20 Manyan Umarni na Linux Masana


Godiya ga dukkan abubuwan so, kalmomi masu kyau da goyan baya da kuka bamu a farkon kashi biyu na wannan labarin. A cikin labarin farko mun tattauna umarni ga waɗanda masu amfani waɗanda suka canza sheka zuwa Linux kuma suna buƙatar ilimin da ya dace don farawa da.

  1. Dokoki masu amfani guda 20 don Sabbin Linux

A cikin labarin na biyu mun tattauna umarnin wanda mai amfani da matakin matsakaici ke buƙatar sarrafa tsarin sa.

  1. Dokoki masu tasowa guda 20 don Masu Amfani da Linux na Matsakaici

Menene Gaba? A cikin wannan labarin zan yi bayanin waɗancan dokokin da ake buƙata don gudanar da Linux Server.

41. Umarni: ifconfig

ana amfani da ifconfig don daidaita musanyar hanyoyin sadarwar kwayar-mazauni. Ana amfani dashi a lokacin taya don saita musaya kamar yadda ya cancanta. Bayan haka, yawanci ana buƙata ne kawai lokacin yin kuskure ko lokacin da ake buƙatar kunna tsarin.

[[email  ~]$ ifconfig 

eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 40:2C:F4:EA:CF:0E  
          inet addr:192.168.1.3  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0 
          inet6 addr: fe80::422c:f4ff:feea:cf0e/64 Scope:Link 
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1 
          RX packets:163843 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 
          TX packets:124990 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
          RX bytes:154389832 (147.2 MiB)  TX bytes:65085817 (62.0 MiB) 
          Interrupt:20 Memory:f7100000-f7120000 

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0 
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host 
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1 
          RX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 
          TX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 
          RX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB)  TX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB)

Nuna cikakkun bayanai game da Duk abubuwan musaya wadanda suka hada da musaya musaya ta amfani da hujjar “-a”.

[[email  ~]$ ifconfig -a

eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 40:2C:F4:EA:CF:0E  
          inet addr:192.168.1.3  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0 
          inet6 addr: fe80::422c:f4ff:feea:cf0e/64 Scope:Link 
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1 
          RX packets:163843 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 
          TX packets:124990 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
          RX bytes:154389832 (147.2 MiB)  TX bytes:65085817 (62.0 MiB) 
          Interrupt:20 Memory:f7100000-f7120000 

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0 
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host 
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1 
          RX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 
          TX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 
          RX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB)  TX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB) 

virbr0    Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 0e:30:a3:3a:bf:03  
          inet addr:192.168.122.1  Bcast:192.168.122.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          UP BROADCAST MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 B)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)
[[email  ~]$ ifconfig eth0 down
[[email  ~]$ ifconfig eth0 up

Sanya "192.168.1.12" azaman adireshin IP don ƙirar eth0.

[[email  ~]$ ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.12
[[email  ~]$ ifconfig eth0 netmask 255.255.255.
[[email  ~]$ ifconfig eth0 broadcast 192.168.1.255
[[email  ~]$ ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.12 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255

Lura: Idan kuna amfani da hanyar sadarwa mara waya akwai buƙatar amfani da umarnin “iwconfig”. Don ƙarin misalan umarni “ifconfig” da amfani, karanta Dokoki 15 masu Amfani\"ifconfig".

42. Umurnin: netstat

Dokar netstat tana nuna bayanai masu alaƙa da hanyoyin sadarwa kamar su haɗin yanar gizo, teburin kwatance, ƙididdigar ƙira, haɗin masquerade, membobin multicast da dai sauransu ..,

[[email  ~]$ netstat -a

Active UNIX domain sockets (servers and established)
Proto RefCnt Flags       Type       State         I-Node   Path
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     741379   /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/gpg
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     8965     /var/run/acpid.socket
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     18584    /tmp/.X11-unix/X0
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     741385   /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/ssh
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     741387   /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/pkcs11
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     20242    @/tmp/dbus-ghtTjuPN46
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     13332    /var/run/samba/winbindd_privileged/pipe
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     13331    /tmp/.winbindd/pipe
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     11030    /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     19308    /tmp/ssh-qnZadSgJAbqd/agent.3221
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     436781   /tmp/HotShots
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     46110    /run/user/ravisaive/pulse/native
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     19310    /tmp/gpg-zfE9YT/S.gpg-agent
....
[[email  ~]$ netstat -at

Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State      
tcp        0      0 localhost:mysql         *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 *:5901                  *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 *:5902                  *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 *:x11-1                 *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 *:x11-2                 *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 *:5938                  *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 localhost:5940          *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPl:domain *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPl:domain *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 localhost:ipp           *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48270 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http ESTABLISHED
tcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48272 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http TIME_WAIT  
tcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48421 bom03s01-in-f22.1:https ESTABLISHED
tcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48269 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http ESTABLISHED
tcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPle:39084 channel-ecmp-06-f:https ESTABLISHED
...
[[email  ~]$ netstat -s

Ip:
    4994239 total packets received
    0 forwarded
    0 incoming packets discarded
    4165741 incoming packets delivered
    3248924 requests sent out
    8 outgoing packets dropped
Icmp:
    29460 ICMP messages received
    566 input ICMP message failed.
    ICMP input histogram:
        destination unreachable: 98
        redirects: 29362
    2918 ICMP messages sent
    0 ICMP messages failed
    ICMP output histogram:
        destination unreachable: 2918
IcmpMsg:
        InType3: 98
        InType5: 29362
        OutType3: 2918
Tcp:
    94533 active connections openings
    23 passive connection openings
    5870 failed connection attempts
    7194 connection resets received
....

KO! Don wasu dalilai idan kuna son kar ku warware bakuncin, tashar jiragen ruwa da sunan mai amfani azaman fitowar yanar gizo.

[[email  ~]$ netstat -an

Lafiya, kuna iya buƙatar samun kayan yanar gizo gaba ɗaya har sai an katse koyarwar (ctrl+c).

[[email  ~]$ netstat -c

Don ƙarin misalan umarni na "netstat" da amfani, duba labarin 20 Misalan Umurnin Netstat.

43. Umarni: nslookup

Tsarin amfani da hanyar sadarwar da ake amfani dashi don samun bayanai game da sabobin Intanet. Kamar yadda sunan ta ya nuna, mai amfani yana samun bayanin sabar sunan don yankuna ta hanyar neman DNS.

[[email  ~]$ nslookup linux-console.net 

Server:		192.168.1.1 
Address:	192.168.1.1#53 

Non-authoritative answer: 
Name:	linux-console.net 
Address: 50.16.67.239
[[email  ~]$ nslookup -query=mx linux-console.net 

Server:		192.168.1.1 
Address:	192.168.1.1#53 

Non-authoritative answer: 
linux-console.net	mail exchanger = 0 smtp.secureserver.net. 
linux-console.net	mail exchanger = 10 mailstore1.secureserver.net. 

Authoritative answers can be found from:
[[email  ~]$ nslookup -type=ns linux-console.net 

Server:		192.168.1.1 
Address:	192.168.1.1#53 

Non-authoritative answer: 
linux-console.net	nameserver = ns3404.com. 
linux-console.net	nameserver = ns3403.com. 

Authoritative answers can be found from:
[[email  ~]$ nslookup -type=any linux-console.net 

Server:		192.168.1.1 
Address:	192.168.1.1#53 

Non-authoritative answer: 
linux-console.net	mail exchanger = 10 mailstore1.secureserver.net. 
linux-console.net	mail exchanger = 0 smtp.secureserver.net. 
linux-console.net	nameserver = ns06.domaincontrol.com. 
linux-console.net	nameserver = ns3404.com. 
linux-console.net	nameserver = ns3403.com. 
linux-console.net	nameserver = ns05.domaincontrol.com. 

Authoritative answers can be found from:
[[email  ~]$ nslookup -type=soa linux-console.net 

Server:		192.168.1.1 
Address:	192.168.1.1#53 

Non-authoritative answer: 
linux-console.net 
	origin = ns3403.hostgator.com 
	mail addr = dnsadmin.gator1702.hostgator.com 
	serial = 2012081102 
	refresh = 86400 
	retry = 7200 
	expire = 3600000 
	minimum = 86400 

Authoritative answers can be found from:

Canja lambar tashar jiragen ruwa ta amfani da abin da kake son haɗawa

[[email  ~]$ nslookup -port 56 linux-console.net

Server:		linux-console.net
Address:	50.16.76.239#53

Name:	56
Address: 14.13.253.12

44. Umarni: tono

tono kayan aiki ne don neman sunayen masu ba da izini na DNS don bayani game da adiresoshin mai masauki, musayar wasiƙu, sunayen masu ba da izini, da bayanan da suka shafi su. Ana iya amfani da wannan kayan aikin daga kowane Linux (Unix) ko Macintosh OS X tsarin aiki. Mafi kyawun amfani da tonawa shine don bincika mai gida ɗaya.

[[email  ~]$ dig linux-console.net

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net 
;; global options: +cmd 
;; Got answer: 
;; ->>HEADER<
[[email  ~]$ dig linux-console.net +nocomments 

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +nocomments 
;; global options: +cmd 
;linux-console.net.			IN	A 
linux-console.net.		14400	IN	A	40.216.66.239 
;; Query time: 418 msec 
;; SERVER: 192.168.1.1#53(192.168.1.1) 
;; WHEN: Sat Jun 29 13:53:22 2013 
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 45
[[email  ~]$ dig linux-console.net +noauthority 

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +noauthority 
;; global options: +cmd 
;; Got answer: 
;; ->>HEADER<
[[email  ~]$ dig  linux-console.net +noadditional 

; <<>> DiG 9.9.2-P1 <<>> linux-console.net +noadditional
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<
[[email  ~]$ dig linux-console.net +nostats 

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +nostats 
;; global options: +cmd 
;; Got answer: 
;; ->>HEADER<
[av[email  ~]$ dig linux-console.net +noanswer 

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +noanswer 
;; global options: +cmd 
;; Got answer: 
;; ->>HEADER<
[[email  ~]$ dig linux-console.net +noall 

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +noall 
;; global options: +cmd

45. Umarni: lokacin aiki

Yanzu kun haɗu da Linux Server Machine ɗinku kuma kun sami wani abu mara kyau ko ƙeta, me zaku yi? Tsammani…. A'a, tabbas ba zaku iya yin aiki ba don tabbatar da abin da ya faru a zahiri lokacin da sabar ba ta kulawa.

[[email  ~]$ uptime

14:37:10 up  4:21,  2 users,  load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.04

46. Umurni: bango

ɗayan mahimman umarni ga mai gudanarwa, bango yana aika saƙo ga duk wanda ya shiga tare da izinin mesg ɗin sa zuwa “eh”. Ana iya ba da saƙon azaman mahawara ga bango, ko ana iya aika shi zuwa shigarwar daidaitaccen bango.

[[email  ~]$ wall "we will be going down for maintenance for one hour sharply at 03:30 pm"

Broadcast message from [email  (pts/0) (Sat Jun 29 14:44:02 2013): 

we will be going down for maintenance for one hour sharply at 03:30 pm

47. umarni: mesg

Zai baka damar sarrafawa idan mutane za su iya amfani da umarnin\"rubuta", don aika maka da rubutu a kan allo.

mesg [n|y]
n - prevents the message from others popping up on the screen.
y – Allows messages to appear on your screen.

48. Umarni: rubuta

Bari ka aika rubutu kai tsaye zuwa allon wata na’urar Linux idan ‘mesg’ ‘y’ ne.

[[email  ~]$ write ravisaive

49. Umarni: magana

Abun haɓakawa don rubuta umarnin, umarnin magana yana baka damar magana da masu amfani da ke ciki.

[[email  ~]$ talk ravisaive

Lura: Idan ba a shigar da umarnin magana ba, koyaushe zaka iya dacewa ko yum abubuwan da ake buƙata.

[[email  ~]$ yum install talk
OR
[[email  ~]$ apt-get install talk

50. Umarni: w

wane umarni ne ‘w’ ya zama abin dariya? Amma a zahiri ba haka bane. t umarni ne, koda kuwa harafi ɗaya ne kaɗai! Umurnin “w” haɗuwa ne na lokacin aiki kuma wanda ke yin umarni a bayar ɗaya kai tsaye bayan ɗayan, a cikin tsari.

[[email  ~]$ w

15:05:42 up  4:49,  3 users,  load average: 0.02, 0.01, 0.00 
USER     TTY      FROM              [email    IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT 
server   tty7     :0               14:06    4:43m  1:42   0.08s pam: gdm-passwo 
server   pts/0    :0.0             14:18    0.00s  0.23s  1.65s gnome-terminal 
server   pts/1    :0.0             14:47    4:43   0.01s  0.01s bash

51. Umarni: sake suna

Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, wannan umarnin ya sake suna fayiloli. sake suna zai sake suna fayilolin da aka ƙayyade ta maye gurbin abin da ya fara faruwa daga sunan fayil.

Give the file names a1, a2, a3, a4.....1213

Kawai rubuta umarnin.

 rename a1 a0 a?
 rename a1 a0 a??

52. Umarni: saman

Nuna ayyukan CPU. Wannan umarnin yana wartsakewa ta atomatik, ta tsohuwa kuma yana ci gaba da nuna matakan CPU sai dai idan an bada umarnin katsewa.

[[email  ~]$ top

top - 14:06:45 up 10 days, 20:57,  2 users,  load average: 0.10, 0.16, 0.21
Tasks: 240 total,   1 running, 235 sleeping,   0 stopped,   4 zombie
%Cpu(s):  2.0 us,  0.5 sy,  0.0 ni, 97.5 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
KiB Mem:   2028240 total,  1777848 used,   250392 free,    81804 buffers
KiB Swap:  3905532 total,   156748 used,  3748784 free,   381456 cached

  PID USER      PR  NI  VIRT  RES  SHR S  %CPU %MEM    TIME+ COMMAND                                                                                                            
23768 ravisaiv  20   0 1428m 571m  41m S   2.3 28.9  14:27.52 firefox                                                                                                            
24182 ravisaiv  20   0  511m 132m  25m S   1.7  6.7   2:45.94 plugin-containe                                                                                                    
26929 ravisaiv  20   0  5344 1432  972 R   0.7  0.1   0:00.07 top                                                                                                                
24875 ravisaiv  20   0  263m  14m  10m S   0.3  0.7   0:02.76 lxterminal                                                                                                         
    1 root      20   0  3896 1928 1228 S   0.0  0.1   0:01.62 init                                                                                                               
    2 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.06 kthreadd                                                                                                           
    3 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:17.28 ksoftirqd/0                                                                                                        
    5 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kworker/0:0H                                                                                                       
    7 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kworker/u:0H                                                                                                       
    8 root      rt   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.12 migration/0                                                                                                        
    9 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 rcu_bh                                                                                                             
   10 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:26.94 rcu_sched                                                                                                          
   11 root      rt   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:01.95 watchdog/0                                                                                                         
   12 root      rt   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:02.00 watchdog/1                                                                                                         
   13 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:17.80 ksoftirqd/1                                                                                                        
   14 root      rt   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.12 migration/1                                                                                                        
   16 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kworker/1:0H                                                                                                       
   17 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 cpuset                                                                                                             
   18 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 khelper                                                                                                            
   19 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kdevtmpfs                                                                                                          
   20 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 netns                                                                                                              
   21 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.04 bdi-default                                                                                                        
   22 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kintegrityd                                                                                                        
   23 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kblockd                                                                                                            
   24 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 ata_sff

Karanta Har ila yau: Misalan Dokokin TOP 12

53. Umarni: mkfs.ext4

Wannan umarnin ya kirkiro sabon tsarin fayil na ext4 akan na'urar da aka kayyade, idan aka bi hanyar da ba daidai ba bayan wannan umarnin, za a goge dukkan katanga kuma a tsara ta, saboda haka aka ba da shawarar kar a gudanar da wannan umarnin sai dai kuma har sai kun fahimci abin da kuke yi.

Mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1 (sda1 block will be formatted)
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 (sdb1 block will be formatted)

Kara karantawa: Menene Ext4 da Yadda ake Kirkirowa da Canzawa

54. Umarni: vi/emacs/nano

vi (na gani), emacs, Nano sune wasu editocin da akafi amfani dasu a cikin Linux. Ana amfani dasu koyaushe don shirya rubutu, sanyi,… fayiloli. Jagora mai sauri don aiki kusa da vi da Nano shine, emacs shine.

[[email  ~]$ touch a.txt (creates a text file a.txt) 
[[email  ~]$ vi a.txt (open a.txt with vi editor)

[latsa 'i' don shigar da yanayin sakawa, ko ba za ku iya buga-cikin komai ba]

echo "Hello"  (your text here for the file)

  1. alt + x (yanayin saka fitarwa, ku tuna don adana ɗan sarari tsakanin harafin ƙarshe.
  2. umarnin ctrl+x ko kuma kalmar ka ta ƙarshe za a share ta).
  3. : wq! (yana adana fayil ɗin, tare da rubutun yanzu, tuna '!' shine a shawo kansa).

[[email  ~]$ nano a.txt (open a.txt file to be edited with nano)
edit, with the content, required

ctrl+x (don rufe edita). Zai nuna fitarwa kamar:

Save modified buffer (ANSWERING "No" WILL DESTROY CHANGES) ?                    
 Y Yes 
 N No           ^C Cancel

Danna 'y' don eh kuma shigar da sunan fayil, kuma kun gama.

55. Umarni: rsync

Rsync kwafe fayiloli kuma yana da sauya -P don sandar ci gaba. Don haka idan kun shigar da rsync, kuna iya amfani da laƙabi mai sauƙi.

alias cp='rsync -aP'

Yanzu gwada kwafin babban fayil a tashar kuma ga fitarwa tare da sauran abubuwan da suka rage, kwatankwacin sandar ci gaba.

Haka kuma, Adanawa da Kulawa da ɗawainiyar ɗayan ɗayan mahimman ayyuka ne masu banƙyama da mai gudanar da tsarin yake buƙata. Rsync kayan aiki ne mai kyau (akwai wasu, wasu da yawa) don ƙirƙira da kiyaye madadin, a cikin m.

[[email  ~]$ rsync -zvr IMG_5267\ copy\=33\ copy\=ok.jpg ~/Desktop/ 

sending incremental file list 
IMG_5267 copy=33 copy=ok.jpg 

sent 2883830 bytes  received 31 bytes  5767722.00 bytes/sec 
total size is 2882771  speedup is 1.00

Lura: -z don matsewa, -v don magana da -r don sake dawowa.

56. Umarni: kyauta

Kula da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da albarkatu yana da mahimmanci, kamar kowane aiki da mai gudanarwa ke gudanarwa, kuma ‘umarni‘ kyauta yana zuwa don ceto a nan.

[[email  ~]$ free

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:       2028240    1788272     239968          0      69468     363716
-/+ buffers/cache:    1355088     673152
Swap:      3905532     157076    3748456
[[email  ~]$ free -b

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:    2076917760 1838272512  238645248          0   71348224  372670464
-/+ buffers/cache: 1394253824  682663936
Swap:   3999264768  160845824 3838418944
[[email  ~]$ free -k

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:       2028240    1801484     226756          0      69948     363704
-/+ buffers/cache:    1367832     660408
Swap:      3905532     157076    3748456
[[email  ~]$ free -m

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:          1980       1762        218          0         68        355
-/+ buffers/cache:       1338        641
Swap:         3813        153       3660
[[email  ~]$ free -g

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:             1          1          0          0          0          0
-/+ buffers/cache:          1          0
Swap:            3          0          3
[[email  ~]$ free -h

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:          1.9G       1.7G       208M         0B        68M       355M
-/+ buffers/cache:       1.3G       632M
Swap:         3.7G       153M       3.6G
[[email  ~]$ free -s 3

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:       2028240    1824096     204144          0      70708     364180
-/+ buffers/cache:    1389208     639032
Swap:      3905532     157076    3748456

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:       2028240    1824192     204048          0      70716     364212
-/+ buffers/cache:    1389264     638976
Swap:      3905532     157076    3748456

57. Umurnin: mysqldump

Ok har yanzu da zaka fahimci menene wannan umarnin yake a zahiri, daga sunan wannan umarnin. Mysqldump ya bada umarnin dumps (backups) duka ko wani takamaiman bayanan bayanai a cikin fayil da aka ba Misali,

[[email  ~]$ mysqldump -u root -p --all-databases > /home/server/Desktop/backupfile.sql

Lura: mysqldump yana buƙatar mysql don gudana da daidaitaccen kalmar sirri don izini. Mun rufe wasu umarni "mysqldump" masu amfani a Bayanin Bayanai tare da Umarnin mysqldump

58. Umarni: mkpasswd

Yi wuyar-tsammani, bazuwar kalmar sirri na tsawon kamar yadda aka ƙayyade.

[[email  ~]$ mkpasswd -l 10

zI4+Ybqfx9
[[email  ~]$ mkpasswd -l 20 

w0Pr7aqKk&hmbmqdrlmk

Lura: -l 10 yana haifar da bazuwar kalmar sirri ta haruffa 10 yayin -l 20 yana haifar da kalmar sirri na hali 20, ana iya saita shi zuwa komai don samun sakamakon da ake so. Wannan umarnin yana da matukar amfani kuma ana aiwatar dashi a cikin harshen rubutun sau da yawa don samar da kalmomin shiga bazuwar. Kuna iya buƙatar yum ko dace da kunshin 'tsammanin' don amfani da wannan umarnin.

 yum install expect 
OR
 apt-get install expect

59. Umarni: manna

Haɗa fayilolin rubutu biyu ko fiye a kan layi ta amfani. Misali. Idan abun cikin fayil1 ya kasance:

1 
2 
3 

and file2 was: 

a 
b 
c 
d 
the resulting file3 would be: 

1    a 
2    b 
3    c 
     d

60.Command: lsof

lsof yana tsaye ne ga\"jera buɗaɗɗun fayiloli" kuma yana nuna duk fayilolin da tsarinku ya buɗe a halin yanzu. Yana da matukar amfani a gano waɗanne matakai ne ke amfani da wani fayil, ko kuma a nuna duk fayilolin don aiwatarwa guda ɗaya. misalai, wataƙila kuna sha'awar karatu.

[[email  ~]$ lsof 

COMMAND     PID   TID            USER   FD      TYPE     DEVICE SIZE/OFF       NODE NAME
init          1                  root  cwd       DIR        8,1     4096          2 /
init          1                  root  rtd       DIR        8,1     4096          2 /
init          1                  root  txt       REG        8,1   227432     395571 /sbin/init
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    47080     263023 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnss_files-2.17.so
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    42672     270178 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnss_nis-2.17.so
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    87940     270187 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnsl-2.17.so
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    30560     263021 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnss_compat-2.17.so
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1   124637     270176 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libpthread-2.17.so
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1  1770984     266166 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc-2.17.so
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    30696     262824 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/librt-2.17.so
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    34392     262867 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libjson.so.0.1.0
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1   296792     262889 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libdbus-1.so.3.7.2
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    34168     262840 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnih-dbus.so.1.0.0
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    95616     262848 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnih.so.1.0.0
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1   134376     270186 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/ld-2.17.so
init          1                  root    0u      CHR        1,3      0t0       1035 /dev/null
init          1                  root    1u      CHR        1,3      0t0       1035 /dev/null
init          1                  root    2u      CHR        1,3      0t0       1035 /dev/null
init          1                  root    3r     FIFO        0,8      0t0       1714 pipe
init          1                  root    4w     FIFO        0,8      0t0       1714 pipe
init          1                  root    5r     0000        0,9        0       6245 anon_inode
init          1                  root    6r     0000        0,9        0       6245 anon_inode
init          1                  root    7u     unix 0xf5e91f80      0t0       8192 @/com/ubuntu/upstart
init          1                  root    8w      REG        8,1     3916        394 /var/log/upstart/teamviewerd.log.1 (deleted)

Wannan ba ƙarshen bane, mai Gudanar da Tsarin yana yin abubuwa da yawa, don samar muku da kyakkyawar hanyar dubawa, wacce kuke aiki a kanta. Gudanar da Tsarin Mulki haƙiƙa fasaha ce ta koyo da aiwatarwa ta hanyar da ta dace. Zamuyi kokarin nemo muku duk wasu abubuwanda suka wajaba wadanda dole sai kwararren linux ya koya, Linux a ainihin ainihin shi, hanya ce ta koyo da koyo. Kalmominku masu kyau ana neman su koyaushe, wanda ke ƙarfafa mu mu ƙara ƙoƙari don ba ku labarin mai ilimi.\"Like and share Us, don taimaka Mana Yada".