Duk abin da kuke Bukatar Ku sani Game da Tsarukan Tsari a cikin Linux [Babban Jagora]

A cikin wannan labarin, za mu yi tafiya ta hanyar fahimtar matakai na asali kuma mu ɗan duba yadda ake sarrafa matakai a cikin Linux ta amfani da wasu umarni.

Tsarin yana nufin shirin da ake aiwatarwa; misali ne mai gudana na shirin. Ya ƙunshi koyarwar shirin, bayanan da aka karanta daga fayiloli, wasu shirye-shirye ko shigarwa daga mai amfani da tsarin.

Akwai ainihin nau'ikan tsari guda biyu a cikin Linux:

  • Tsarin farko (wanda kuma ake magana da shi azaman hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa) - waɗannan ana fara su ne kuma ana sarrafa su ta wurin zama na ƙarshe. A wasu kalmomi, dole ne a sami mai amfani da aka haɗa da tsarin don fara irin waɗannan matakai; ba su fara ta atomatik a matsayin ɓangare na ayyukan tsarin/ayyuka.
    • Tsarin bayanan baya (kuma ana kiransa azaman hanyoyin sadarwa mara amfani) - su ne hanyoyin da ba a haɗa su da tasha; ba sa tsammanin shigarwar mai amfani.

Waɗannan nau'ikan nau'ikan tsarin baya ne na musamman waɗanda ke farawa a farkon tsarin kuma suna ci gaba da gudana har abada azaman sabis; ba sa mutuwa. An fara su azaman ayyuka na tsarin (aikin a matsayin sabis), ba tare da bata lokaci ba. Koyaya, mai amfani zai iya sarrafa su ta hanyar shigar da su.

Ƙirƙirar Tsari a cikin Linux

Ana ƙirƙira sabon tsari koyaushe lokacin da tsarin da ke akwai yana yin ainihin kwafin kansa a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Tsarin yaro zai sami yanayi iri ɗaya da iyayensa, amma lambar ID ɗin tsari kawai ta bambanta.

Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu na al'ada da ake amfani da su don ƙirƙirar sabon tsari a cikin Linux:

  • Amfani da Ayyukan Tsarin() - wannan hanyar ba ta da sauƙi, duk da haka, ba ta da inganci kuma tana da takamaiman haɗarin tsaro.
  • Amfani da cokali mai yatsa() da aikin exec() - wannan dabarar ta ɗan ci gaba amma tana ba da ƙarin sassauci, saurin gudu, tare da tsaro.

Ta yaya Linux ke Gano Tsari?

Saboda Linux tsarin masu amfani da yawa ne, ma'ana masu amfani daban-daban na iya gudanar da shirye-shirye daban-daban akan tsarin, kowane misali mai gudana na shirin dole ne a gano shi ta musamman ta kernel.

Kuma ana gano shirin ta ID na tsari (PID) da kuma ID na tsarin iyaye (PPID), don haka ana iya ƙara tsarin tafiyarwa zuwa:

  • Tsarin iyaye - waɗannan matakai ne waɗanda ke haifar da wasu matakai yayin lokacin gudu.
  • Tsarin yara - waɗannan matakai ana ƙirƙira su ta wasu matakai yayin lokacin gudu.

Tsarin init shine mahaifiyar (iyaye) na duk matakai akan tsarin, shine shirin farko da aka aiwatar lokacin da tsarin Linux ya tashi; yana sarrafa duk sauran matakai akan tsarin. An fara ta kwaya da kanta, don haka a ka'ida ba shi da tsarin iyaye.

Tsarin shigarwa koyaushe yana da ID na tsari na 1. Yana aiki azaman iyaye mai ɗaukar nauyi ga duk matakan marayu.

Kuna iya amfani da umarnin pidof don nemo ID na tsari:

# pidof systemd
# pidof top
# pidof httpd

Don nemo ID ɗin tsari da ID ɗin tsari na iyaye na harsashi na yanzu, gudanar:

$ echo $$
$ echo $PPID

Da zarar kun gudanar da umarni ko shirin (misali Cloudcmd - CloudCommander), zai fara aiki a cikin tsarin. Kuna iya fara tsarin gaba (interactive) kamar haka, za'a haɗa shi zuwa tashar kuma mai amfani zai iya aika shigar da shi:

# cloudcmd

Don fara tsari a bango (marasa hulɗa), yi amfani da alamar &, a nan, tsarin ba ya karanta labari daga mai amfani har sai an motsa shi zuwa gaba.

# cloudcmd &
# jobs

Hakanan zaka iya aika tsari zuwa bango ta hanyar dakatar da shi ta amfani da [Ctrl + Z], wannan zai aika siginar SIGSTOP zuwa tsarin, don haka dakatar da ayyukansa; ya zama marar aiki:

# tar -cf backup.tar /backups/*  #press Ctrl+Z
# jobs

Don ci gaba da gudanar da umarnin da aka dakatar a sama a bango, yi amfani da umarnin bg:

# bg

Don aika tsarin baya zuwa gaba, yi amfani da umarnin fg tare da ID ɗin aiki kamar haka:

# jobs
# fg %1

Hakanan kuna iya son: Yadda ake Fara Umurnin Linux a Fayil da Tsari Tsari a Terminal

Yayin aiwatar da aiwatarwa, tsari yana canzawa daga wannan jiha zuwa waccan ya danganta da yanayin da yake faruwa. A cikin Linux, tsari yana da abubuwa masu yiwuwa masu zuwa:

  • Gudun - anan ko dai yana gudana (tsari ne na yanzu a cikin tsarin) ko kuma yana shirye don aiki (yana jiran a sanya shi zuwa ɗayan CPUs).
  • Jira - a cikin wannan jihar, tsari yana jiran wani abu ya faru ko don albarkatun tsarin. Bugu da ƙari, kwaya kuma ya bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan hanyoyin jira guda biyu; Tsarin jira mai katsewa - ana iya katse shi ta sigina da matakan jira marasa katsewa - suna jira kai tsaye akan yanayin kayan masarufi kuma ba za a iya katse shi ta kowane abu/sigina ba.
    • An dakatar da shi - a wannan yanayin, an dakatar da wani tsari, yawanci ta hanyar karɓar sigina. Misali, tsarin da ake gyarawa.
  • Zombie - Anan, tsari ya mutu, an dakatar da shi amma har yanzu yana da shigarwa a cikin teburin tsari.

Akwai kayan aikin Linux da yawa don dubawa/lissafin tafiyar matakai akan tsarin, al'adun gargajiya biyu da sanannun sune manyan umarni:

Yana nuna bayani game da zaɓin matakai masu aiki akan tsarin kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa:

# ps 
# ps -e | head

ra'ayi na gaske na tsarin aiki kamar yadda aka nuna a hoton da ke ƙasa:

# top

Karanta wannan don ƙarin misalai masu amfani: 12 TOP Misalin Umurni a cikin Linux

kallo sabon kayan aikin sa ido ne tare da abubuwan ci gaba:

# glances

Don cikakken jagorar amfani, karanta ta hanyar: Glances - Babban Kayan Aikin Kula da Tsarin Lokaci na Gaskiya don Linux

Akwai wasu kayan aikin sa ido na tsarin Linux masu amfani da yawa waɗanda zaku iya amfani da su don lissafa ayyukan aiki, buɗe hanyar haɗin da ke ƙasa don ƙarin karantawa game da su:

  1. Kayan Aikin Layin Umurni 20 don Kula da Ayyukan Linux
  2. Ingantattun Kayan aikin Kulawa na Linux 13

Yadda ake Sarrafa Tsari a Linux

Linux kuma yana da wasu umarni don sarrafa matakai kamar kisa, pkill, pgrep da killall, a ƙasa akwai fewan misalai na asali na yadda ake amfani da su:

$ pgrep -u tecmint top
$ kill 2308
$ pgrep -u tecmint top
$ pgrep -u tecmint glances
$ pkill glances
$ pgrep -u tecmint glances

Don koyon yadda ake amfani da waɗannan umarni cikin zurfi, don kashe/kashe ayyukan aiki a cikin Linux, buɗe hanyoyin da ke ƙasa:

  1. Jagorar Kill, Pkill da Dokokin Killall don Kashe Tsarin Linux
  2. Yadda ake Nemo da Kashe Tsarin Gudu a cikin Linux

Lura cewa zaku iya amfani da su don kashe aikace-aikacen da ba su da amsa a cikin Linux lokacin da tsarin ku ya daskare.

Babban hanyar sarrafa matakai a cikin Linux shine ta aika musu da sigina. Akwai sigina da yawa waɗanda zaku iya aikawa zuwa tsari, don duba duk siginar da ke gudana:

$ kill -l

Don aika sigina zuwa tsari, yi amfani da kashe, pkill ko umarnin pgrep da muka ambata a baya akan. Amma shirye-shirye zasu iya amsa sigina kawai idan an tsara su don gane waɗannan sigina.

Kuma mafi yawan sigina na amfani ne na cikin gida ta tsarin, ko na masu shirye-shirye idan sun rubuta lambar. Wadannan sigina ne masu amfani ga mai amfani da tsarin:

  • SIGHUP 1 - aika zuwa tsari lokacin da aka rufe tashar sarrafawa.
  • SIGINT 2 - aika zuwa tsari ta hanyar tashar sarrafawa lokacin da mai amfani ya katse aikin ta latsa [Ctrl+C].
  • SIGQUIT 3 - aika zuwa tsari idan mai amfani ya aika siginar barin [Ctrl+D] .
  • SIGKILL 9 - wannan siginar nan da nan ya ƙare (kashe) tsari kuma tsarin ba zai yi wani aikin tsaftacewa ba.
  • SIGTERM 15 – wannan siginar ƙarewar shirin (kisa zai aika wannan ta tsohuwa).
  • SIGTSTP 20 - aika zuwa tsari ta hanyar sarrafa ta don neman ta tsaya (tasha tasha); mai amfani ne ya fara danna [Ctrl+Z].

Waɗannan su ne misalan umarnin kashe don kashe aikace-aikacen Firefox ta amfani da PID ɗin sa da zarar ya daskare:

$ pidof firefox
$ kill 9 2687
OR
$ kill -KILL 2687
OR
$ kill -SIGKILL 2687

Don kashe aikace-aikacen ta amfani da sunanta, yi amfani da pkill ko killall kamar haka:

$ pkill firefox
$ killall firefox

A kan tsarin Linux, duk matakai masu aiki suna da fifiko da takamaiman ƙima. Tsari tare da fifiko mafi girma yawanci za su sami ƙarin lokacin CPU fiye da ƙananan matakan fifiko.

Koyaya, mai amfani da tsarin tare da tushen gata zai iya yin tasiri ga wannan tare da kyawawan umarni da kyawawan umarni.

Daga fitowar babban umarni, NI yana nuna ƙimar kyakkyawan tsari:

$ top

Yi amfani da kyakkyawan umarni don saita ƙima mai kyau don tsari. Ka tuna cewa masu amfani na yau da kullun na iya ba da ƙima mai kyau daga sifili zuwa 20 zuwa aiwatar da abin da suka mallaka.
Tushen mai amfani kawai zai iya amfani da kyawawan dabi'u mara kyau.

Don sabunta fifikon tsari, yi amfani da umarnin reni kamar haka:

$ renice +8  2687
$ renice +8  2103

Duba wasu labaran mu masu amfani kan yadda ake sarrafawa da sarrafa ayyukan Linux.

  1. Gudanar da Tsarin Linux: Boot, Rufewa, da Duk abin da ke Tsakanin
  2. Nemi Manyan Tsari 15 ta Amfani da Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa tare da 'saman' a Yanayin Batch
  3. Nemi Manyan Tsarukan Gudu ta Mafi Girman Ƙwaƙwalwa da Amfani da CPU a Linux
  4. Yadda ake Neman Sunan Tsari Ta Amfani da Lambar PID a Linux

Wannan ke nan a yanzu! Kuna da wasu tambayoyi ko ƙarin ra'ayoyi, raba su tare da mu ta hanyar amsawar da ke ƙasa.