Yadda ake Sanya uwar garken DHCP a cikin Ubuntu da Debian
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) yarjejeniya ce ta hanyar sadarwa wacce ake amfani da ita don ba da damar kwamfutoci masu masaukin baki su sanya adiresoshin IP ta atomatik da saitunan cibiyar sadarwa masu alaƙa daga sabar.
Adireshin IP ɗin da uwar garken DHCP ta sanya wa abokin ciniki na DHCP yana kan lease, lokacin haya ya bambanta dangane da tsawon lokacin da kwamfutar abokin ciniki ke buƙatar haɗin kai ko daidaitawar DHCP.
Mai zuwa shine bayanin saurin yadda DHCP ke aiki a zahiri:
- Da zarar abokin ciniki (wanda aka saita don amfani da DHCP) kuma an haɗa shi da takalmin cibiyar sadarwa, yana aika fakitin DHCPDISCOVER zuwa uwar garken DHCP.
- Lokacin da uwar garken DHCP ta sami fakitin buƙatar DHCPDISCOVER, tana ba da amsa da fakitin DHCPOFFER.
- Sai abokin ciniki ya sami fakitin DHCPREQUEST, kuma yana aika fakitin DHCPREQUEST zuwa uwar garken yana nuna yana shirye don karɓar bayanan daidaitawar hanyar sadarwa da aka bayar a cikin fakitin DHCPREQUEST.
- A ƙarshe, bayan uwar garken DHCP ta karɓi fakitin DHCPREQUEST daga abokin ciniki, ta aika fakitin DHCPACK yana nuna cewa yanzu an ba abokin ciniki izinin amfani da adireshin IP da aka sanya masa.
A cikin wannan labarin, za mu nuna muku yadda ake saita uwar garken DHCP a cikin Ubuntu/Debian Linux, kuma za mu gudanar da duk umarni tare da umarnin sudo don samun gata mai amfani.
Za mu yi amfani da yanayin gwaji don wannan saitin.
DHCP Server - Ubuntu 16.04 DHCP Clients - CentOS 7 and Fedora 25
Mataki 1: Shigar da uwar garken DHCP a cikin Ubuntu
1. Guda umarnin da ke ƙasa don shigar da kunshin uwar garken DCHP, wanda a da aka sani da dhcp3-server.
$ sudo apt install isc-dhcp-server
2. Lokacin da shigarwa ya kammala, shirya fayil /etc/default/isc-dhcp-uwar garken don ayyana musaya da DHCPD ya kamata yayi amfani da su don hidimar buƙatun DHCP, tare da zaɓin INTERFACES.
Misali, idan kuna son DHCPD daemon ya saurare akan eth0, saita shi kamar haka:
INTERFACES="eth0"
Sannan kuma koyi yadda ake saita adreshin IP na tsaye don dubawar da ke sama.
Mataki 2: Sanya uwar garken DHCP a cikin Ubuntu
3. Babban fayil ɗin sanyi na DHCP shine /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf, dole ne ka ƙara duk bayanan cibiyar sadarwarka don aika wa abokan ciniki anan.
Kuma, akwai nau'ikan maganganu guda biyu da aka ayyana a cikin fayil ɗin daidaitawar DHCP, waɗannan sune:
- ma'auni - ƙayyade yadda ake yin ɗawainiya, ko aiwatar da ɗawainiya, ko waɗanne zaɓuɓɓukan daidaitawar hanyar sadarwa don aikawa zuwa abokin ciniki na DHCP.
- bayani - ayyana topology na cibiyar sadarwa, bayyana abokan ciniki, ba da adireshi ga abokan ciniki, ko amfani da rukunin sigogi zuwa ƙungiyar sanarwa.
4. Yanzu, buɗe kuma gyara babban fayil ɗin sanyi, ayyana zaɓuɓɓukan uwar garken DHCP ɗin ku:
$ sudo vi /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
Saita sigogin duniya masu zuwa a saman fayil ɗin, za su yi amfani da duk bayanan da ke ƙasa (ku saka ƙima waɗanda suka shafi yanayin ku):
option domain-name "tecmint.lan"; option domain-name-servers ns1.tecmint.lan, ns2.tecmint.lan; default-lease-time 3600; max-lease-time 7200; authoritative;
5. Yanzu, ayyana cibiyar sadarwa; Anan, za mu saita DHCP don 192.168.10.0/24 LAN cibiyar sadarwa (amfani da sigogi waɗanda suka shafi yanayin ku).
subnet 192.168.10.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
option routers 192.168.10.1;
option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
option domain-search "tecmint.lan";
option domain-name-servers 192.168.10.1;
range 192.168.10.10 192.168.10.100;
range 192.168.10.110 192.168.10.200;
}
Mataki 3: Sanya Static IP akan Injin Client na DHCP
6. Don sanya adreshin IP mai tsayayyen (tsaye) zuwa takamaiman kwamfutar abokin ciniki, ƙara sashin da ke ƙasa inda kake buƙatar sakawa a sarari adiresoshin MAC da IP ɗin da za a sanya su a tsaye:
host centos-node {
hardware ethernet 00:f0:m4:6y:89:0g;
fixed-address 192.168.10.105;
}
host fedora-node {
hardware ethernet 00:4g:8h:13:8h:3a;
fixed-address 192.168.10.106;
}
Ajiye fayil ɗin kuma rufe shi.
7. Na gaba, fara sabis na DHCP na yanzu, kuma kunna shi don farawa ta atomatik daga taya na gaba na gaba, kamar haka:
------------ SystemD ------------ $ sudo systemctl start isc-dhcp-server.service $ sudo systemctl enable isc-dhcp-server.service ------------ SysVinit ------------ $ sudo service isc-dhcp-server.service start $ sudo service isc-dhcp-server.service enable
8. Na gaba, kar a manta da ba da izinin sabis na DHCP (DHCPD daemon yana sauraron tashar jiragen ruwa 67/UDP) akan Tacewar zaɓi kamar yadda ke ƙasa:
$ sudo ufw allow 67/udp $ sudo ufw reload $ sudo ufw show
Mataki 4: Saita Injin Abokin Ciniki na DHCP
9. A wannan gaba, zaku iya saita kwamfutocin abokan cinikin ku akan hanyar sadarwar don karɓar adiresoshin IP ta atomatik daga uwar garken DHCP.
Shiga cikin kwamfutocin abokin ciniki kuma shirya fayil ɗin daidaitawar ƙirar Ethernet kamar haka (lura sunan dubawa/lamba):
$ sudo vi /etc/network/interfaces
Kuma ayyana zaɓuɓɓukan da ke ƙasa:
auto eth0 iface eth0 inet dhcp
Ajiye fayil ɗin kuma fita. Kuma zata sake farawa sabis na cibiyar sadarwa kamar haka (ko sake kunna tsarin):
------------ SystemD ------------ $ sudo systemctl restart networking ------------ SysVinit ------------ $ sudo service networking restart
A madadin, yi amfani da GUI akan injin tebur don aiwatar da saitunan, saita Hanyar zuwa Atomatik (DHCP) kamar yadda aka nuna a hoton da ke ƙasa (Fedora 25 tebur).
A wannan gaba, idan an daidaita duk saituna daidai, injin abokin cinikin ku yakamata ya kasance yana karɓar adiresoshin IP ta atomatik daga uwar garken DHCP.
Shi ke nan! A cikin wannan koyawa, mun nuna muku yadda ake saita uwar garken DHCP a cikin Ubuntu/Debian. Raba ra'ayoyin ku tare da mu ta sashin ra'ayoyin da ke ƙasa. Idan kana amfani da rarraba tushen Fedora, bi ta yadda ake saita sabar DHCP a CentOS/RHEL.