Yadda ake Sanya uwar garken DHCP a CentOS, RHEL da Fedora


DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) yarjejeniya ce ta hanyar sadarwa wacce ke bawa uwar garken damar sanya adireshin IP ta atomatik tare da samar da wasu sigogin daidaitawar cibiyar sadarwa mai alaƙa ga abokin ciniki akan hanyar sadarwa, daga wurin da aka riga aka ayyana IP pool.

Wannan yana nufin cewa duk lokacin da abokin ciniki (wanda aka haɗa da hanyar sadarwa) ya tashi, yana samun adireshin IP na \tsaye, sabanin adireshin IP na tsaye wanda baya canzawa. a kan lease, lokacin haya zai iya bambanta dangane da tsawon lokacin da abokin ciniki zai iya buƙatar haɗin kai ko daidaitawar DHCP.

A cikin wannan koyawa, za mu rufe yadda ake shigarwa da daidaita sabar DHCP a cikin rarrabawar CentOS/RHEL da Fedora.

Za mu yi amfani da yanayin gwaji don wannan saitin.

DHCP Server - CentOS 7 
DHCP Clients - Fedora 25 and Ubuntu 16.04

Kafin mu ci gaba, bari mu ɗan yi bayanin yadda DHCP ke aiki:

  • Lokacin da kwamfutar abokin ciniki (wanda aka saita don amfani da DHCP) kuma aka haɗa zuwa hanyar sadarwa tana kunna, tana tura saƙon DHCPDISCOVER zuwa uwar garken DHCP.
  • Kuma bayan uwar garken DHCP ta sami saƙon buƙatar DHCPDISCOVER, tana ba da amsa da saƙon DHCPOFFER.
  • Sai abokin ciniki ya karɓi saƙon DHCPOFFER, kuma yana aika saƙon DHCPREQUEST zuwa uwar garken yana nuna, an shirya don samun tsarin hanyar sadarwa da aka bayar a cikin saƙon DHCPREQUEST.
  • A ƙarshe amma ba kalla ba, uwar garken DHCP tana karɓar saƙon DHCPREQUEST daga abokin ciniki, kuma ta aika saƙon DHCPACK yana nuna cewa yanzu an ba abokin ciniki izinin amfani da adireshin IP da aka sanya masa.

Mataki 1: Shigar da uwar garken DHCP a CentOS

1. Shigar da DCHP yana gaba gaba, kawai gudanar da umarnin da ke ƙasa.

# yum -y install dhcp

Muhimmi: Idan aka ɗauka akwai hanyar sadarwa fiye da ɗaya da ke haɗe zuwa tsarin, amma kana so kawai a fara uwar garken DHCP akan ɗaya daga cikin musaya, saita uwar garken DHCP don farawa kawai akan wannan mu'amala kamar haka.

2. Bude fayil ɗin /etc/sysconfig/dhcpd, ƙara sunan takamaiman mahaɗin zuwa jerin DHCPDARGS, misali idan mahaɗin shine eth0, sannan ƙara:

DHCPDARGS=eth0

Ajiye fayil ɗin kuma fita.

Mataki 2: Saita uwar garken DHCP a CentOS

3. Don masu farawa, don saita uwar garken DHCP, mataki na farko shine ƙirƙirar fayil ɗin daidaitawa na dhcpd.conf, kuma babban fayil ɗin daidaitawar DHCP kullum /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf (wanda shine). fanko ta tsohuwa), yana adana duk bayanan hanyar sadarwa da aka aika zuwa abokan ciniki.

Koyaya, akwai fayil ɗin sanyi na samfurin /usr/share/doc/dhcp*/dhcpd.conf.sample, wanda shine madaidaicin farawa don saita uwar garken DHCP.

Kuma, akwai nau'ikan maganganu guda biyu da aka ayyana a cikin fayil ɗin daidaitawar DHCP, waɗannan sune:

  • Ma'auni - bayyana yadda ake aiwatar da ɗawainiya, ko yin ɗawainiya, ko waɗanne zaɓuɓɓukan daidaitawar hanyar sadarwa don aikawa zuwa abokin ciniki na DHCP.
  • bayani - saka cibiyar sadarwa topology, ayyana abokan ciniki, bayar da adireshi ga abokan ciniki, ko amfani da rukunin sigogi zuwa ƙungiyar sanarwa.

Don haka, fara da kwafin fayil ɗin daidaitawar samfurin azaman babban fayil ɗin daidaitawa kamar haka:

# cp /usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.2.5/dhcpd.conf.example /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf 

4. Yanzu, buɗe babban fayil ɗin sanyi kuma ayyana zaɓuɓɓukan uwar garken DHCP ɗin ku:

# vi /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf 

Fara da saita sigogin duniya masu zuwa waɗanda zasu shafi duk hanyoyin sadarwa na ƙasa (ku saka ƙima waɗanda suka shafi yanayin ku) a saman fayil ɗin:

option domain-name "tecmint.lan";
option domain-name-servers ns1.tecmint.lan, ns2.tecmint.lan;
default-lease-time 3600; 
max-lease-time 7200;
authoritative;

5. Yanzu, ayyana cibiyar sadarwa; A cikin wannan misali, za mu saita DHCP don 192.168.56.0/24 LAN cibiyar sadarwa (tuna don amfani da sigogi waɗanda suka shafi yanayin ku):

subnet 192.168.56.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
        option routers                  192.168.56.1;
        option subnet-mask              255.255.255.0;
        option domain-search            "tecmint.lan";
        option domain-name-servers      192.168.56.1;
        range   192.168.56.10   192.168.56.100;
        range   192.168.56.120  192.168.56.200;
}

Mataki 3: Sanya Static IP ga Abokin ciniki na DHCP

Kuna iya sanya adreshin IP na tsaye zuwa takamaiman kwamfutar abokin ciniki akan hanyar sadarwar, kawai ayyana sashin da ke ƙasa a cikin /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf fayil, inda dole ne ku bayyana a sarari adiresoshin MAC da tsayayyen IP da za a sanya:

host ubuntu-node {
	 hardware  ethernet 00:f0:m4:6y:89:0g;
	 fixed-address 192.168.56.105;
 }

host fedora-node {
	 hardware  ethernet 00:4g:8h:13:8h:3a;
	 fixed-address 192.168.56.110;
 }

Ajiye fayil ɗin kuma rufe shi.

Lura: Kuna iya gano ko nuna adireshin MAC na Linux ta amfani da umarni mai zuwa.

# ifconfig -a eth0 | grep HWaddr

6. Yanzu fara sabis na DHCP na ɗan lokaci kuma kunna shi don farawa ta atomatik daga boot ɗin tsarin na gaba, ta amfani da umarni masu zuwa:

---------- On CentOS/RHEL 7 ---------- 
# systemctl start dhcpd
# systemctl enable dhcpd

---------- On CentOS/RHEL 6 ----------
# service dhcpd start
# chkconfig dhcpd on

7. Na gaba, kar a manta da ba da izinin sabis na DHCP (DHCPD daemon yana sauraron tashar jiragen ruwa 67/UDP) kamar yadda ke ƙasa:

---------- On CentOS/RHEL 7 ----------
# firewall-cmd --add-service=dhcp --permanent 
# firewall-cmd --reload 

---------- On CentOS/RHEL 6 ----------
# iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW --dport 67 -j ACCEPT
# service iptables save

Mataki 4: Saita Abokan Ciniki na DHCP

8. Yanzu, zaku iya saita abokan cinikin ku akan hanyar sadarwar don karɓar adiresoshin IP ta atomatik daga uwar garken DHCP. Shiga cikin injin abokin ciniki kuma canza fayil ɗin daidaitawar ƙirar Ethernet kamar haka (Kada ku ɗauki sunan/lamba):

# vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

Ƙara zaɓuɓɓukan da ke ƙasa:

DEVICE=eth0
BOOTPROTO=dhcp
TYPE=Ethernet
ONBOOT=yes

Ajiye fayil ɗin kuma fita.

9. Hakanan zaka iya yin saitunan ta amfani da GUI akan kwamfutar tebur, saita Hanyar zuwa atomatik (DHCP) kamar yadda aka nuna a hoton da ke ƙasa (Ubuntu 16.04 tebur).

10. Sa'an nan kuma sake kunna sabis na cibiyar sadarwa kamar haka (zaka iya sake yin tsarin):

---------- On CentOS/RHEL 7 ----------
# systemctl restart network

---------- On CentOS/RHEL 6 ----------
# service network restart

A wannan gaba, idan duk saitunan sun yi daidai, abokan cinikin ku yakamata su karɓi adiresoshin IP ta atomatik daga sabar DHCP.

Kuna iya karantawa:

  1. Yadda ake Sanyawa da Sanya Multihomed ISC DHCP Server akan Linux Debian
  2. 10 Amfanin \IP Umarni don Sanya Mutuwar hanyar sadarwa

A cikin wannan koyawa, mun nuna muku yadda ake saita sabar DHCP a cikin RHEL/CentOS. Yi amfani da fom ɗin sharhin da ke ƙasa don rubuta mayar da mu. A cikin labarin mai zuwa, za mu nuna muku yadda ake saita sabar DHCP a Debian/Ubuntu. Har sai lokacin, koyaushe ku kasance da haɗin kai zuwa TecMint.