun karɓi zaɓin tsoho yayin rarraba rumbun kwamfutarka ta yadda duk kundin adireshi ya faɗi ƙarƙashin tushen ɓangaren, to wannan jagorar na ku ne.

A cikin wannan jagorar, za mu canja wurin ƙarin HDD wanda kuke son zama ɓangaren gida.

Bari mu fara!

Mataki 1: Gano Ƙarar Sabon Drive

Kafin shigar da faifai mai cirewa, muna da rumbun kwamfyuta ɗaya kaɗai (/ dev/sda) tare da babban fayil na gida da duk sassan tsarin da aka ɗora akan / ko tushen bangare.

Anan shine kallon daidaitawar rumbun kwamfutarka ta amfani da umarnin df.

$ df -Th

Na gaba, za mu toshe cikin 8GB na USB mai cirewa. An gano wannan a matsayin /dev/sdb kuma an ɗora shi akan madaidaicin /media/tecmint/USB mountpoint.

Don tabbatar da wannan, za mu gudanar da umurnin lsblk.

$ lsblk

Rarraba da wurin tudu na iya bambanta bisa ga saitin ku. Misali, drive ta uku za a nuna a matsayin /dev/sdc, na hudu /dev/sdd da sauransu.

Mataki 2: Ƙirƙiri Sabon Rarraba a cikin Linux

Mun ƙara sabon sigar mu ta biyu zuwa tsarin mu, amma don amfani da shi azaman bangare na daban don kundin adireshin gidanmu, muna buƙatar ƙirƙirar bangare akansa. A halin yanzu ba shi da daya tunda sabon tuƙi ne.

Umurnin fdisk yana tabbatar da shi kamar yadda aka nuna.

$ sudo fdisk -l

A cikin sashin da aka haskaka, za ku iya ganin cewa sabon drive ɗin ba shi da wani bangare mai alaƙa da shi ba kamar na farko ba wanda ke da /dev/sda1, /dev/sda2, da /dev/sda5.

Yanzu, za mu ƙirƙiri bangare ta amfani da umarnin:

$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdb

Lokacin da aka sa, danna n don ƙirƙirar sabon bangare. Sa'an nan kuma danna p don tantance ƙirƙirar partition na farko, kuma danna 1 don saka lambar partition. Don faɗakarwa guda biyu masu zuwa, danna 'ENTER'don karɓar abubuwan da ba a so a tantance sassan farko da na ƙarshe.

Tun da injina mai cirewa ya zo tare da tsarin fayil na NTFS, zan cire shi ta latsa Y. Don ajiye duk canje-canjen da aka yi, danna w, saboda wannan yana rubuta duk canje-canjen da aka yi a ɓangaren.

Don tabbatar da canje-canjen da aka yi, sake gudanar da umarni:

$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdb

Lokacin da aka sa, danna p don bugawa. Wannan yana fitar da bayanan ɓangaren. Daga fitarwa, zaku iya ganin cewa an ƙirƙiri sabon bangare /dev/sdb1 tare da Linux azaman nau'in tsarin fayil. Muna buƙatar tsara shi zuwa nau'in tsarin fayil na ext4 wanda za mu yi haka a sashe na gaba.

Mataki na 3: Tsara Sabon bangare a cikin Linux

Mataki na gaba shine tsara ɓangaren /dev/sdb1 ta amfani da tsarin tsarin fayil na ext4. Lura cewa muna tsara /dev/sdb1 (bangaren) ba /dev/sdb ba wanda shine abin cirewa.

$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1

Mataki 4: Dutsen Sabon Partition a cikin Linux

Domin drive ɗin ya kasance mai isa ga tsarin, muna buƙatar saka shi akan tsarin fayil ɗin tsarin. Amma da farko, za mu ƙirƙiri wani dutsen batu wanda za mu hau da partition a kan.

$ sudo mkdir -p /srv/home

Na gaba, za mu dora partition a kan dutsen dutse kamar haka. Wannan, a zahiri, yana sa injin ya kasance zuwa tsarin.

$ sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /srv/home

Don tabbatar da wannan, gudanar da umarnin df kamar yadda aka nuna:

$ sudo df -Th

Mataki 5: Kwafi Fayilolin Gidauniyar Gida zuwa Sabon Bangare

Yanzu muna buƙatar kwafin abubuwan da ke cikin kundin adireshin gida zuwa wurin tudu wanda yanzu yake kan tuƙi. Don haka, za mu gudanar da umarni:

$ sudo cp -aR /home/* /srv/home/

Don tabbatar da cewa komai ya tafi duka za mu bincika abubuwan da ke cikin kundin adireshin gida.

$ ls -l /srv/home/tecmint

Daga fitowar, za ku iya gani a sarari cewa duk tsoffin kundayen adireshi da ake tsammanin za su kasance a cikin littafin gida suna nan.

Mataki 6: Ƙirƙiri Sabon Littafin Gida da Dutsen Drive

Yanzu muna buƙatar ƙirƙirar wani kundin adireshi na gida wanda a kai za mu hau partition ɗin mu. Don guje wa ruɗani, za mu sake suna littafin tarihin gidanmu na yanzu zuwa /home.bak da aka nuna.

$ sudo mv /home /home.bak

Na gaba, za mu ƙirƙiri sabon kundin adireshi na gida.

$ sudo mkdir /home

Sannan za mu cire tsarin fayil ɗin /dev/sdb1 sannan mu dora shi zuwa sabon kundin adireshin gida da aka ƙirƙira.

$ sudo umount /dev/sdb1
$ sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /home

Don tabbatar da cewa kundin adireshin /gida ya ƙunshi tsoffin kundayen adireshi, za mu shiga ciki mu jera abubuwan da ke cikinsa:

$ cd /home
$ ls -l tecmint

Bugu da ƙari, kuna iya tabbatar da cewa tsarin fayil ɗinmu yana kan madaidaicin /home ta amfani da umarnin df kamar haka.

$ sudo df -Th /dev/sdb1

Abubuwan da aka fitar sun tabbatar da cewa tsarin fayil ɗin /dev/sdb1 akan rumbun kwamfutarka an saka shi akan ɓangaren /gida. Koyaya, wannan ba zai tsira daga sake kunnawa ba. Don yin wannan naciya, ana buƙatar ƙarin mataki kuma shine don gyara fayil ɗin /etc/fstab tare da bayanan tsarin fayil.

Mataki 7: Dutsen Partition Dindindin a cikin Linux

Don tabbatar da cewa an shigar da tsarin fayil ta atomatik kowane lokaci akan farawa tsarin, za mu canza fayil ɗin /etc/fstab. Amma da farko, bari mu sami UUID na tsarin fayil kamar haka.

$ sudo blkid /dev/sdb1

Kwafi da liƙa UUID a wani wuri a kan editan rubutu kamar yadda za a yi amfani da wannan a mataki na gaba.

Na gaba, buɗe fayil ɗin /etc/fstab.

$ sudo vim /etc/fstab 

Saka wannan layin zuwa fayil ɗin kamar yadda aka nuna. Maye gurbin uid a cikin madaidaicin madauri tare da ainihin UUID na tsarin fayil ɗin /dev/sdb1 wanda kuka kwafa da liƙa a baya akan editan rubutu.

UUID=[ uid ]     /home	   ext4	   defaults	0	2

Ajiye canje-canje kuma rufe fayil ɗin. Sannan gudanar da umarni mai zuwa don hawan dukkan sassan.

$ sudo mount -a

Yanzu, za a saka abin tuƙi a kowane lokaci akan tsarin farawa akan ɓangaren /gida.

$ df  -h /dev/sdb1

Don guje wa yin duk waɗannan matakan, ana ba da shawarar koyaushe a sami ɓangarorin gida daban daga sauran ɓangarori na tsarin yayin shigarwa don raba fayilolin keɓaɓɓu daga fayilolin tsarin. Wannan ya sa ya zama mai sauƙi don dawo da bayanan ku idan wani abu ya faru ba daidai ba.