Fahimtar Fayilolin Ƙaddamarwar Shell da Bayanan Bayanan Mai amfani a cikin Linux
Linux tsarin mai amfani ne da yawa, tsarin raba lokaci, yana nuna cewa masu amfani fiye da ɗaya na iya shiga da amfani da tsarin. Kuma masu gudanar da tsarin suna da aikin sarrafa abubuwa daban-daban na yadda masu amfani daban-daban za su iya sarrafa tsarin ta fuskar shigar da sabuntawa ko cire software, shirye-shiryen da za su iya sarrafawa, fayilolin da za su iya dubawa/gyara da sauransu.
Linux kuma yana ba da damar ƙirƙirar ko kiyaye muhallin masu amfani a cikin manyan hanyoyi biyu: ta amfani da tsarin faɗin (duniya) da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun mai amfani (na sirri). A al'ada, ainihin hanyar aiki tare da tsarin Linux shine harsashi, kuma harsashi yana haifar da yanayi dangane da wasu fayilolin da yake karantawa yayin farawa bayan shiga mai amfani mai nasara.
A cikin wannan labarin, za mu bayyana fayilolin ƙaddamar da harsashi dangane da bayanan martabar mai amfani don sarrafa mai amfani na gida a cikin Linux. Za mu sanar da ku inda za ku kiyaye ayyukan harsashi na al'ada, laƙabi, masu canji da kuma shirye-shiryen farawa.
Muhimmi: Don manufar wannan labarin, za mu mai da hankali kan bash, harsashi mai dacewa da sh wanda shine mafi mashahuri/amfani da harsashi akan tsarin Linux a can.
Idan kuna amfani da wani shirin harsashi daban-daban (zsh, ash, kifi da sauransu..), karanta ta cikin takaddunsa don neman ƙarin bayani game da wasu fayilolin da ke da alaƙa da za mu yi magana akai.
Ƙaddamarwar Shell a cikin Linux
Lokacin da aka kira harsashi, akwai wasu fayilolin farawa/farawa da yake karantawa waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen saita yanayi don harsashi da kansa da mai amfani da tsarin; wanda aka riga aka ayyana (kuma na musamman) ayyuka, masu canji, laƙabi da sauransu.
Akwai nau'i biyu na fayilolin farawa da harsashi ya karanta:
- Fayilolin farawa mai fa'ida - waɗannan abubuwan sun ƙunshi daidaitawa na duniya waɗanda ke aiki ga duk masu amfani akan tsarin, kuma galibi suna cikin /etc directory. Sun haɗa da: /etc/profiles da /etc/bashrc ko /etc/bash.bashrc. Fayilolin farawa na musamman-mai amfani - waɗannan jeri na kantin da suka shafi mai amfani guda ɗaya akan tsarin kuma galibi suna cikin kundin adireshin gida na masu amfani azaman fayilolin dige. Suna iya ƙetare ƙa'idodin tsarin. Sun haɗa da: .profiles, .bash_profile, .bashrc da .bash_login.
Har ila yau, ana iya kiran harsashi ta hanyoyi uku masu yiwuwa:
Ana kiran harsashi bayan mai amfani ya yi nasarar shiga cikin tsarin, ta amfani da /bin/login, bayan karanta bayanan shaidar da aka adana a cikin /etc/passwd fayil.
Lokacin da aka fara harsashi azaman harsashi na shiga, yana karanta /etc/profile da takamaiman mai amfani ~/.bash_profile.
An fara harsashi a layin umarni ta amfani da shirin harsashi misali $/bin/bash ko $/bin/zsh. Hakanan za'a iya farawa ta hanyar gudanar da umarnin /bin/su.
Bugu da ƙari, ana iya kiran harsashi mai mu'amala da mara shiga tare da shirin tasha kamar konsole, xterm daga cikin yanayin hoto.
Lokacin da aka fara harsashi a cikin wannan yanayin, yana kwafin yanayin harsashi na iyaye, kuma yana karanta takamaiman ~/.bashrc fayil ɗin mai amfani don ƙarin umarnin saitin farawa.
$ su # ls -la
Ana kiran harsashi lokacin da rubutun harsashi ke gudana. A cikin wannan yanayin, yana sarrafa rubutun (saitin harsashi ko umarnin tsarin tsarin aiki/ayyuka) kuma baya buƙatar shigar da mai amfani tsakanin umarni sai dai in ba haka ba. Yana aiki ta amfani da yanayin da aka gada daga harsashi na iyaye.
Fahimtar Fayilolin Farawa na Shell Faɗin Tsari
A cikin wannan sashe, za mu ba da ƙarin haske kan fayilolin farawa harsashi waɗanda ke adana jeri ga duk masu amfani akan tsarin kuma waɗannan sun haɗa da:
Fayil ɗin /etc/profile - yana adana saitunan yanayi mai faɗi da shirye-shiryen farawa don saitin shiga. Duk saitunan da kuke son amfani da su ga duk mahallin masu amfani da tsarin yakamata a ƙara su a cikin wannan fayil ɗin.
Misali, zaku iya saita canjin yanayin PATH na duniya anan.
# cat /etc/profile
Lura: A wasu tsarin kamar RHEL/CentOS 7, za ku sami irin waɗannan gargaɗin kamar \Ba a ba da shawarar canza wannan fayil ɗin ba sai dai idan kun san abin da kuke yi. Yana da kyau a ƙirƙiri rubutun al'ada .sh harsashi a/sauransu/ profile.d/ don yin canje-canje na al'ada ga mahallin ku, saboda wannan zai hana buƙatar haɗuwa a cikin sabuntawa na gaba.
Littafin /etc/profile.d/ directory - yana adana rubutun harsashi da ake amfani da su don yin canje-canje na al'ada ga muhallinku:
# cd /etc/profile.d/ # ls -l
Fayil ɗin /etc/bashrc ko /etc/bash.bashrc - ya ƙunshi ayyuka masu faɗi da tsarin da laƙabi gami da wasu saitunan da suka shafi duk masu amfani da tsarin.
Idan tsarin ku yana da nau'ikan harsashi da yawa, yana da kyau a sanya takamaiman ƙa'idodin bash a cikin wannan fayil ɗin.
# cat /etc/bashrc
Fahimtar Fayilolin Farawar Shell na takamaiman mai amfani
Na gaba, za mu yi ƙarin bayani game da fayilolin farawa ta musamman harsashi (bash), waɗanda ke adana jeri don wani mai amfani akan tsarin, suna cikin kundin adireshin gida na mai amfani kuma sun haɗa da:
# ls -la
Fayil ~/.bash_profile - wannan yana adana takamaiman mahallin mai amfani da saitunan shirye-shiryen farawa. Kuna iya saita canjin yanayin PATH na al'ada a nan, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoton da ke ƙasa:
# cat ~/.bash_profile
Fayil ~/.bashrc – wannan fayil ɗin yana adana takamaiman laƙabi da ayyuka na mai amfani.
# cat ~/.bashrc
Fayil ~/.bash_login - yana ƙunshe da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwan da ake aiwatarwa kawai lokacin da ka shiga tsarin. Lokacin da ~/.bash_profile ba ya nan, bash zai karanta wannan fayil ɗin.
Fayil ~/.profile - ana karanta wannan fayil ɗin a cikin rashin ~/.bash_profile da ~/.bash_login; yana iya adana saituna iri ɗaya, waɗanda kuma wasu harsashi na iya samun damar yin amfani da su a cikin tsarin. Domin mun yi magana game da bash a nan, lura cewa wasu harsashi bazai fahimci ma'anar bash ba.
Na gaba, za mu kuma bayyana wasu mahimman fayiloli guda biyu masu amfani waɗanda ba lallai ba ne fayilolin farawa bash:
Fayil ~/.bash_history - bash yana kiyaye tarihin umarnin da mai amfani ya shigar akan tsarin. Ana adana wannan jerin umarni a cikin gidan adireshin mai amfani a cikin ~/.bash_history fayil.
Don duba wannan jeri, rubuta:
$ history or $ history | less
Fayil ~/.bash_logout - ba a yi amfani da shi don farawa harsashi ba, amma yana adana takamaiman umarnin mai amfani don hanyar fita. Ana karantawa kuma ana aiwatar da shi lokacin da mai amfani ya fita daga harsashin shiga mai mu'amala.
Misali ɗaya mai amfani zai yi ta share taga tasha bayan fita. Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga haɗin kai mai nisa, wanda zai bar taga mai tsabta bayan rufe su:
# cat bash_logout
Don ƙarin fahimta, duba abubuwan da ke cikin waɗannan fayilolin farawar harsashi akan Linux distros daban-daban kuma karanta ta shafin bash man:
Wannan ke nan a yanzu! A cikin wannan labarin, mun bayyana fayilolin farawa/farawa harsashi a cikin Linux. Yi amfani da fom ɗin sharhin da ke ƙasa don sake rubuto mana.