Yadda ake Shigarwa, Ƙirƙiri da Sarrafa LXC a cikin Ubuntu/Debian

A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, al'ummar bude-bude ta ga ci gaba da tafiya zuwa kwantena a matsayin hanyar da aka fi so na tura aikace-aikacen godiya ga dimbin fa'idodin da take bayarwa kamar ɗaukakawa, sassauci, ƙarin tsaro, da sauƙin sarrafa aikace-aikace. Shahararrun fasahohin kwantena sun haɗa da Docker, Podman, da LXD.

An rubuta shi cikin yaren Go, LXD (lafazi da Lekseed) an kwatanta shi azaman tsarin tsarin tsara na gaba da manajan injin kama-da-wane wanda ke ba ku damar sarrafa kwantena da injina ta hanyar layin umarni, ko ta hanyar yin amfani da REST API ko wasu kayan aikin ɓangare na uku. LXD aikin buɗaɗɗen tushe ne kuma ƙari ne na LXC (Containers Linux) wanda shine fasahar haɓaka matakin OS.

LXC ya shigo cikin hoton a kusa da 2008, kuma an ƙaddamar da LXD shekaru 7 bayan haka a cikin 2015 tare da tubalan gini iri ɗaya kamar LXC. LXD ya zo don sanya kwantena mafi dacewa da mai amfani da sauƙin sarrafawa.

Kasancewa ƙarin LXC, LXD yana ba da abubuwan ci gaba kamar hotuna da ƙaura kai tsaye. Hakanan yana ba da daemon wanda ke ba ku damar sarrafa kwantena da injuna cikin sauƙi. Ba a yi niyya don maye gurbin LXC ba, a maimakon haka, ana nufin inganta amfani da sarrafa kwantena na tushen LXC.

A cikin wannan jagorar, za mu nuna yadda zaku iya ƙirƙira da sarrafa kwantena LXC ta amfani da LXD akan Debian/Ubuntu.

Mataki 1: Sanya LXD akan Ubuntu

Mataki na farko shine shigar LXD. Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu na yin wannan, zaku iya shigarwa daga ma'adanar Ubuntu ta amfani da karye.

Amfani da APT, fara sabunta tsarin:

$ sudo apt update

Sa'an nan shigar da LXD tsarin ganga hypervisor kamar haka.

$ sudo apt install lxd

Amfani da karye, zaku iya shigar da sabuwar sigar LXD.

$ sudo snap install lxd

Bugu da kari, zaku iya shigar da sabon sakin LTS wanda shine LXD 4.0 kamar haka:

$ sudo snap install lxd --channel=4.0/stable

Kuna iya tabbatar da sigar LXD da aka shigar kamar yadda aka nuna:

$ lxd --version

Idan kun kasance kuna ɗauka, zaku iya tabbatar da cewa an shigar da fakitin karyewar LXD kamar yadda aka nuna:

$ snap list

Mataki 2: Fara Sabis na LXD

Don farawa ko fara hypervisor ganga LXD, gudanar da umarni:

$ sudo lxd init

Umurnin yana gabatar muku da jerin tambayoyi kan yadda ake saita LXD. Matsalolin suna aiki daidai, duk da haka, kuna da 'yanci don ƙayyade saitunan ku kamar yadda ake buƙata.

A cikin wannan misalin, mun ƙirƙiri wurin ajiya mai suna tecmint_pool tare da tsarin fayil na ZFS da mai sarrafa ƙara. Ga sauran tambayoyin, mun zaɓi tafiya tare da tsoffin zaɓuɓɓukan. Hanya mai sauƙi don karɓar zaɓin tsoho shine danna maɓallin ENTER akan madannai.

Tabbatar da bayanin da aka bayar ta gudanar da umarni:

$ sudo lxc profile show default

Kuna iya ƙara rage shi zuwa wurin ajiyar ajiya da aka ƙirƙira. Umurnin da ke ƙasa suna nuna cikakkun bayanai na wuraren ajiya na yanzu.

$ sudo lxc storage list
$ sudo lxc storage show tecmint_pool

Hakanan zaka iya nuna bayanai game da cibiyar sadarwar da LXD ke amfani dashi, a wannan yanayin, lxdbr0, wanda shine zaɓi na tsoho.

$ sudo lxc network show lxdbr0

Mataki 3: Ƙirƙirar Kwantena LXD a cikin Ubuntu

Yanzu, bari mu canza kayan aiki kuma ƙirƙirar kwantena Linux. Kuna iya jera duk kwantena da aka riga aka gina waɗanda suke don saukewa ta amfani da umarnin:

$ sudo lxc image list images:

Wannan ya ƙunshi babban jerin duk kwantena a cikin tsarin aiki daban-daban kamar Ubuntu, CentOS, Debian, da AlmaLinux, don ambaton kaɗan.

Kuna iya taƙaita shi zuwa takamaiman rarraba kamar haka:

$ sudo lxc image list images: | grep -i centos
$ sudo lxc image list images: | grep -i debian

A cikin wannan misali, muna jera kwantena da ake da su.

$ sudo lxc image list images: | grep -i ubuntu

Yanzu, za mu ƙirƙiri akwati na farko. Ma'anar ƙirƙirar kwantena shine kamar haka:

$ sudo lxc launch images:{distro}/{version}/{arch} {container-name}

Yanzu za mu ƙirƙiri kwantena guda biyu daga Ubuntu 20 da Debian 10 bi da bi:

$ sudo lxc launch images:ubuntu/focal tecmint-con1
$ sudo lxc launch images:debian/10 tecmint-con2

A cikin misalan da ke sama, mun ƙirƙiri kwantena guda biyu: tecmint-con1 da tecmint-con2.

Don lissafin kwantena da aka ƙirƙira, gudanar da umarni:

$ sudo lxc list

Daga fitarwa, za mu iya ganin kwantena biyu da aka jera.

Don samun damar harsashi zuwa akwati LXC gudanar da umarni:

$ sudo lxc exec tecmint-con1 bash

Da zarar kun sami damar harsashi, lura cewa saurin gaggawa ya canza don nuna cewa kuna gudana azaman tushen mai amfani.

Don fita daga akwati, gudanar da umarni:

$ exit

Mataki 4: Sarrafa kwantena LXD a cikin Ubuntu

Yanzu, bari mu bincika wasu umarni da zaku iya amfani da su don sarrafa kwantena na LXD.

Don jera duk kwantena masu gudana, gudanar da umarni:

$ sudo lxc list

Don nuna cikakken bayani game da kwandon LXC, yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar:

$ sudo lxc info container-name

Wannan zai ba ku bayanai kamar sunan kwantena, gine-gine, kwanan wata ƙirƙira, mu'amalar cibiyar sadarwa, bandwidth, CPU, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da amfani da faifai don ambaton ƴan awo.

Don tsayar da kwandon LXC, yi amfani da ma'anar:

$ sudo lxc stop container-name

Misali, don tsaida kwantena tecmint-con1, aiwatar da umarni:

$ sudo lxc stop  tecmint-con1

Bugu da ƙari, jera kwantena don tabbatar da cewa an dakatar da kwantena.

$ sudo lxc list

A madadin, za ku iya jera ko dai a guje ko dakatar da kwantena kamar haka:

$ sudo lxc list | grep -i STOPPED
$ sudo lxc list | grep -i RUNNING

Don fara akwati na LXC, yi amfani da ma'anar:

$ sudo lxc start container-name

Misali, don fara kwantena tecmint-con1 gudanar da umarni:

$ sudo lxc start tecmint-con1

Kuna iya farawa ko dakatar da kwantena ta kewaye su a cikin umarni ɗaya keɓe da sarari ta amfani da ma'auni mai zuwa:

$ sudo lxc stop container1 container2
$ sudo lxc start container1 container2

Misali, don dakatar da duk kwantena, gudu:

$ sudo lxc stop tecmint-con1 tecmint-con2

Don sake kunna akwati LXC, yi amfani da ma'anar:

$ sudo lxc restart container-name

Misali, don sake kunna akwati tecmint-con1 gudanar da umarni:

$ sudo lxc restart tecmint-con1

A madadin, zaku iya wuce kwantena da yawa a cikin umarni ɗaya:

$ sudo lxc start container1 container2

Misali, don sake kunna duk kwantena, gudu:

$ sudo lxc restart tecmint-con1 tecmint-con2

Don share akwati na LXC, da farko, dakatar da shi, sannan share shi. Misali, don share akwati tecmint-con2, gudanar da umarni:

$ sudo lxc stop tecmint-con2
$ sudo lxc delete tecmint-con2

Wannan jagorar ya samar muku da ingantaccen tushe game da kwantena LXD da yadda zaku iya ƙaddamar, ƙirƙira da sarrafa kwantena. Fatanmu ne cewa yanzu zaku iya ƙaddamar da sarrafa kwantenanku cikin nutsuwa ba tare da wahala ba.