LFCA: Yadda Ake Kula da Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Aiki a Linux - Sashe na 8
Wannan labarin shine Sashi na 8 na jerin LFCA, a nan a wannan ɓangaren, zaku sanar da kanku game da umarnin ƙa'idodi na tsarin gaba ɗaya don saka idanu kan tsarin ƙirar tsari da tsara ayyukan gudanarwa a cikin tsarin Linux.
Tsayawa shafuka akan aikin tsarin ku yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman rawar da zaku ɗauka azaman mai gudanar da tsarin. Tabbas, akwai wadatattun Nagios don matakan tsarin kulawa.
Abin godiya, Linux tana ba da wasu abubuwan amfani da layin umarni waɗanda ke ba ku damar duban wasu ƙididdiga masu mahimmanci na tsarin da bayanai kamar tafiyar matakai.
Bari mu ɗan duba wasu kayan aikin layin umarni waɗanda zasu iya taimaka muku saka idanu ƙididdigar tsarin yau da kullun:
1. umurnin lokaci
Umurnin uptime yana bayar da tsawon lokacin da tsarin ke gudana tun lokacin da aka kunna shi. Ba tare da wani zaɓi na umarni ba, yana ba da lokacin yanzu, lokacin da tsarin ya tashi, masu amfani da shiga, da matsakaicin nauyin kaya.
$ uptime
Tare da zabin -s , zaku sami kwanan tsarin kuma lokacin da aka kunna tsarin.
$ uptime -s
Yi amfani da zaɓi -p , don samun lokacin tashi kawai
$ uptime -p
2. umarni kyauta
Don samun hango jimla da wadataccen ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da sararin sararin samaniya akan tsarinku, yi amfani da umarnin kyauta kamar haka. Zaɓin -h yana buga fitarwa a cikin tsarin mutum-mai karantawa.
$ free -h
3. saman Command
Umurnin da ke sama yana yin abubuwa biyu: yana ba da taƙaitaccen tsarin ma'auni na ainihi kuma yana nuna ayyukan da ke gudana a halin yanzu waɗanda ke sarrafa Linux kernel.
Baya ga nuna ayyukan tafiyarwa, babban umurnin yana haɗakar da fitowar da aka bayar ta lokacin aiki da umarnin kyauta wanda yake a saman saman.
$ top
Improvementara ingantaccen umarni shine htop mai amfani wanda ke nuna ƙididdiga a cikin tsari mai sauƙin fahimta da ɗan adam.
A kan Linux, zaka iya shigar da htop ta amfani da umarnin:
$ sudo apt install htop [On Debian-based] $ sudo dnf install htop [On RHEL-based]
Don ƙaddamar da htop kawai gudanar da umarnin:
$ htop
4. df Umarni
Mun tattauna a baya df (ba faifai) mai amfani a cikin dokokin Linux na asali. Umurnin df yana ba da bayani game da amfani da faifai ta kowane tsarin fayil. Yi amfani da tutar -Th don buga bayanai a cikin hanyar da mutum zai iya karantawa.
$ df -Th
5. Duba Bayanin CPU
Don duba bayanan CPU kamar id mai sayarwa, maɓallin sarrafawa, sunan ƙira da ƙari mai yawa, gudanar da umarnin:
$ cat /proc/cpuinfo
Aiki da Kai Gudanar da Ayyuka
Tsara ayyuka ko ayyukanda zasu gudana a wani lokacin da aka ayyana shine ɗayan mahimman ƙwarewar da duk wani mai gudanarwa na tsarin zai samu. Kuna so ku tsara ayyukan gudanarwa waɗanda ke buƙatar faruwa akai-akai kamar su madadin da sake dawowa lokaci-lokaci.
Cron mai tsara lokaci ne wanda ke taimakawa ta atomatik ayyuka. Gidan cron ya ƙunshi cron daemon da jerin tebur wanda daga ciki yake karanta tsarinsa wanda ake kira crontab. Crontab yana bayanin ayyukan da za'a aiwatar.
Don ƙirƙirar aikin cron, dole ne mu fara fahimtar gine-ginenta. Aikin cron ya ƙunshi fannoni biyar waɗanda ke bin umarni ko rubutun da za a aiwatar. Anan akwai wakilcin zane na fannoni daban-daban na aikin cron.
Bari mu bincika wasu misalan cron da fassarar su:
0 12 * * * <command> Executes a task daily at noon 30 06 * * * <command> Executes a task daily at 6:30 am 30 * * * * <command> Executes a task every 30 minutes 0 0 * * * <command> Executes a task at midnight 30 06 * * 5 <command> Executes a task at 6:30 am every Fri * * * * * <command> Executes a task every minute 0 0 1 * * <command> Executes a task at midnight on the first day of every month 0 3 * * Mon-fri <command> Executes a task at 3:00am on every day of the week from Monday to Friday.
Bari yanzu mu kirkiro aikin cron.
Na farko, Zamu kirkiri wani rubutaccen rubutu wanda yake adana babban fayil na Zazzage mu a cikin/gida/tecmint/Zazzagewa zuwa kundin adireshin/gida /.
Amfani da vim edita, zamu ƙirƙiri da buɗe fayil ɗin rubutun kamar yadda aka nuna.
$ vim backup.sh
Zamu fara da taken shebang a saman don sanya alamar farkon rubutun harsashi
#!/bin/bash
Umurnin don adana kundin adireshi an nuna a ƙasa.
tar -cvf /home/tecmint/Documents/downloads.tar.gz /home/tecmint/Downloads
Hanya ta farko tana wakiltar cikakkiyar hanyar zuwa fayil ɗin ajiyar wanda shine downloads.tar.gz, yayin da hanya ta biyu ke nuna hanyar kundin adireshin da za a iya tallafawa.
Ajiye fayil ɗin ta latsa ESC sannan a buga : wq sai a latsa ENTER.
Gaba, sanya aiwatar da izini zuwa rubutun ajiyar ajiya. Wannan ya zama dole don mai amfani cron ya aiwatar da rubutun.
$ chmod +x backup.sh
Don ƙirƙirar aikin cron don aiwatar da rubutun, gudanar da wannan umarni:
$ crontab -e
Zamu ayyana aikin cron don gudanar da rubutun ajiyar kowace rana a 14:30 HRS kamar haka
30 14 * * * /home/tecmint/backup.sh
Ajiye fayil ɗin ta latsa ESC sannan a buga : wq sai a latsa ENTER. Da zarar kun fita daga fayil ɗin, zaku sami crontab mai sauri: sanya sabon crontab yana nuna cewa an fara aikin cron.
Don lissafa ayyukan cron na yanzu gudana umarnin:
$ crontab -l
Don haka, don aikinmu na ajiyar ajiya, aikin cron cikin nasara ya ƙirƙiri wani matattarar fayil na kundin 'Zazzagewa' a cikin kundin adireshin 'Documents' da zarar agogo ya buga 14:30 HRS.
$ ls Documents/
Idan baku son aikin cron, zaku iya share shi ta amfani da umarnin:
$ crontab -r
Akwai wasu ayyuka da yawa waɗanda masu gudanar da tsarin ke aiwatarwa a kullun kamar ɗaukar kaya da ƙari mai yawa.