LFCA: Koyi Dokokin Sadarwar Asali - Sashe na 4


A kowane lokaci yayin amfani da PC ɗinka wanda ke haɗe da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, za ka kasance ɓangare na cibiyar sadarwa. Ko kuna cikin yanayin ofis ko kuma kawai kuna aiki daga gida, kwamfutarka zata kasance cikin hanyar sadarwa.

An bayyana cibiyar sadarwar komputa a zaman rukuni na 2 ko fiye da kwamfutoci waɗanda ke haɗe kuma suna iya sadarwa da juna ta hanyar lantarki. Ana gano kwamfutocin ne ta amfani da sunayen masu amfani, IP, da adiresoshin mac.

Ana kiran gida mai sauƙi ko cibiyar sadarwar ofishi azaman LAN, takaice don Cibiyar Yankin Yanki. LAN tana ɗaukar ƙaramin yanki kamar gida, ofishi, ko cibiyar sadarwar gidan abinci. Sabanin haka, WAN (Wide Area Network) yana faɗin babban yankin ƙasa. Ana amfani da WAN galibi don haɗa shafuka daban-daban kamar gine-ginen ofis a wurare daban-daban.

Wannan labarin shine Sashi na 4 na dokokin sadarwar gaba ɗaya da yadda zasu iya fa'ida cikin lamuran haɗin haɗin kai.

1. sunan gida sunan

Umurnin sunan mai masauki yana nuna sunan mai masauki na tsarin Linux. Wannan galibi ana saita shi ko daidaita shi yayin shigarwar. Don bincika sunan mai masauki, gudanar da umarnin:

$ hostname

tecmint

2. ping Umarni

Gajere don mai sakar intanet, ana amfani da umarnin ping don bincika haɗuwa tsakanin tsarin 2 ko sabobin. Yana aika aika saƙo na ICMP ga mai masaukin nesa kuma yana jiran amsa. Idan mai masaukin ya tashi, amsa kuwwa ya tashi daga rundunar da ke nesa sannan a tura shi zuwa ga asalin wanda yake sanar da mai amfani cewa mai masaukin ya tashi ko akwai.

Umurnin ping yana ɗaukar bayanan da aka nuna.

$ ping options IP address 

Misali don yin ping din mai gida a cikin cibiyar sadarwar gida ta da IP na 192.168.2.103, zan gudanar da umarnin:

$ ping 192.168.2.103

PING 192.168.0.123 (192.168.0.123) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.043 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.063 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.063 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.061 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=5 ttl=64 time=0.062 ms

Umurnin ping yana ci gaba da aika fakitin ping na ICMP har sai kun katse shi ta latsa Ctrl + C akan madannin. Koyaya, zaku iya iyakance fakitin da aka aiko ta amfani da -c zaɓi.

A cikin misalin da ke ƙasa, muna aikawa da fakitoci 5 na amsa kuwwa, kuma da zarar sun gama, umarnin ping zai tsaya.

$ ping 192.168.2.103 -c 5

PING 192.168.0.123 (192.168.0.123) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.044 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.052 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.066 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.056 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=5 ttl=64 time=0.066 ms

--- 192.168.2.103 ping statistics ---
5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4088ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.044/0.056/0.066/0.008 ms

Kari akan haka, zaka iya ping din sunan yankin mai masauki ko sabar. Misali, zaka iya ping Google kamar yadda aka nuna.

$ ping google.com

PING google.com (142.250.183.78) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from bom12s12-in-f14.1e100.net (142.250.183.78): icmp_seq=1 ttl=117 time=2.86 ms
64 bytes from bom12s12-in-f14.1e100.net (142.250.183.78): icmp_seq=2 ttl=117 time=3.35 ms
64 bytes from bom12s12-in-f14.1e100.net (142.250.183.78): icmp_seq=3 ttl=117 time=2.70 ms
64 bytes from bom12s12-in-f14.1e100.net (142.250.183.78): icmp_seq=4 ttl=117 time=3.12 ms
...

Hakanan, zaku iya ping ɗin DNS ɗin. Misali, zaka iya ping din adireshin Google wanda shine 8.8.8.8.

$ ping 8.8.8.8 -c 5

PING 8.8.8.8 (8.8.8.8) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=1 ttl=118 time=3.24 ms
64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=2 ttl=118 time=3.32 ms
64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=3 ttl=118 time=3.40 ms
64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=4 ttl=118 time=3.30 ms
64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=5 ttl=118 time=2.92 ms

--- 8.8.8.8 ping statistics ---
5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4005ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 2.924/3.237/3.401/0.164 ms

An nuna gwajin ping da bai yi nasara ba ga ɗayan masu zuwa:

  • Mai watsa shiri wanda baya wajen.
  • Babban matsalar cibiyar sadarwa.
  • Kasancewar gaban bango wanda yake toshe buƙatun ICMP.

3. traceroute Command

Umurnin traceroute yana nuna hanyar da fakitin ping na ICMP yake ɗauka daga na'urarka zuwa mai masaukin da aka nufa ko sabar. Yana nuna adiresoshin IP na na'urori waɗanda fakiti ke tsallewa kafin isa zuwa makiyaya mai nisa.

A layin 2 fitowar ta nuna alamar taurari * a cikin zagayen tafiya. Wannan manuniya ce cewa an jefa fakitin kuma ba a sami amsa ba. Wannan yana nuna cewa na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ta watsar da fakitin ping, kuma wannan na iya zama saboda dalilai daban-daban kamar cushewar hanyar sadarwa.

Umurnin Traceroute umarni ne na kwantar da hankali wanda zaku iya amfani dashi don magance matsalar hanyar sadarwa inda umarnin ping ya baku sakamako mara nasara. Yana nuna na'urar da ake jefa fakiti a ciki.

$ traceroute google.com

4. mtr Umurnin

Umurnin mtr (traceoute na na) ya haɗu da ayyukan ping da traceroute umurnin. Yana nuna tarin ƙididdiga ciki har da mai masaukin da kowane fakiti ke bi ta ciki, da lokutan amsawa ga duk hops na hanyar sadarwa.

$ mtr google.com

5. ifconfig Command

Umurnin ifconfig ya lissafa hanyoyin sadarwar da ke haɗe da PC tare da wasu ƙididdiga kamar adiresoshin IP ɗin da ke haɗuwa da kowane mahaɗa, mashin ɗin yanar gizo, da MTU don ambaci kaɗan.

$ ifconfig

Sigar shigar da bayanai tana nuna adireshin IPv4 na cibiyar sadarwar yayin da inet6 ke nuna adireshin IPv6. Kuna iya duba cikakkun bayanai na keɓaɓɓiyar keɓaɓɓu ta hanyar tantance ƙirar kamar yadda aka nuna:

$ ifconfig enp0s3

6. Umurnin IP

Wata hanyar da zaku iya duba ƙididdigar kewayawa ita ce ta yin amfani da umarnin adireshin ip kamar yadda aka nuna.

$ ip address

7. ip hanya Umurnin

Umurnin ip ip yana fitar da teburin kwatance na PC ɗin ku.

$ ip route 
OR
$ ip route show

8. tona Umarni

Mai amfani da tona (gajere don Groper Information Information) kayan aiki ne na layin umarni don bincika sunayen masu amfani da DNS. Yana ɗaukar sunan yanki azaman mahawara kuma yana nuna bayanai kamar adireshin mai masauki, Rikodi, MX (musayar wasiƙa) rikodin, masu ba da suna, da dai sauransu.

A takaice, umarnin tono mai amfani ne na neman DNS kuma galibi masu amfani da tsarin ne ke amfani dashi don magance matsalar DNS.

$ dig ubuntu.com

9. nslookup Command

Mai amfani da nslookup har yanzu wani kayan aikin layin umarni ne wanda ake amfani dashi don yin binciken DNS a cikin wani ƙoƙari don dawo da sunayen yanki da A bayanan.

$ nslookup ubuntu.com

10. netstat Umurnin

Umurnin netstat yana buga ƙididdigar hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa. Yana iya nuna teburin kwatance, mashigai waɗanda sabis daban-daban ke sauraro, TCP da haɗin UDP, PID, da UID.

Don nuna hanyoyin sadarwar da ke haɗe da PC ɗin ku, aiwatar da su:

$ netstat -i

Kernel Interface table
Iface      MTU    RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR    TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg
enp1s0    1500        0      0      0 0             0      0      0      0 BMU
lo       65536     4583      0      0 0          4583      0      0      0 LRU
wlp2s0    1500   179907      0      0 0        137273      0      0      0 BMRU

Don bincika teburin kwatance, yi amfani da zaɓi -r kamar yadda aka nuna.

$ netstat -r

Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags   MSS Window  irtt Iface
default         _gateway        0.0.0.0         UG        0 0          0 wlp2s0
link-local      0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 wlp2s0
192.168.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 wlp2s0

Don bincika haɗin TCP mai aiki yana kiran umarnin:

$ netstat -ant

11.ss Umurnin

Umurnin ss kayan aiki ne na hanyar sadarwa wanda ake amfani dashi don zubar da ƙididdigar soket kuma yana nuna matakan cibiyar sadarwar tsarin daidai da umarnin netstat. Umurnin ss ya fi netstat sauri kuma yana nuna ƙarin bayani game da TCP da ƙididdigar hanyar sadarwa fiye da netstat.

$ ss     #list al connections
$ ss -l  #display listening sockets 
$ ss -t  #display all TCP connection

Wancan shine bayyani na dokokin sadarwar yau da kullun waɗanda zasu tabbatar da amfani musamman lokacin magance matsalolin ƙananan lamuran hanyar sadarwa a cikin gida ko ofishin ku. Gwada musu lokaci-lokaci don kaɗa ƙwarewar matsalar hanyar sadarwa.