Dokokin 15 masu amfani "ifconfig" don Sanya Tsarukan Sadarwa a cikin Linux

ifconfig a takaice mai amfani "daidaitawar daidaitawa" don tsarin/gudanarwa ta hanyar sadarwa a cikin tsarin aiki na Unix/Linux don daidaitawa, sarrafawa da tambaya sigogin haɗin keɓaɓɓen hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar layin layin umarni ko a cikin tsarin tsarin daidaitawa.

Ana amfani da umarnin "ifconfig" don nuna bayanan daidaitawar hanyar sadarwar yanzu, saita adireshin ip, netmask ko adireshin watsa shirye-shirye zuwa hanyar sadarwar hanyar sadarwa, ƙirƙirar laƙabi don hanyar sadarwar hanyar sadarwa, saita adireshin kayan aiki da ba da damar ko kashe musanya hanyoyin sadarwa.

Wannan labarin ya kunshi “Umarnin“ ifconfig ”” 15 mai amfani ”tare da misalansu na zahiri, hakan na iya taimaka muku sosai wajen sarrafawa da daidaita hanyoyin sadarwa a cikin tsarin Linux.

Sabuntawa: Umurnin sadarwar ifconfig ya lalace kuma an maye gurbinsa da ip ip (Koyi Misalai 10 na Umurnin IP) a yawancin rarraba Linux.

1. Duba Duk Tsarin Yanar Gizo

Umurnin “ifconfig” ba tare da wata hujja ba zai nuna duk bayanan musaya. Hakanan umarnin ifconfig don bincika adireshin IP ɗin da aka sanya na sabar.

 ifconfig

eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0B:CD:1C:18:5A
          inet addr:172.16.25.126  Bcast:172.16.25.63  Mask:255.255.255.224
          inet6 addr: fe80::20b:cdff:fe1c:185a/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:2341604 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:2217673 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:293460932 (279.8 MiB)  TX bytes:1042006549 (993.7 MiB)
          Interrupt:185 Memory:f7fe0000-f7ff0000

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1
          RX packets:5019066 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:5019066 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
          RX bytes:2174522634 (2.0 GiB)  TX bytes:2174522634 (2.0 GiB)

tun0      Link encap:UNSPEC  HWaddr 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00
          inet addr:10.1.1.1  P-t-P:10.1.1.2  Mask:255.255.255.255
          UP POINTOPOINT RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:100
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)

2. Nuna Bayanin Duk Hanyoyin Sadarwa

Umurnin ifconfig mai zuwa tare da -yan jayayya zai nuna bayanin duk hanyoyin musayar hanyoyin sadarwa mai aiki ko rashin aiki akan sabar. Yana nuna sakamako don eth0, lo, sit0 da tun0.

 ifconfig -a

eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0B:CD:1C:18:5A
          inet addr:172.16.25.126  Bcast:172.16.25.63  Mask:255.255.255.224
          inet6 addr: fe80::20b:cdff:fe1c:185a/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:2344927 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:2220777 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:293839516 (280.2 MiB)  TX bytes:1043722206 (995.3 MiB)
          Interrupt:185 Memory:f7fe0000-f7ff0000

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1
          RX packets:5022927 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:5022927 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
          RX bytes:2175739488 (2.0 GiB)  TX bytes:2175739488 (2.0 GiB)

sit0      Link encap:IPv6-in-IPv4
          NOARP  MTU:1480  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)

tun0      Link encap:UNSPEC  HWaddr 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00
          inet addr:10.1.1.1  P-t-P:10.1.1.2  Mask:255.255.255.255
          UP POINTOPOINT RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:100
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)

3. Duba Saitunan hanyar sadarwa na Musamman Ma'amala

Amfani da sunan mai amfani (eth0) azaman mahawara tare da umarnin “ifconfig” zai nuna cikakken bayani game da takamaiman hanyar sadarwa.

 ifconfig eth0

eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0B:CD:1C:18:5A
          inet addr:172.16.25.126  Bcast:172.16.25.63  Mask:255.255.255.224
          inet6 addr: fe80::20b:cdff:fe1c:185a/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:2345583 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:2221421 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:293912265 (280.2 MiB)  TX bytes:1044100408 (995.7 MiB)
          Interrupt:185 Memory:f7fe0000-f7ff0000

4. Yadda Ake Amfani da Hanyar Sadarwa

Tutar "sama" ko "ifup" mai dauke da suna (eth0) tana kunna tsarin sadarwar yanar gizo, idan ba a cikin yanayin take ba da kuma damar aikawa da karbar bayanai. Misali, “ifconfig eth0 up” ko “ifup eth0” zai kunna aikin kallon eth0.

 ifconfig eth0 up
OR
 ifup eth0

5. Yadda Ake Kashe Hanyar Sadarwa

Tutar "kasa" ko "ifdown" mai dauke da suna (eth0) tana kashe aikin sadarwar da aka ayyana. Misali, “ifconfig eth0 down” ko “ifdown eth0” umarni na kashe aikin duba eth0, idan yana aiki sosai.

 ifconfig eth0 down
OR
 ifdown eth0

6. Yadda Ake Sanya Adireshin IP zuwa Hanyar Sadarwa

Don sanya adireshin IP zuwa takamaiman kerawa, yi amfani da umarni mai zuwa tare da sunan mai amfani (eth0) da adireshin ip ɗin da kuke son saitawa. Misali, “ifconfig eth0 172.16.25.125” zai saita adireshin IP ɗin don yin amfani da eth0.

 ifconfig eth0 172.16.25.125

7. Yadda zaka Sanya Netmask zuwa Hanyar Sadarwa

Amfani da umarnin "ifconfig" tare da hujja ta "netmask" da sunan dubawa kamar (eth0) yana baka damar ayyana netmask zuwa wani abin da aka ba shi. Misali, “ifconfig eth0 netmask 255.255.255.224” zai saita abin rufe hanyar sadarwar ne zuwa wata hanyar da aka sanya ta.

 ifconfig eth0 netmask 255.255.255.224

8. Yadda Ake Sanya Watsa labarai zuwa Hanyar Sadarwa

Amfani da muhawara ta "watsa shirye-shirye" tare da sunan mai amfani zai saita adireshin watsa shirye-shiryen don aikin da aka bayar. Misali, “ifconfig eth0 watsa shirye-shirye 172.16.25.63” umarni ya sanya adireshin watsa shirye-shiryen zuwa tsarin hulda eth0.

 ifconfig eth0 broadcast 172.16.25.63

9. Yadda zaka Sanya IP, Netmask da Broadcast zuwa Hanyar Hanyar Sadarwa

Don sanya adireshin IP, Adireshin Netmask da Adireshin Watsawa gaba ɗaya ta amfani da umarnin "ifconfig" tare da duk muhawara kamar yadda aka bayar a ƙasa.

 ifconfig eth0 172.16.25.125 netmask 255.255.255.224 broadcast 172.16.25.63

10. Yadda Ake Canja MTU don Hadin Kai a Yanar Gizo

Maganar "mtu" ta saita matsakaicin sashin watsawa zuwa ma'amala. MTU yana ba ka damar saita iyakar iyakar fakiti waɗanda ake watsawa a kan aiki. MTU na iya ɗaukar iyakar octets zuwa haɗin kai a cikin ma'amala ɗaya. Misali, "ifconfig eth0 mtu 1000" zai saita matsakaicin sashin watsawa zuwa wanda aka bashi (watau 1000). Ba duk hanyoyin sadarwa bane suke tallafawa saitunan MTU.

 ifconfig eth0 mtu 1000

11. Yadda Ake Amfani Da Yanayin Mazinaci

Abin da ke faruwa a cikin yanayi na al'ada, lokacin da fakiti da aka karɓa ta katin cibiyar sadarwa, yana tabbatar da cewa fakitin nasa ne na kansa. In bahaka ba, yana sauke fakiti koyaushe, amma a cikin yanayin fasikanci ana amfani da shi don karɓar duk fakitin da ke gudana ta katin hanyar sadarwa.

Yawancin kayan aikin sadarwar yau suna amfani da yanayin fasikanci don kamawa da bincika fakiti waɗanda ke gudana ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa. Don saita yanayin fasikanci, yi amfani da umarni mai zuwa.

 ifconfig eth0 promisc

12. Yadda Ake Kashe Yanayin Mazinata

Don kashe yanayin fasikanci, yi amfani da makullin “-promisc” wanda ya dawo da hanyar sadarwar cikin yanayin yau da kullun.

 ifconfig eth0 -promisc

13. Yadda Ake Sanya Sabon Suna Ga Hanyar Sadarwa

Mai amfani ifconfig yana baka damar saita ƙarin hanyoyin musaya ta hanyar amfani da fasalin laƙabi. Don ƙara layin sadarwar laƙabi na eth0, yi amfani da umarni mai zuwa. Lura cewa adireshin hanyar sadarwar laƙabi a cikin ƙaramin net-net. Misali, idan adireshin IP na adireshin ku na eth0 shine 172.16.25.125, to adireshin ip ɗin wanda aka fi sani da shi dole ne ya zama 172.16.25.127.

 ifconfig eth0:0 172.16.25.127

Na gaba, tabbatar da sabon adireshin hanyar sadarwa mai suna wanda aka kirkira, ta amfani da umarnin "ifconfig eth0: 0".

 ifconfig eth0:0

eth0:0    Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:01:6C:99:14:68
          inet addr:172.16.25.123  Bcast:172.16.25.63  Mask:255.255.255.240
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          Interrupt:17

14. Yadda zaka Cire Alias zuwa Hanyar Sadarwa

Idan baku buƙatar buƙatar hanyar sadarwar alias ba ko kuma kun saita shi ba daidai ba, zaku iya cire shi ta amfani da wannan umarnin.

 ifconfig eth0:0 down

15. Yadda zaka canza adireshin MAC na Hanyar Sadarwa

Don canza adireshin MAC (Media Access Control) na cibiyar sadarwar eth0, yi amfani da umarni mai zuwa tare da hujja “hw ether“. Misali, duba ƙasa.

 ifconfig eth0 hw ether AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF

Waɗannan su ne mafi fa'idodi masu amfani don daidaita abubuwan haɗin yanar gizo a cikin Linux, don ƙarin bayani da amfani da umarnin ifconfig suna amfani da shafuka kamar "man ifconfig" a tashar. Duba wasu kayan aikin sadarwar da ke ƙasa.

  1. Tcmpdump - kama-kama fakiti ne kuma kayan aikin bincike ne domin sa ido kan zirga-zirgar hanyoyin sadarwa.
  2. Netstat - kayan aiki ne na lura da hanyar sadarwar da ke buɗe ido wanda ke lura da zirga-zirgar fakiti masu shigowa da masu fita.
  3. Wireshark - mai bincike ne na hanyar samar da hanyar sadarwa wanda yake amfani dashi don magance matsalolin da suka shafi hanyar sadarwa.
  4. Munin - shi ne hanyar sadarwar yanar gizo da aikace-aikacen lura da tsarin da ake amfani dasu don nuna sakamako a cikin zane ta amfani da rrdtool.
  5. Cacti - cikakken aikace-aikacen gidan yanar gizo ne da aikace-aikace don sa ido kan hanyar sadarwa.

Don samun ƙarin bayani da zaɓuɓɓuka don kowane ɗayan kayan aikin da ke sama, duba manapages ta shigar da “sunan kayan aikin mutum” a cikin umarnin umarni. Misali, don samun bayanin kayan aikin "netstat", yi amfani da umarnin azaman "man netstat".