Fahimtar Matsakaicin Load na Linux da Kula da Ayyukan Linux
A cikin wannan labarin, zamuyi bayanin ɗayan mahimman ayyukan gudanarwar tsarin Linux - saka idanu akan aiki dangane da tsarin/CPU da matsakaicin nauyi.
Kafin mu ci gaba, bari mu fahimci waɗannan mahimman kalmomi guda biyu a cikin duk tsarin kamar Unix:
- Load ɗin tsarin/CPU - shine ma'aunin CPU akan ko rashin amfani a cikin tsarin Linux; adadin hanyoyin da CPU ke aiwatarwa ko a yanayin jira.
- Matsakaicin Load - shine matsakaicin nauyin tsarin da aka ƙididdige kan lokacin da aka bayar na 1, 5 da mintuna 15.
A cikin Linux, matsakaicin nauyin nauyi ana yarda da shi azaman matsakaicin matakai a cikin jerin gwanon aiwatar da shi (kernel).
Lura cewa:
- Duk idan ba yawancin tsarin da Linux ke amfani da shi ko wasu tsarin kamar Unix ba zai iya nuna matsakaicin ƙimar nauyi a wani wuri ga mai amfani.
- Tsarin Linux mara aiki yana iya samun matsakaicin nauyi na sifili, ban da tsarin da ba ya aiki. Kusan dukkanin tsarin Unix-kamar suna ƙidayar matakai ne kawai a cikin jihohin da ke gudana ko jira. Amma wannan ba haka yake ba tare da Linux, ya haɗa da matakai a cikin jihohin barci marar katsewa; waɗanda ke jiran sauran albarkatun tsarin kamar diski I/O da sauransu.
Yadda ake Kula da Matsakaicin Load ɗin Tsarin Linux
Akwai hanyoyi da yawa na saka idanu matsakaicin nauyin tsarin ciki har da lokacin aiki wanda ke nuna tsawon lokacin da tsarin ke gudana, adadin masu amfani tare da matsakaicin nauyi:
$ uptime 07:13:53 up 8 days, 19 min, 1 user, load average: 1.98, 2.15, 2.21
Ana karanta lambobin daga hagu zuwa dama, kuma abin da ke sama yana nufin cewa:
- Matsakaicin kaya a cikin minti 1 na ƙarshe shine 1.98
- Matsakaicin kaya a cikin mintuna 5 na ƙarshe shine 2.15
- Matsakaicin kaya a cikin mintuna 15 na ƙarshe shine 2.21
Matsakaicin nauyi mai girma yana nuna cewa tsarin ya yi yawa; Yawancin matakai suna jiran lokacin CPU.
Za mu fallasa wannan a cikin sashe na gaba dangane da adadin maƙallan CPU. Bugu da ƙari, za mu iya kuma amfani da wasu sanannun kayan aikin kamar kallo waɗanda ke nuna yanayin ainihin tsarin tsarin Linux, da sauran kayan aikin da yawa:
$ top
top - 12:51:42 up 2:11, 1 user, load average: 1.22, 1.12, 1.26
Tasks: 243 total, 1 running, 242 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
%Cpu(s): 17.4 us, 2.9 sy, 0.3 ni, 74.8 id, 4.6 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st
KiB Mem : 8069036 total, 388060 free, 4381184 used, 3299792 buff/cache
KiB Swap: 3906556 total, 3901876 free, 4680 used. 2807464 avail Mem
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
6265 tecmint 20 0 1244348 170680 83616 S 13.3 2.1 6:47.72 Headset
2301 tecmint 9 -11 640332 13344 9932 S 6.7 0.2 2:18.96 pulseaudio
2459 tecmint 20 0 1707692 315628 62992 S 6.7 3.9 6:55.45 cinnamon
2957 tecmint 20 0 2644644 1.035g 137968 S 6.7 13.5 50:11.13 firefox
3208 tecmint 20 0 507060 52136 33152 S 6.7 0.6 0:04.34 gnome-terminal-
3272 tecmint 20 0 1521380 391324 178348 S 6.7 4.8 6:21.01 chrome
6220 tecmint 20 0 1595392 106964 76836 S 6.7 1.3 3:31.94 Headset
1 root 20 0 120056 6204 3964 S 0.0 0.1 0:01.83 systemd
2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kthreadd
3 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.10 ksoftirqd/0
5 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker/0:0H
....
$ glances
TecMint (LinuxMint 18 64bit / Linux 4.4.0-21-generic) Uptime: 2:16:06
CPU 16.4% nice: 0.1% LOAD 4-core MEM 60.5% active: 4.90G SWAP 0.1%
user: 10.2% irq: 0.0% 1 min: 1.20 total: 7.70G inactive: 2.07G total: 3.73G
system: 3.4% iowait: 2.7% 5 min: 1.16 used: 4.66G buffers: 242M used: 4.57M
idle: 83.6% steal: 0.0% 15 min: 1.24 free: 3.04G cached: 2.58G free: 3.72G
NETWORK Rx/s Tx/s TASKS 253 (883 thr), 1 run, 252 slp, 0 oth sorted automatically by cpu_percent, flat view
enp1s0 525Kb 31Kb
lo 2Kb 2Kb CPU% MEM% VIRT RES PID USER NI S TIME+ IOR/s IOW/s Command
wlp2s0 0b 0b 14.6 13.3 2.53G 1.03G 2957 tecmint 0 S 51:49.10 0 40K /usr/lib/firefox/firefox
7.4 2.2 1.16G 176M 6265 tecmint 0 S 7:08.18 0 0 /usr/lib/Headset/Headset --type=renderer --no-sandbox --primordial-pipe-token=879B36514C6BEDB183D3E4142774D1DF --lan
DISK I/O R/s W/s 4.9 3.9 1.63G 310M 2459 tecmint 0 R 7:12.18 0 0 cinnamon --replace
ram0 0 0 4.2 0.2 625M 13.0M 2301 tecmint -11 S 2:29.72 0 0 /usr/bin/pulseaudio --start --log-target=syslog
ram1 0 0 4.2 1.3 1.52G 105M 6220 tecmint 0 S 3:42.64 0 0 /usr/lib/Headset/Headset
ram10 0 0 2.9 0.8 409M 66.7M 6240 tecmint 0 S 2:40.44 0 0 /usr/lib/Headset/Headset --type=gpu-process --no-sandbox --supports-dual-gpus=false --gpu-driver-bug-workarounds=7,2
ram11 0 0 2.9 1.8 531M 142M 1690 root 0 S 6:03.79 0 0 /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg :0 -audit 0 -auth /var/lib/mdm/:0.Xauth -nolisten tcp vt8
ram12 0 0 2.6 0.3 79.3M 23.8M 9651 tecmint 0 R 0:00.71 0 0 /usr/bin/python3 /usr/bin/glances
ram13 0 0 1.6 4.8 1.45G 382M 3272 tecmint 0 S 6:25.30 0 4K /opt/google/chrome/chrome
...
Matsakaicin nauyin da waɗannan kayan aikin ke nunawa ana karanta /proc/loadavg fayil, wanda zaku iya dubawa ta amfani da umarnin cat kamar ƙasa:
$ cat /proc/loadavg 2.48 1.69 1.42 5/889 10570
Don saka idanu akan matsakaicin nauyi a cikin tsarin zane, duba: ttyload - Yana Nuna Hoton Launi na Matsakaicin Load na Linux a Terminal
A kan injinan tebur, akwai kayan aikin mu'amalar mai amfani da zana waɗanda za mu iya amfani da su don duba matsakaicin nauyin tsarin.
Fahimtar Matsakaicin Load ɗin Tsari a Alakar Adadin CPUs
Ba za mu iya yiwuwa bayyana nauyin tsarin ko aikin tsarin ba tare da ba da haske kan tasirin adadin adadin CPU akan aiki ba.
- Multi-processor - shine inda ake haɗa CPU biyu ko fiye na zahiri cikin tsarin kwamfuta ɗaya. Multi-core processor - CPU ne na zahiri guda ɗaya wanda ke da aƙalla nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan za a iya kiran su da aƙalla biyu ko fiye da haka. Ma'ana dual-core yana da nau'ikan sarrafawa guda biyu, quad-core yana da na'urori masu sarrafawa guda 4 da sauransu.
Bugu da ƙari, akwai kuma fasahar sarrafa masarrafar da Intel ta fara ƙaddamar da ita don inganta kwamfyuta mai layi ɗaya, wanda ake kira hyper threading.
Karkashin zaren hypertension, ainihin CPU na zahiri guda ɗaya yana bayyana azaman CPUs masu ma'ana guda biyu zuwa tsarin aiki (amma a zahiri, akwai ɓangaren kayan aikin jiki ɗaya).
Lura cewa tushen CPU guda ɗaya kawai zai iya aiwatar da ɗawainiya ɗaya kawai, don haka an kawo fasahohi irin su CPUs/processors da yawa, CPUs multi-core da hyper-threading.
Tare da CPU fiye da ɗaya, ana iya aiwatar da shirye-shirye da yawa a lokaci guda. Intel CPUs na yau suna amfani da haɗe-haɗe na nau'i-nau'i iri-iri da fasahar zaren zare.
Don nemo adadin sassan sarrafawa da ke akwai akan tsarin, ƙila mu yi amfani da umarnin nproc ko lscpu kamar haka:
$ nproc 4 OR lscpu
Wata hanya don nemo adadin sassan sarrafawa ta amfani da umarnin grep kamar yadda aka nuna.
$ grep 'model name' /proc/cpuinfo | wc -l 4
Yanzu, don ƙarin fahimtar nauyin tsarin, za mu ɗauki ƴan zato. Bari mu ce muna da matsakaicin nauyi a ƙasa:
23:16:49 up 10:49, 5 user, load average: 1.00, 0.40, 3.35
- An yi amfani da CPU cikakke (100%) akan matsakaita; 1 matakai yana gudana akan CPU (1.00) a cikin minti 1 na ƙarshe.
- CPU ya kasance mara aiki da 60% akan matsakaita; babu wani tsari da ya jira lokacin CPU (0.40) a cikin mintuna 5 na ƙarshe. An yi lodin CPU da 235% akan matsakaita; 2.35 matakai suna jiran lokacin CPU (3.35) a cikin mintuna 15 na ƙarshe.
- CPU ɗaya ta kasance 100% mara aiki akan matsakaici, ana amfani da CPU ɗaya; babu wani tsari da ya jira lokacin CPU (1.00) a cikin minti 1 na ƙarshe. CPUs sun kasance marasa aiki da 160% akan matsakaita; babu matakai da ke jiran lokacin CPU. (0.40) a cikin mintuna 5 na ƙarshe. An yi lodin CPUs da 135% akan matsakaita; 1.35 matakai suna jiran lokacin CPU. (3.35) a cikin mintuna 15 na ƙarshe.
Kuna iya kuma son:
- Kayan Aikin Layin Umurni 20 don Kula da Ayyukan Linux - Kashi na 1
- 13 Kayan aikin Kula da Ayyukan Linux - Kashi na 2
- Perf- Kayan aikin Kulawa da Bincike na Ayyuka don Linux
- Nmon: Nazari da Kula da Ayyukan Tsarin Linux
A ƙarshe, idan kun kasance mai sarrafa tsarin to matsakaicin nauyi yana da gaske don damuwa. Lokacin da suke da girma, sama da adadin adadin CPUs, yana nuna babban buƙatun CPUs, kuma matsakaicin matsakaicin nauyi ƙasa da adadin abubuwan CPU yana gaya mana cewa CPUs ba su da amfani.